Music Business Final Exam Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
The name for the fee an artist is promised for a show, regardless of how many tickets are sold
A
Guarantee
2
Q
The part of a gig contract that shows where on the stage the instruments should be placed
A
Stage Plot
3
Q
The name for the budgetary bench mark specifying the agreed upon total cost of a show, above which an artist might receive additional payments if the show turns a profit
A
Split Point
4
Q
The slang term for fees- a percentage of profits- an artist may receive if ticket sales revenues exceed a previously agreed upon budgetary benchmark
A
Back End
5
Q
THe one who finds live performance employment for artists
A
Booking Agent
6
Q
The one who selects and hires artists for live performances
A
Talent Buyer
7
Q
The one who takes the financial risk on a concert
A
Promoter
8
Q
The name for an announcement that an artist is accepting offers for a certain region and/or time frame
A
Avail
9
Q
The term for the gig that pays so much it supports the rest of the tour
A
Anchor Date
10
Q
The term for a gig used to fill an off day on a tour
A
Routing Date
11
Q
The term for a gig that is not part of a tour
A
One-Off
12
Q
If a gig in Seattle says that a gig by the same artist in Spokane is too close, it is invoking
A
Market Exclusivity
13
Q
When the artist’s representative says to the concert organizer, “That sounds workable - send it to me,” they are looking for something in writing that is called what?
A
Offer
14
Q
The name for the maximum amount of money that a show can generate. Give both the term and the formula used to calculate it
A
Gross Potential- Capacity x ticket price
15
Q
The money paid upfront to confirm a show and hold the date on the artist’s schedule
A
Deposit
16
Q
The type of account where money paid prior to a who is held for safe keeping
A
Escrow account
17
Q
After a show, hen expenses and revenues are sorted and final payments are made, it’s called the
A
Settlement
18
Q
When an artist pays a percentage of gross revenue to an agent or manager, it’s called a
A
Commission
19
Q
The term for the instruments and other gear - whether provided by the artist or the host of the show - that are required onstage for the performance
A
Backline
20
Q
The part of a gig contract that specifies the types of gear required for a show and what is acceptable to the artist
A
Tech Rider
21
Q
Sales of food, beverage and merchandise at a show are called
A
Concessions
22
Q
The part of a gig contract that specifies what kind of food an artist wants or doesn’t want
A
Hospitality Rider
23
Q
The term for money paid to the artist for them to get their own food or perhaps use their own gear
A
Buy-out
24
Q
The clause in a gig contract that is typically invoked to justify a cancellation
A
Force Majeure
25
When the artist's tour manager and the event organizer talk through all the details of the upcoming show, it's called a what?
Advance
26
Give the textbook definition of copyright
A limited-duration monopoly on the right to reproduce and distribute intellectual property
27
The type of copyright that protects the "master" is called
Sound Recording or S.R.
28
The Sound Recording copyright is typically controlled by whom
The record company
29
The type of copyright that controls the words and music of a song is called
Performing Artwork or P.A.
30
The Performing Artwork Copyright is typically controlled by whom
The composer or publisher
31
The mechanical royalty is paid by whom and to whom?
By the record company to composers, through their publishers
32
The amount of the mechanical royalty is determined by
Congress- set rate of approx $0.091 per copy of a song distributed
33
The type of contract in which a music publisher represents a songwriter in exchange for an ownership stake in the copyrights of the writer's songs is called
Publishing or Co-publishing
34
The type of contract on which a music publisher does not have an ownership stake in copyrights, but instead works on a commission basis, is called what
An Administration Deal
35
The public performance royalty is paid BY what kinds of entities
Broadcasters, venues, places where music is performed (on record or in person) for the public
36
The generic name for groups that collect the public performance is
Performance Rights Organizations
37
The names of the three companies in the USA that collect public performance royalties for terrestrial radio broadcasts
ASCAP, BMI and SESAC
38
The public performance royalty for non-digital transmissions in the US is paid TO
Composers, through their publishers (and PROs)
39
The public performance royalty for non-digital transmissions in the US is NOT paid to whom
Artists (performers) or labels (owners of master recordings)
40
Name 3 other countries that do not pay public performance royalties from non-digital transmissions to artists and labels
Iran, North Korea, China
41
What's the name of the legal case that justified the issue of not paying public performance royalties to artists and labels for non-digital transmissions in the USA
RCA vs. Whiteman
42
What's the name of the relatively new company that was set up to collect a new type of public performance royalty in the USA only for digital transmissions?
SoundExchange
43
For music licensing, the type of entity that might need music- film, TV, commercials, video games- is generally referred to as what?
