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MUSE SAQs & SBA Flashcards

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1
Q

What two blood tests can be done to help differentiate between different causes of diarrhoea?

A
  1. FBC
  2. Inflammatory markers (ESR & CRP)
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2
Q

What two stool tests can be done to help differentiate between different causes of diarrhoea?

A
  1. Faecal calprotectin
  2. Stool culture
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3
Q

What layer of the bowel wall does ulcerative colitis affect?

A

Mucosa

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4
Q

What histological features will be seen in ulcerative colitis?

A
  1. Crypt abscess
  2. Ulceration
  3. Increase in plasma cells in the lamina propria
  4. Continuous inflammation
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5
Q

What histological features will be seen in Crohn’s?

A
  1. Cobble stone appearance of mucosa
  2. Rose thorn ulcers
  3. Skip lesions
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6
Q

What sort of rash is associated with meningitis?

A

Non blanching purpura rash

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7
Q

What are some causes of breast lump?

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Abscess
  3. Cyst
  4. Hamartoma
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8
Q

What cancers metastasise to bone?

A
  1. Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Kidney
  4. Thyroid
  5. Prostate
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9
Q

What is the treatment for breast cancer?

A

Chemotherapy with trastuzumab

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10
Q

What are the histopathological findings in the brain in Parkinson’s?

A
  1. Loss of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra!!
  2. Lewy Bodies
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11
Q

Name a dopamine agonist?

A

Cabergoline

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12
Q

What is the inheritance pattern for Familial Adenomatous Polyposis?

A

Autosomal Dominant

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13
Q

What is an adenocarcinoma?

A

A malignant tumour of glandular epithelium

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14
Q

What is a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung?

A

Cancer of the flat cells that line the airways in the lungs

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15
Q

Where are squamous cell lung cancers typically found?

A

Near a bronchus

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16
Q

What is the first line management for severe hyperkalaemia with ECG changes?

A

Calcium gluconate

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17
Q

What artery performs an important role in erectile function?

A

Internal pudendal artery

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18
Q

Name some pre-renal causes of AKI?

A
  1. Sepsis
  2. Dehydration
  3. Haemorrhage
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19
Q

Name some intra-renal causes of AKI?

A
  1. Nephrotoxins
  2. Parenchymal disease
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20
Q

Name some post-renal causes of AKI?

A
  1. Renal calculi
  2. Prostatic enlargement
  3. Tumours
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21
Q

What drugs are nephrotoxic?

A
  1. NSAIDs
  2. ACEi / ARB
  3. Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin)
  4. Some chemotherapy (Cisplatin)
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22
Q

What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?

A

Inflammation and infection of a woman’s reproductive organ

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease?

A
  1. Abnormal vaginal discharge
  2. Pain during sex (Dyspareunia)
  3. Fever
  4. Abnormal bleeding
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24
Q

What two pathogens can commonly cause PID?

