Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(225 cards)
1
Q
Myotomes Upper Limb
C5
A
Shoulder abduction and external rotation
2
Q
Myotomes Upper Limb
C6
A
Elbow flexion
Wrist extension
Supination
3
Q
Myotomes Upper Limb
C7
A
Elbow extension
Wrist flexion
Pronation
4
Q
Myotomes Upper Limb
C8
A
Finger flexion
Finger extension
5
Q
Myotomes Upper Limb
T1
A
Finger abduction and adduction
6
Q
Myotomes Lower Limb
L2
A
Hip flexion
7
Q
Myotomes Lower Limb
L3
A
Knee extension
8
Q
Myotomes Lower Limb
L4
A
Ankle dorsiflexion
9
Q
Myotomes Lower Limb
L5
A
Great toe extension
10
Q
Myotomes Lower Limb
S1
A
Ankle plantar-flexion
11
Q
Myotomes Lower Limb
S2
A
Great toe flexion
12
Q
What is the neural level of an injury?
A
The lowest level of fully intact sensation and motor function
13
Q
Describe the gross structure of the vertebral column.
A
Extends from the skull to the apex of the coccyx.
7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae and 4 coccygeal vertebrae.
14
Q
What is the intervertebral disc between L4 and L5 called?
A
The L4/5 intervertebral disc
15
Q
How many vertebrae are there?
A
33 vertebrae in total
16
Q
Which sections of the vertebral column are the most mobile?
A
Cervical and lumbar spine
17
Q
Why is the thoracic spine less mobile?
A
They are joined by the ribs to the sternum.
18
Q
Why aren’t the sacrum and coccyx mobile?
A
They are made of fused vertebrae
19
Q
How many curvatures does the spine have?
A
4
20
Q
What is a kyphotic curve?
A
Kyphotic - concave anteriorly
21
Q
What is a lordotic curvature?
A
Lordotic - concave posteriorly
22
Q
What is a primary curvature?
A
Spinal curvature that develops during the fetal period
23
Q
What is a secondary curvature?
A
Spinal curvature that develops during childhood in association with lifting the head and sitting
24
Q
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
A
- central bony pillar of the body that supports the weight of the skull, pelvis, upper limbs and thoracic cage
- acts to protect the spinal cord and the cauda equina
- provides an important role in posture and locomotion
- bone marrow in the vertebral column is an important site of haematopoiesis
25
What is inside the vertebral foramen of a lumbar vertebra?
Conus medullaris (lower end of the spinal cord)
Cauda equina
Meninges
26
How many bony processes does a lumbar vertebrae have?
Seven:
- two transverse processes
- two superior articular processes
- two inferior articular processes
- one spinous process
27
What is the percentage composition of the vertebra?
10% cortical bone
| 90% cancellous bone
28
What is the facet joint in the spine?
It is formed between adjacent superior and inferior articular processes.
It is a synovial joint, lined with hyaline cartilage.
29
What does a facet joint in the spine prevent?
antero-posterior (forward-backward) displacement of the vertebrae.
30
What percentage of the vertebral column is made up from intervertebral discs?
About 25% of the length
31
What are intervertebral discs made up of?
70% water
20% collagen
10% proteoglycans
32
What are the two regions of the intervertebral disc? What is the arrangement of these?
The nucleus pulposus - central region
| The annulus fibrosus - peripheral
33
What is the function of the annulus fibrosus?
Major 'shock absorber' of the spine.
It is highly resilient under axial compression.
It is avascular and aneural
34
What is the annulus fibrosus made up of?
Lamellae of annular bands of collagen in varying orientations.
Outer lamellae are type 1 collagen.
Inner lamellae are fibrocartilaginous.
35
What is the nucleus pulposus made up of?
It is the remnant of the notochord.
| It is gelatinous and consists of type 2 collagen.
36
Does the nucleus pulposus decrease with height? Why/why not?
Yes - it gradually decreases in height during the day as water is squeezed out due to mechanical pressure.
Also decreases with age.
37
Why is it important to keep your back straight when lifting heavy loads?
The intervertebral discs are very strong in axial compression but less strong under tangential loading (load applied whilst 'at an angle').
38
What do ligaments of the vertebral column do?
They provide stability. They prevent excessive movement between the vertebrae.
