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Medicine 1.1 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What are joints?

A

Places where 2 or more bones make contact

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2
Q

How can joints be structurally classified?

A
  • Fibrous; bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue (Eg. sutures)
  • Cartilaginous; bones joined by cartilage (eg. IVD’s)
  • Synovial; bones not directly joined, allows movement, limited by shape of synovial joint (eg. shoulder)
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3
Q

How can joints be functionally classified?

A
  • Synarthrosis; no movement eg. sutures, synchondrosis, synostosis
  • Amphiarthrosis; little movement eg. distal tibiofibular, pubic symphysis
  • Diarthrosis; free movement eg. synovial joints
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4
Q

What are some of the features that synovial joints have?

A
  • Synovial membrane
  • Ligaments (connect bone to bone)
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Joint capsule

Other possible featues;

  • bursa
  • Meniscus
  • Labrum
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5
Q

What shapes can synovial joints be?

A
  • Pivot, hinge, plane = uniaxial (eg. elbow, AC, atlantoaxial)
  • Candyloid, saddle = biaxial (eg. MCP, carpometacarpal)
  • Ball and socket = multiaxial (eg. hip)
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6
Q

What are types of muscle tissue?

A
  • Skeletal = voluntary, eg.MSK
  • Cardiac = involuntary, eg.heart
  • Smooth = involuntary, eg. viscera, blood vessels, iris
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7
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A
  • Locomotion
  • Stability
  • Respiration
  • Childbirth
  • Circulation
  • Vision
  • Posture
  • Digestion
  • Temperature
  • Protection
  • Urination
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8
Q

What are features of skeletal muscles?

A
  • Consists of bundles of muscle fibres
  • Muscle fibres are grouped into muscle fascicles - grouped, forming one or more heads or bellies.
  • Strength depends on no. of fibres
  • Range of movements depends on fibre length, muscles contract by about 30% of their length.
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9
Q

What are tendons?

A

Tendons usually connect muscle to bone

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10
Q

What are aponeurosis?

A

Connects bone to muscle (flat and short)

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11
Q

How can skeletal muscle be classified?

A
  • Flat muscle; paralell fibres often with an aponeurosis
  • Pennate muscles; feather like, can be unipennate, bipennate and multipennate
  • Fusiform muscles; spindle shaped with a round, thick belly and tapered ends
  • Convergent muscles; arise from a broad area and converge to form a single tendon
  • Quadrate muscle; have 4 equal sides
  • Circular or sphincteral muscles; surround a body opening or oriphice
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12
Q

Can muscles have more than 1 head or belly and act on more than 1 joint?

A

YES

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13
Q

What do extrinsic back muscles act on and how are they innervated?

A
  • Act on structures outside of the back (appendicular skeleton)
  • Innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
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14
Q

What do intrinsic back muscles act on and how are they innervated?

A
  • Act on structures within the back

- Innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves

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15
Q

What are attatchments of the trapezius?

A

Origins= superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, C7-T12 spinous processes
Insertions= Descending; lateral third of clavicle
Horizontal; acromion of scapulae
Ascending; spine of scapula

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16
Q

How is the trapezius innervated?

A

By Cranial Nerve XI (accessory)

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17
Q

What are the actions of the trapezius?

A

On shoulder girdle= descending; keeps girdle up, tilis scapulae for arm elevation
horizontal and ascending; depress and pull scapula medially

On head and neck= descending; with fixed shoulder, contralateral rotation or extension

On vertebral column= flattens the thoracic kyphosis

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18
Q

What are the attachments of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Origins- spinal process T7-T12, dorsal surface of sacrum, 10th-12th rib, thoraco lumbar aponeurosis, dorsal third of iliac crest, inferior angle of scapula

Insertion- bicipital groove of humerus

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19
Q

What are actions of latissimus dorsi?

A

On arm; adduction, internal rotation, extension
On trunk; elevation
On shoulder girdle; depression, pulls scapula medially

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20
Q

How is latissimus dorsi innervated?

A

Thoraco dorsal nerve from brachial plexus

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21
Q

What are the attachments of the rhomboids?

A

Origins; Major- spinous processes of T1-T4
Minor- spinous processes of C6-C7

Insertions; medial margin of scapula
Minor- root of scapular spine
Major- below scapular spine

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22
Q

What are actions of rhomboids?

A

On shoulder girdle; retract scapula, rotate glenoid inferiorly, fix scapula to trunk

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23
Q

How are rhomboids innervated?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve from brachial plexus

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24
Q

What are attatchments of levator scapulae?