A
  1. Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
  2. Chlamydia Trachomatis
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25
What are the risk factors for PID?
1. Multiple sexual partners 2. Existing STI 3. Not using barrier contraception
26
What can help support a diagnosis of PID?
Raised inflammatory markers
27
What is the 1st line investigation for stroke?
CT head
28
What are some symptoms of Wilson's disease?
1. Fatigue 2. Golden brown eye discolouration (Kayer Fleischer rings) 3. Micrographia (Small handwriting) 4. Tremor
29
What is the inheritance pattern of Huntington's?
Autosomal dominant
30
What are the symptoms of Huntington's?
1. Chorea 2. Depression
31
What are the symptoms of Huntington's?
1. Chorea 2. Depression 3. Stumbling and clumsiness 4. Difficulty concentrating 5. Mood swings / personality changes
32
What clinical feature would suggest a severe aortic stenosis?
A small volume and slow rising pulse
33
What is peripheral arterial disease?
Narrowing of the arteries supplying the limbs and periphery, reducing the blood supply to these areas
34
What is claudication?
Muscle pain that happens when you're active and stops when you rest
35
What can peripheral arterial disease cause?
Critical ischaemia
36
What are the 6P's of acute limb ischaemia?
1. Pain 2. Pallor 3. Pulselessness 4. Paraesthesia 5. Perishing cold 6. Paralysis
37
What test can be used to assess peripheral arterial disease in the leg?
Buerger's Test
38
What is Buerger's test?
1. Lie on back adn raise legs to 45 degree angle for 1-2 mins - look for pallor 2. Upon hanging legs over bed: Healthy - pink legs PAD - Blue as ischaemic tissue deoxygenates the blood, then dark red
39
What is the 1st line treatment for peripheral arterial disease?
Reduce lifestyle factors & Exercise program
40
What artery can be affected in duodenal ulcers?
Gastroduodenal artery
41
What are some symptoms of ketoacidosis?
1. Thirst 2. Polyuria 3. Kussmaul breathing 4. Fruity smelling breath 5. Headache 6. Nausea & Vomiting
42
What is Turner syndrome?
A genetic disorder where females only have 1 normal X chromosome rather than 2
43
What are some symptoms of Turner's syndrome?
1. Webbed neck 2. Short stature 3. Ovarian insufficiency
44
What is Kallmann syndrome?
A genetic disorder where specific neurons that communicate with the hypothalamus are underdeveloped, leading to lack of Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism characterised by late or absent puberty and anosmia)
45
What are some symptoms of Kallmann syndrome?
1. Anosmia 2. Cleft lip or palate 3. Short fingers or toes, especially ring finger
46
What is a potential complication of carbimazole?
1. Acute pancreatitis 2. Agranulocytosis - Urgent FBC and aggressive treatment for infections
47
What is a potential complication of Lithium?
Thyroid problems
48
What is a seminoma?
A type of neoplasm that begins in germ cells of men, typically in the testicles or more rarely in the mediastinum
49
What is a germinoma?
A neoplasm of germ cells that occurs in the brain - it has an identical histology to the testicular seminoma
50
What can differentiate between a germinoma and a seminoma?
Germinoma may present with more hormone abnormalities
51
What is the correct course of action if a patient has an adverse drug reaction?
1. Stop drug 2. Patient informed 3. Report via yellow card system
52
What is the appropriate therapy for reversal of patient's warfarin?
1. IV Vitamin K 2. IV Prothrombin Complex Concentrate
53
What is the treatment for disseminated intra-vascular coagulation (DIC)?
1. Cryoprecipitate (it has lots of fibrinogen)
54
What type of cell is implicated in myeloma?
Plasma cell
55
What is Immune Thrombocytopenia?
An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system inappropriately destroys platelets
56
What is Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura?
A blood disorder where platelets cause clots to develop in small blood vessels of the body
57
What are some symptoms of ITP?
1. Bruising 2. Petechiae 3. Bleeding from nose or mouth 4. Fatigue
58
What are some symptoms of TTP?
1. Nervous system - headaches, vision change, confusion 2. Skin - Brusing, bleeding, pale 3. Urinary - kidney problems, haematuria
58
What are some symptoms of TTP?
1. Nervous system - headaches, vision change, confusion 2. Skin - Brusing, bleeding, pale 3. Urinary - kidney problems, haematuria
59
What is asthma?
A chronic inflammatory condition of the airways that causes episodic exacerbations of bronchoconstriction
60
What is eosinophilic asthma?
A type of asthma caused by high levels of eosinophils in the lungs
61
What 3 conditions form the atopic triad?
1. Eczema / Atopic Dermatitis 2. Allergic Rhinitis 3. Asthma
62
What should be given in an emergency asthma attack?
1. O2 2. Nebulised salbutamol
63
What is Ipatropium Bromide?
A muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist that acts as a bronchodilator
64
What are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?
Persistent productive cough
65
What is COPD?
A non reversible, chronic deterioration in air flow through the lungs caused by tissue damage
66
What is the pathophysiology of COPD?
1.Neutrophils are activated by the inhalation of toxic particles 2. Neutrophils secrete proteases that cause tissue destruction and inflammation
67
What is the treatment for COPD?
1. SABA (Salbutamol) or SAMA (Ipatropium Bromide) 2. LABA
68
What is bronchiectasis?
An inflammatory lung disease that causes permanent dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles
69
What is the most common type of lung cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
70
What is the function of TLR4?
Senses LPS on the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
71
What is the function of TLR5?
Senses flagellin
72
What is more indicative of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
1. Longer morning stiffness 2. Pain eases with use 3. Good response to NSAIDS 4. Bilateral 5. Systemic symptoms
73
What is more indicative of osteoarthritis?
1. Clicking / crunching 2. Aching in evening 3. Pain worsens with use 4. Unilateral
74
What deformities can be seen in osteoarthritis?
1. Degeneration of 1st metatarso-phalangeal joint 2. Heberden's and Bouchard's node
75
What deformities can be seen in rheumatoid arthritis?
1. Swan neck deformity 2. Boutonierre deformity 3. Ulnar deviation of the metacarpophalangeal joint
76
What does cANCA indicate?
Wegener's Granulomatosis
77
What does Sjogrens cause increased risk of?
Lymphoma
78
What is Felty's syndrome?
A rare autoimmune disease characterised by 1. Rheumatoid arthritis 2. Splenomegaly 3. Low neutrophil count
79
What is the role of a 1,3 beta-D-glucan assay?
Detect invasive fungal pathogens 1. Candida albicans 2. Pneumocystis Jirovecii 3. Aspergillus fumigatus
80
What is the mechanism of action of cholera?
Secretes a toxin that deregulates ion transport in epithelial cells
81
What antibitoics are usually given for URTIs?
Penicillin, eg. Amoxicillin
82
What are some conditions that are risk factors for colorectal cancer?
1. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis 2. Lynch Syndrome (Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer) 3. IBD
83
What is Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?
An acid fast bacilli

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