Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What is the axial part of the skeleton?

Answer 1

Skull
Sternum
Ribbs
Vetebral column

Question 2

What is the other part of the skeleton that isn’t axial?

Answer 2

Appendicular

Question 3

What are the ends of a long bone called?

Answer 3

Epiphysis

Question 4

What is the middle part of a long bone called?

Answer 4

Diaphysis

Question 5

How do fractures occur?

Answer 5

Trauma

Question 6

What are possible obstacles to fracture healing?

Answer 6

Bone not aligned
Area not immobilised
Fracture site contains dead bone
Infection

Question 7

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 7

Decrease in bone mass and density which can lead to fractures

Question 8

What causes osteoporosis?

Answer 8

Imbalance between bone resorption and bone production

Inadequate peak bone mass

Question 9

What hormonal influence causes osteoporosis?

Answer 9

Lack of oestrogen eg. post menopausal

Question 10

How is osteoporosis treated?

Answer 10

NICE guidelines

Alendronic acid - bisphophonate that prevents osteoclast activity

Question 11

What are the 5 classifications of arthritis?

Answer 11

Osteo
Rheumatoid
Gouty
Infectious
Juvenile Idiopathic

Question 12

What are the 3 types of Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy?

Answer 12

Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis

Question 13

What is osteoarthritis associated with?

Answer 13

Ageing and obesity

Question 14

What joints does osteoarthritis usually affect?

Answer 14

Weight-bearing

Question 15

What are the secondary causes of osteoarthritis?

Answer 15

Previous joint trauma

Congenital abnormality

Question 16

What are the risk factors of osteoarthritis?

Answer 16

Age
Female (menopause)
Joint deformity
Mechanical stress (sportspeople)
Genetics
Hypermobility
Other diseases

Question 17

What are osteophytes?

Answer 17

Bony thickening and outgrowths

Question 18

What are some features of osteoarthritis?

Answer 18

Morning stiffness
Pain with movement
Reduced range of movement
Reduced mobility 
Joint effusions
Crepitus

Question 19

What does of arthritis has a link with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)?

Answer 19

Rheumatoid

Question 20

What is the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 20

Rheumatoid factors help form immune complexes in the circulation which generates inflammations in the synovium

Question 21

What are the features of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 21

Pain
Swelling
Deformity
Fever
Fatigue 
Stiff joints

Question 22

What are the criteria in which 4 are required for a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 22

Morning stiffness
Arthritis in 3+ joints
Arthritis of hand joints
Symmetric arthritis
Rheumatoid nodules
Serum rheumatoid factor
Typical Radiographic changes

Question 23

What are the 2 types of crystal arthropathies?

Answer 23

Gout

Pseudogout

Question 24

What is gout?

Answer 24

Raised uric acid means rate is deposited as crystals in the joints

Question 25

What enzyme breaks down purine bases and causes gout?

Answer 25

Xanthine oxidase

Question 26

What do repeated attacks of gout lead to?

Answer 26

Chronic arthritis

Question 27

What causes gout?

Answer 27

``` Drugs (aspirin,diuretics) Alcohol Renal disease Hypothyroidism Dehydration ```

Question 28

What are the features of gout?

Answer 28

``` Sudden excruciating burning joint pain Redness Warmth Tenderness Stiffness ```

Question 29

What is pseudogout?

Answer 29

Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease

Question 30

What happens in pseudogout?

Answer 30

Crystals in cartilage can enlarge and rupture causing crystal shedding into joint cavity or soft tissues leading to inflammatory response and synovitis

Question 31

Where does pseudogout usually affect?

Answer 31

Knees and ankles

Question 32

What are the causes of pseudogout?

Answer 32

Hereditary Osteoarthritis Trauma/surgery Age

Question 33

What is septic arthritis?

Answer 33

Inflammation of a joint caused by bacterial infection

Question 34

Where does septic arthritis commonly affect?

Answer 34

Knee

Question 35

What are the symptoms of septic arthritis?

Answer 35

``` Severe pain Swelling Redness Heat Reduced mobility Temperature ```

Question 36

How is septic arthritis treated?

Answer 36

IV antibiotics | Joint washout

Question 37

What is osteomyelitis?

Answer 37

Bone infection caused by bacteria

Question 38

What can lead to osteomyelitis/

Answer 38

Trauma Surgery Foreign body

Question 39

Who is at an increased risk of osteomyelitis?

Answer 39

Diabetes sufferers

Question 40

How does osteomyelitis spread?

Answer 40

Haematogenous (blood)

Question 41

What is the most common type of bone tumour?

Answer 41

Metastatic cancer disease from a distant cancer e.g. prostate, kidney, breast

Question 42

What are the primary bone tumour types?

Answer 42

Benign: osteoid osteoma Malignant: sarcoma

Question 43

What are the 3 types of normal muscle in the body?

Answer 43

Striated Smooth Cardiac

Question 44

What is striated muscle?

Answer 44

Skeletal muscle involved in voluntary movements e.g. biceps

Question 45

Where is smooth muscle found?

Answer 45

Walls of GI tract Ducts Arteries Internal organs

Question 46

What type of movement is smooth muscle involved in?

Answer 46

Involuntary e.g. bowel peristalsis

Question 47

What controls smooth muscle?

Answer 47

Autonomic nervous system

Question 48

What pathology is skeletal muscle involved in?

Answer 48

Muscular dystrophies | Neuromuscular disorders

Question 49

What pathology is smooth muscle involved in?

Answer 49

Leiomyomas