39
What are the major ligaments in the spine?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
| Posterior longitudinal ligament.
40
Which is stronger?
| The anterior longitudinal ligament of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
41
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
It prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column.
42
What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
It prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column.
43
What is the ligamentum flavum?
It has a high elastin content and appears yellow - flava=yellow (in latin). Situated between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and becomes stretched during flexion of the spine.
44
What are the interspinous ligaments?
They are relatively weak sheets of fibrous tissue that unite the spinous processes along their adjacent borders.
They prevent hyperflexion.
45
Which ligaments are under tension when we flex the spine?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament
46
What parts of the spine are compressed when we flex it?
Vertebral bodies
Intervertebral discs
Anterior longitudinal ligament
47
What leads to osteoarthritic changes?
Increased stress on the facet joints
As we age a greater proportion of the load is 'put onto' the facet joints due to the nucleus pulposus decreasing in size.
48
What is the structure of the sacrum?
Consists of 5 fused vertebrae.
Articulates with L5 superiorly
Articulates with in ilium of the pelvis laterally
Articulates with the coccyx inferiorly
49
What is the structure of the coccyx?
Consists of 4 fused vertebrae
| It is the evolutionary remnant of the tail.
50
Does the central canal continue through the sacrum?
Yes, it ends at the fourth sacral vertebra as the sacral hiatus.
51
What is inside the central canal of the sacrum?
The cauda equina
52
What is the cauda equina?
The bundle of spinal nerve roots
L2 - L5 nerves (these exit the canal in the lumbar region, don't enter the sacrum)
S1 - S5 nerves
Coccygeal nerve
Conus medullaris (the end of the spinal cord)
53
What do the nerves of the cauda equina innervate?
Pelvic organs and the lower limbs
54
What is the filum terminale?
A continuation of the pia mater from the conus medullaris of the spinal cord.
Approx 20cm in length and gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord
55
What is the primary curvature?
The C-shaped vertebral column in the fetus.
56
Which parts of the spine retain the primary curvature observed in the fetus?
The thoracic, sacral and coccygeal regions
| It is known as a kyphosis - anterior concavity
57
When does a child develop its secondary cervical lordosis (posterior concavity)?
When it begins to lift its head
58
When does a child develop its secondary lumbar lordosis (posterior concavity) in the lumbar spine?
During crawling and walking
59
What does a sinusoidal profile of the spine do?
It allows for great flexibility and gives the spine greater resilience.
60
What is 'senile kyphosis'?
Disc atrophy leads to the secondary curvatures starting to disappear and the re-establishment of the continuous primary curvature (C-shaped curve).
61
Where does the centre of gravity pass through in a standing adult?
C1/2
C7/T1
T12/L1
L5/S1
62
What are the weak points of the vertebral column?
```
C1/2
C7/T1
T12/L1
L5/S1
The points where the centre of gravity passes through - they are points at which pathology tends to develop.
```
63
What are innominate bones?
The left and right hip bones
| They are two irregularly shaped bones
64
What does the innominate bones and the sacrum make up?
The pelvic girdle
65
What is the pelvic girdle?
The bony structure that attaches the axial skeleton to the lower limbs
66
What are the three main articulations of the hip bones?
1) sacroiliac joint - articulation with the sacrum
2) pubic symphysis - articulation between the left and right hip bones
3) hip joint - articulation with the head of the femur
67
What are the three parts of the hip bone?
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
68
What are the three parts of the hip bone separated by as a child?
Triradiate cartilage
69
When does fusion of the hip bones begin?
Between the ages of 15 and 17
70
When does fusion of the hip bones finish?
By ages 20-25
71
What do the ilium, ischium and the pubis form?
The acetabulum - a cup-shaped socket
72
What articulates with the acetabulum?
The head of the femur
73
Which part of the hip bone is the widest and largest?
The ilium.
74
Describe the internal surface of the wing of the ilium
Has a concave shape, which produces the iliac fossa
75
Describe the external surface of the wing of the ilium
Has a convex shape.
76
Describe the iliac crest
Superior margin of the iliac wing is thickened, forming the iliac crest. It extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the posterior superior iliac spine
77
What is the greater sciatic notch?