A

Origin- vertebrae C1-C4 tranverse processes

Insertion- superior angle of scapula

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25
What are action of levator scapulae?
On shoulder girdle; elevates scapula and rotates glenoid inferiorly On vertebral column; with fixed shoulder girdle it extends the neck
26
How is levator scapulae innervated?
Dorsal scapular nerve form brachial plexus
27
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
- Support - Movement - Protection
28
What are the 2 major components of a typical vertebra and their functions?
- Vertical Body:-for weight transfer - IVD's between - Vertebral Arch:- forms vertebral foramen - surrounds and protects spinal chord
29
What components make up the typical vertebra?
- Pedicle; foot of arch - Transverse Process; muscle/ligament attachment - Lamina; lateral and posterior part of arch - Spinous Processes; muscle/ligament attatchment - Superior/inferior articular processes; form joints - Superior/inferior vertebral notches; form intervertebral foramen
30
Where does the spinal chord end?
Around L1-L2
31
Where would you go in to take spinal fluid?
Around L3-L5 to take spinal fluid
32
How many cervical spinal nerves and why?
8 as C1 nerve exists above C1 vertebra
33
What parts of the vertebral column are most and least mobile?
- Cervical; most mobile - Thoracic; least mobile for flexion/extension/lateral bending. - Lumbar; least rotation
34
What joints can we expect to see in a typical vertebra?
-Zygapophyseal joints; synovial, plane -Symphysis joints; secondary cartaliginous (IVD's) A typical vertebra forms 6 joints; 4xzygapophyseal, 2xIVD
35
Where is the atlanto-occipital joint?
At C1-Base of skull | Often termed the ''nodding/yes'' joint
36
What is the atlas?
Name for C1 vertebra
37
What is the axis?
Name for C2 vertebra
38
What is the atlanto-axial joint?
C1-C2 synovial pivot | Can be termed ''no'' joint
39
What are IVD's and their function?
-Are fibrocartaliginous joints of vertebral bodies. - Provide stability and flexibility - Pressure regulation - Water, cushion function (shock absorber)
40
What are the two parts of the IVD and their functions?
- Annulus Fibrosis; high tensile strength, fibrous sheath on outer surface-collage layers in rings. - Nucleus Pulposus; high resillience, gelatinous structure
41
What are the functions of the ligaments of the spine?
- Connect bone-bone - Provides support to joints - Restrict movement at joints
42
Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament and what is its function?
- Base of skull to anterior surface of sacrum - Attatched to anterior surface vertebral bodies and IVD's - Prevents hyperextension
43
Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament and what is its function?
- Attatched C2 to sacrum - Attatched to posterior surface vertebral bodies and IVD's - Lines anterior surface of the vertebral canal - Weakly resists hyperflexion
44
Where is the supraspinous ligament and what is its function?
- C7-sacrum - Connects tips of spinous processes - Cord like
45
Where is the nuchal ligament and what is its function?
- Base of skull to C7 - Supports head on neck - Strong fibroelastic tissue - Provides attatchment for muscle eg.trapezius
46
Where is the ligamenta flava ligament and what is its function?
- Pass between lamine - Form part of vertebral canal - Resist separation of verts during felxion
47
Where is the interspinous ligament and what is its function?
-Between spinous processes
48
Where is the intertransverse ligament and what is its function?
-Between transverse processes
49
What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the back?
- All act directly on spine - All supplied by posterior rami of spinal nerves - Maintain posture and control movement of vertebrae
50
What is the thoracolumbar fascia and its role?
- Covers deep muscles of the back - Critical to organisation and integrity of the region - Lat.dorsi and trapezius attatched to it.
51
What are the superficial intrinsic back muscles?
-Splenius Capitis -Splenius Cervicis They are thick and flat
52
What are the origins and insertions of the splenius muscles?
Origin= spinous processes (+bottom of nuchal ligament) Insertions= Base of skull Cervicis- transverse processes C1-C3 Capitis- mastoid process
53
What movements do the splenius muscles do?
- Bilateral= extend neck | - Unilateral= rotate head to one side (turn face to same side as muscle)
54
What are the intermediate (erector spinae) back muscles?
-Spinalis -Longissimus -Iliocostalis These act as the primary extensors of the vertebral column
55
What are the origins and insertions of the intermediate back muscles?
Common origin= broad tendon attatched to sacrum, spinous processes of L and lower T verts, iliac crest. Insertions: - Spinalis= (thoracic, cervicis, capitis) - inserts T spinous processes and skull - Longissimus= (thoracic, cervicis, capitis) - inserts T and C transverse processes and mastoid processes - Iliocostalis= (lumborum, thoracic, cervicis) - inserts angles of ribs and C transverse processes
56
What are the deep muscles of the back?
- Transverseospinalis; semispinales, rotatores, multifidus - Levatores costarum - Interpsinales and intertransversarri
57
Where are the transverseospinalis and its function?
- Fill groove between transverse and spinous processes - Extend and rotate - Cross multiple vertebra
58
What happens to the VC when you have a slipped disc?
- Caused by tear in annulus fibrosis, meaning nucleus pulposus can protrude - Can impinge on spinal cord or nerves
59
What are the symptoms and treatment of a slipped disc?
``` Symptoms= numbness, tingling, pain in lower limb (sciaticca symptoms) Treatment= rest, painkillers, sometimes surgery ```
60
What is kyphosis?
Outward curvature of spine/back (C-shaped) | Primary curvature
61
What is lordosis?
Inward curvature of spine/back | Secondary curvature

Medicine 1.1 (28 decks)

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