An indentation on the posterior aspect of the ilium
78
Describe the pubis
Most anterior portion of the hip bone.
| Has a body, a superior ramus and an inferior ramus (ramus - branch)
79
Describe the pubis body
Located medially, articulates with the opposite pubic body at the pubic symphysis.
Superior aspect is marked by a rounded thickening (the pubic crest), which extends laterally as far as the pubic tubercle.
80
Describe the superior pubic ramus
Extends laterally from the pubic body to the acetabulum
81
Describe the inferior pubic ramus
Extends laterally from the pubic body to join with the inferior ischial ramus - these together form the ischiopubic ramus
82
What do the superior and inferior pubic rami form?
Part of the obturator foramen
83
What passes through the obturator foramen?
The obturator nerve, artery and vein - they pass through to reach the lower limb.
84
Describe the ischium
The ischium forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone. It has a body, an inferior ramus and a superior ramus.
85
Describe the ischial tuberosity
The posteroinferior aspect of the ischium forms this.
86
Describe the ischial spine
Near the junction of the superior ramus and body is a posteromedial projection of bone - this is the ischial spine
87
What are the two important ligaments attached to the ischium?
Sacrospinous ligament
| Sacrotuberous ligament
88
What is the sacrospinous ligament?
This runs from the ischial spine to the sacrum - creating the greater sciatic foramen.
89
What is the greater sciatic foramen?
A gap where many nerves and vessels pass through to enter the lower limb
90
What is the sacrotuberous ligament?
This runs from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity - forming the lesser sciatic foramen
91
What do the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligament do?
They limit rotation of the inferior part of the sacrum during transmission of weight of the body down the vertebral column in the erect position (standing)
92
What is the hip joint?
It is a ball and socket synovial joint.
| An articulation between the head of the femur and the pelvic acetabulum
93
What is the primary function of the hip joint?
To enable mobility of the lower limbs without weakening the ability of the lower limbs to support the weight of the body
94
Describe the acetabulum
A cup-like socket on the inferolateral aspect of the pelvis
95
What is the acetabular labrum?
A fibrocartilaginous collar encircling the acetabulum
96
What is the function of the acetabular labrum?
Deepens the acetabulum and provides a more secure fit for the femoral head.
Increases the articular contact by 10%, so more than 50% of the femoral head is in contact with the socket at any one time.
97
Is the hip joint a stable joint?
Yes - at the expense of some mobility
98
What are the acetabulum and head of femur covered in?
Hyaline cartilage
99
What is the shape of the articular surface of the acetabulum?
A horseshoe
100
Why is the articular surface of the acetabulum shaped like a horseshoe?
It is incomplete inferiorly in the region known as the acetabular notch
101
What is the acetabular notch?
Contains fibroelastic fat covered with synovial membrane
102
What is the fovea capitis?
A small depression in the centre of the hemispherical femoral head. The ligamentum teres attaches here
103
What is the ligamentum teres?
The ligament of the head of the femur. It contains the artery of the ligamentum teres.
104
What does the neck of the femur do?
Attaches the head of the femur to the femoral shaft at an angle of approximately 125 degrees, slightly smaller in females.
105
What is the greater trochanter?
Large bony prominence at the proximal end of the femoral shaft.
Connected to the lesser trochanter by the intertrochanteric line anteriorly, and by the intertrochanteric crest posteriorly.
106
What is the lesser trochanter?
A bony prominence at the proximal end of the femoral shaft.
Connected to the greater trochanter by the intertrochanteric line anteriorly, and by the intertrochanteric crest posteriorly.
107
Describe the femoral shaft
Smooth and rounded
108
What is the linea aspera?
A ridge on the posterior aspect of the femoral shaft - intermuscular septa and many muscles of the thigh attach here
109
What is the gluteal tuberosity?
Site of insertion of the gluteus maximus muscle.
| Lies between the upper end of the linea aspera and the intertrochanteric crest
110
Inferiorly, what does the linea aspera diverge to form?
The lateral and medial supracondylar lines
111
What are the three main extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint?
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
112
What is the only intracapsular ligament of the hip joint?
Ligamentum teres
113
Where does the capsule of the hip joint join to?
Posteriorly - attaches to the edge of the acetabulum
Distally - attaches to the intertrochanteric line of the femur anteriorly, femoral neck posteriorly
Anteriorly - the capsular fibres ascend along the neck as longitudinal retinacula, contains blood vessels for the femoral head and neck
114
Describe the iliofemoral ligament
Strongest ligament in the body
It has an inverted Y shape.
Prevents hyperextension of the hip.
115
Describe the position of the iliofemoral ligament
Lies superiorly and anterior to the hip joint - blends with the capsule of the hip joint.
Base of Y attached to anterior inferior iliac spine.
Limbs of Y both attached to the intertrochanteric line of the femur.
116
What does the iliofemoral ligament do?
Screws the head of the femur into the acetabulum.
Prevents the trunk from falling backward without the need for muscular activity.
When seated, becomes relaxed to allow the pelvis to tilt backward into its 'sitting position'
117
Describe the pubofemoral ligament
It is triangular in shape.
| It prevents excessive abduction and extension of the hip joint
118
Describe the anatomical position of the pubofemoral ligament
Lies anterior and inferior to the hip joint.
Its base is attached to the superior pubic ramus.
Its apex is attached to the inferior part of the intertrochanteric line anteriorly.
119
Describe the ischiofemoral ligament
Spiral shaped ligament.
It is the weakest of the three ligaments.
It prevents excessive internal (medial) rotation of the hip joint.
120
Describe the anatomical position of the ischiofemoral ligament
It is attached to the body of the ischium posteriorly.
Inferior fibres spiral superolaterally from the body of the ischium - attaches to the superolateral end of the intertrochanteric line. Wraps all the way around the back of the femoral head and neck and inserts anteriorly.
121
What do the three extracapsular ligaments do for the hip joint?
Provides stability by pulling the femoral head into the acetabulum
122
What is the transverse acetabular ligament?
This is a small ligament formed by the acetabular labrum as it bridges the acetabular notch
123
What does the transverse acetabular ligament do?
Converts the acetabular notch into a tunnel through which blood vessels and nerves enter the hip joint.
124
What does the synovial membrane do for the hip joint?
Lines the capsule
Attached to the margins of the articular surfaces
Ensheathes the ligamentum teres
Covers the pad of fat contained in the acetabular fossa.
125
What are the factors increasing the stability of the hip joint?
- the cup-shaped acetabulum
- the acetabular labrum, which deepens the acetabulum
- the capsule
- the ligamentum teres
- the extracapsular ligaments: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
- the muscles surrounding the hip joint
126
How is the hip joint innervated posteriorly?
The sciatic nerve
127
How is the hip joint innervated anteriorly?
The femoral nerve
128
How is the hip joint innervated inferiorly?
The obturator nerve
129
How is the hip joint innervated superiorly?
The superior gluteal nerve
130
What is the blood supply to the hip joint?
There is an extracapsular arterial ring at the base of the femoral neck - posteriorly formed by the medial femoral circumflex artery, anteriorly by the lateral femoral circumflex artery
131
What is the major blood supply to the femoral epiphysis in a child?
The artery of the ligamentum teres
132
What is one of the serious consequences of an intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck
Avascular necrosis due to the disruption of the medial femoral circumflex artery
133
How does the lower limb receive its nerve supply?
Via the lumbosacral plexus
134
What is the root of the ilioinguinal nerve?
L1
135
What does the ilioinguinal nerve innervate?
Skin of the genitalia and the upper medial thigh
136
What is the root of the genitofemoral nerve?
L1 and L2
137
What does the genitofemoral nerve divide into?
A genital branch and a femoral branch
138
What does the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve innervate?
The skin on the upper anterior thigh
139
What is the root of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
Posterior divisions of L2 and L3
140
What is the role of the lateral cutaneous nerve?
Purely sensory function
| Provides cutaneous sensation to the anterolateral thigh as far inferiorly as the knee
141
What is the root of the obturator nerve?
Anterior division of the L2, L3 an L4 roots
142
What does the obturator nerve innervate?
Skin over the medial thigh
| Medial compartment of the thigh
143
What is the root of the femoral nerve?
Posterior divisions of L2, L3 and L4 roots
144
What does the femoral nerve innervate?
Skin of the anterior thigh, skin of the medial leg through the saphenous branch.
Anterior compartment of the thigh
145
What does the following stand for?
| Imogen Gets Lunch On Fridays
```
I - ilioinguinal (L1)
G - genitofemoral (L1, L2)
L - lateral femoral cutaneous (L2, L3)
O - obturator (L2, L3, L4)
F - femoral (L2, L3, L4)
```
146
What are the two main destinations of the sacral plexus?
The lower limb and the pelvic muscles, organs and perineum
147
What is the root of the superior gluteal nerve?
L4, L5 and S1
148
What does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?
The gluteus medius
The gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata
149
Does the superior gluteal nerve have sensory branches?
No
150
What is the root of the inferior gluteal nerve?
L5, S1 and S2
151
How does the superior gluteal nerve enter the gluteal region?
Leaves pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen, enters the gluteal region above the piriformis muscle along with the superior gluteal artery and vein.
152
How does the inferior gluteal nerve enter the gluteal region?
Leaves pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen, enters the gluteal region below the piriformis region along with the inferior gluteal artery and vein.
153
What does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate?
The gluteus maximus
154
Does the inferior gluteal nerve have sensory branches?
No
155
What is the root of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
S1, S2 and S3
156
Does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh leave the pelvis above or below the piriformis muscle?
Below
157
What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervate?
The skin of the posterior thigh and leg
158
What does the following stand for?
| Salmon Is So Pink
S - superior gluteal (L4, L5, S1)
I - inferior gluteal (L4, L5, S1)
S - sciatic (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3)
P - posterior femoral (S1, S2, S3)
159
What is the root of the sciatic nerve?
L4, L5, S1, S2 and S3
160
What does the sciatic nerve divide into?
Tibial nerve
| Common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve)
161
What does the tibial nerve innervate?
All of the hamstring muscles (semitendinosis, semimembranosus, long head of biceps femoris and the hamstring part of adductor magnus in the posterior thigh)
162
What does the common peroneal nerve innervate?
The short head of biceps femoris in the posterior thigh
163
What must you avoid when administering an intramuscular injection in the gluteal region?
Injury to the sciatic nerve
164
What are the risk factors for osteoarthritis of the hip?
Primary - age, female sex, ethnicity, genetic predisposition, nutrition
Secondary - obesity, trauma, malalignment, infection, inflammatory arthritis, metabolic disorders affecting the joints, haematological disorders, endocrine abnormalities
165
What is the pathology of osteoarthritis?
Risk factors lead to excessive or uneven loading of the joint. This damages the hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface.
Hyaline cartilage becomes swollen due to increased proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes.
As the disease progresses, the proteoglycan content falls - cartilage softens and loses elasticity. Flaking and fibrillation develop along the typically smooth articular surface.
Over time cartilage becomes eroded, results in loss of joint space.
166
What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis in the hip?
Joint stiffness
Pain in the hip, gluteal and groin regions radiating to the knee
Mechanical pain
Crepitus - a grating sound or crunching/crackling sensation on movement of the joint
Reduced mobility - difficulty walking
167
How does osteoarthritis limit activities of daily living?
Difficulty walking, difficulty putting on socks and shoes, getting in and out of car/the bath.
Stiff in the morning and when standing up after sitting down for a while
Pain accentuated by mobilisation or weight-bearing
168
What fractures are common in the femur?
Fractured neck of femur (#NOF) - a fracture of the proximal femur, up to 5cm below the lesser trochanter.
Can be intracapsular or extracapsular (further divided into intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric)
169
What are the complications of hip and femoral shaft fractures?
Can have implications for the blood supply, and therefore the viability, of the femoral head
170
How does avascular necrosis of the hip occur following an intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck?
Intracapsular fractures are likely to disrupt the ascending cervical branches of the medial femoral circumflex artery. The artery of the ligamentum teres is unable to sustain the metabolic demand of the femoral head - this can lead to avascular necrosis
171
What is the common clinical appearance of the lower limb after a displaced femoral neck fracture?
Hip is shortened, abducted and externally rotated
172
What are the common mechanisms of traumatic dislocation of the hip?
Most common cause of traumatic hip dislocations are motor vehicle collisions.
It requires a great amount of force to dislocate a normal hip
173
What is the typical clinical appearance of traumatic dislocation?
Affected limb will be shortened and held in a position of flexion, adduction and internal (medial) rotation.
174
What muscles cause flexion of the hip?
Iliopsoas (iliacus + psoas major)
| Assisted by rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus
175
What muscles cause extension of the hip?
Gluteus maximus
| Hamstrings: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris (long head)
176
What muscles cause abduction of the hip?
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
| Assisted by sartorius, tensor fascia lata
177
What muscles cause adduction of the hip?
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus
| Assisted by pectineus, gracilis, obturator externus
178
What muscles cause lateral rotation of the hip?
Obturator externus, piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli, quadratus femoris
Assisted by gluteus maximus, sartorius
179
What muscles cause medial rotation of the hip?
Anterior fibres of gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia lata
Assisted by adductor brevis, adductor longus, superior portion of adductor magnus, pectineus
180
What limits extension at the hip?
Iliofemoral ligament
| Joint capsule
181
What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?
The fascia lata
182
What does the fascia lata form?
It thickens at its lateral aspect to become the iliotibial tract/band
183
Where, anatomically, does the ITB run from and to?
From the iliac crest to the lateral tibial condyle, at the knee
184
What is the origin of the tensor fascia lata?
Iliac crest
185
What is the insertion of the tensor fascia lata?
Iliotibial tract
186
What is the innervation of tensor fascia lata?
Superior gluteal nerve
| L5 S1
187
What is the origin of gluteus maximus?
Posterior surface of the ilium
188
What is the insertion of gluteus maximus?
Superior and superficial fibres= ITB
| Inferior and deeper fibres= gluteal tuberosity
189
What is the innervation of gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve
| L5 S1 S2
190
What is the origin of gluteus medius?
Gluteal surface of the ilium
191
What is the insertion of gluteus medius?
Lateral surface of the greater trochanter
192
What is the innervation of gluteus medius?
Superior gluteal nerve
| L5 S1
193
What is the origin of gluteus minimus?
Ilium
194
What is the insertion of gluteus minimus?
Anterior aspect of the greater trochanter
195
What is the innervation of gluteus minimus?
Superior gluteal nerve
| L5 S1
196
What is the origin of piriformis?
Anterior surface of sacrum
197
What is the insertion of piriformis?
Superior aspect of greater trochanter
198
What is the innervation of piriformis?
Nerve to piriformis
199
What is the origin of gemellus superior?
Ischial spine
200
What is the insertion of gemellus superior?
Posterior aspect of greater trochanter
201
What is the innervation of gemellus superior?
Nerve to obturator internus
202
What is the origin of obturator internus?
Medial surface of obturator membrane
| Pubis and ischium
203
What is the insertion of obturator internus?
Posterior aspect of greater trochanter
204
What is the innervation of obturator internus?
Nerve to obturator internus
205
What is the origin of gemellus inferior?
Ischial tuberosity
206
What is the insertion of gemellus inferior?
Posterior aspect of greater trochanter
207
What is the innervation of gemellus inferior?
Nerve to quadratus femoris
208
What is the origin of quadratus femoris?
Lateral aspect of ischial tuberosity
209
What is the insertion of quadratus femoris?
Quadrate tubercle
210
What is the innervation of quadratus femoris?
Nerve to quadratus femoris
211
What is the origin of obturator externus?
External surface of obturator membrane
212
What is the insertion of obturator externus?
Posterior aspect of greater trochanter
213
What is the innervation of obturator externus?
Obturator nerve L2-L4
214
What is the origin of long head of biceps femoris?
Ischial tuberosity
215
What is the insertion of long head of biceps femoris?
Head of the fibula
216
What is the innervation of long head of biceps femoris?
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
217
What is the origin of short head of biceps femoris?
Linea aspera on posterior surface of femur
218
What is the insertion of short head of biceps femoris?
Head of fibula
219
What is the innervation of short head of biceps femoris?
Common peroneal nerve (common fibular) part of sciatic nerve
220
What is the origin of semitendinosus?
Ischial tuberosity
221
What is the insertion of semitendinosus?
Upper medial aspect of the tibia
| Part of pes aserinus
222
What is the innervation of semitendinosus?
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
223
What is the origin of semimembranosus?
Ischial tuberosity
224
What is the insertion of semimembranosus?
Medial tibial condyle
225
What is the innervation of semimembranosus?
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