Visual media
44
The person who chooses the music for a film or TV show is called the
Music Supervisor
45
The type of license needed to put a specific recording in a movie is called the
Master Use License
46
The Master Use License is typically issued by the
Record Company
47
The type of license needed to put the words and music of a song in a movie is called the
Synchronization ("sync") license
48
The Synchronization license is typically issued by the
Publisher
49
"Royalty-free" music is music that is typically produced and marketed by what kind of company
Production Music Library
50
When a film production secures all the rights for a composition and a master to use in a movie and licenses each song individually, it's sometimes referred to as a
Needle Drop or Placement
51
When a film composer writes a movie score for a flatt fee, and relinquishes control of the copyright, it's called a what?
Work for Hire
52
When the copyright on a song has lapsed and anyone can record it, it's called what?
Public Domain
53
The person who tries to get artists or movies to use a song is called a what
Song Plugger
54
When publisher is able to get an artist to record a writer's song, or to get a movie to use it, it's called a what
Cover, Cut, or Placement
55
The name of a company that tracks the exact number of spins a record gets from week to week
BDS- Broadcast Data Systems
56
In the real world, under what circumstances will a songwriter see significant public performance royalties?
It's a radio hit
57
When a writer invokes says no one else may record her song because she intends to record it, the writer is invoking what prerogative?
First Use
58
What determines the duration of a record deal
The number of options
58
What was the name of the ery first copyright law, in England?
The Statute of St. Anne
59
What is the name for the performers monetary payment and a record deal
The artist royalty
60
The artist of royalty in based on what
The percentage of net record sales
61
The level of that compensation is determined by what two factors (hint: how is it different from mechanicals)
Negotiation and artist stature
62
Money paid by the label for recording and other expenses is called what
The advance
63
What is the term for how record labels ensure that money invested in a project will come back to them before the artist is paid
Recoupment
64
When the label insists on using the profits from one album cover the debt of a prior album it is called what
Cross collateralization
65
When the recording artist is also a songwriter who records her own material those songs on the record are referred to as what
Controlled compositions
66
When a record label wants part of your gig and merchandise money what kind of deal is it
360
67
Give examples of three types of expenses or advances that are either fully or partly recoupable
Advance,tour support, video, indie promotion
68
Name three record selling expenses that typically Are not recoupable
Manufacturing, shipping, advertising
69
The promotions team at a record label focuses on what
Radio
70
The most powerful department at a record label is what
Business affairs/legal
71
Major labels typically reserve the right to be the exclusive distributor of an artist's recordings in which territory or territories
The universe
72
What is meant by two firm record deal
The label picks up two options at once and guarantees to release two albums
73
When a label agrees to release an album 18 months after the prior album does that mean exactly 18 calendar months
No
74
When the artist secures the right to obtain ownership of the master recording after a certain length of time it's called what kind of clause in the contract
Reversion clause
75
Why is reversion different from copyright termination
Reversion is negotiated, copyright termination is the law. also reversion is only for the Masters.copyright termination is also for the publishing
76
An artist who expects to want to make appearances on lots of records by other artists not signed to the same label is seeking what clause in a recording contract
A liberal sideman clause
77
A record company executive who says I don't hear a single is invoking what clause in a recording contract
The right for the label to determine what constitutes commercially satisfactory
78
What's the difference between points earned by an outside producer and those earned by recording artist
A producers artists royalty points are paid from record one. example: every record sold whether before or after recruitment. an artist's are only paid on albums sold after recoupment
79
Why does a record label use a minimum/maximum formula to calculate the recording budget for successive albums in a record deal
Advances are based on a percentage of royalties earned from the previous album. The minimum guarantees a sufficient budget if no royalties are earned and the maximum protection protects the label from spending too much if you just amounts of royalties are earned
80
Websites that you pay to sell your music online
Digital music distribution companies
81
A digital music distribution Company who partners with companies to deliver your music to these online providers and more at no extra cost
CD baby
82
Reduces the volume of loud sounds or amplifies quiet sounds by narrowing an audio signals dynamic range it is commonly used in sound recording and reproduction and broadcasting and on instrument amplifiers
Music compression
83
And encoding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression it is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage
MP3
84
The distribution and sharing of digital documents and computer files using the technology of networking
Peer-to-peer filesharing
85
Originally founded as a pioneering peer-to-peer filesharing Internet service that emphasized sharing audio files, typically music, encoded in MP3 format. the original company ran into legal difficulties over copyright infringement ceased operations and was eventually acquired by Roxio
Napster
86
A line of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple the first line was released in 2001
iPod
87
The media player and media library application developed by Apple it is used to play download and organize digital audio and video on personal computers running the OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems it was introduced in 2003
ITunes Music Store
88
A class of controversial technologies that are used by hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders, and individuals with the intent to control the use of digital content and devices after sale
Digital rights management
89
Any effort designed to prevent the reproduction of software, films, music, and other media, usually for copyright reasons
Copy protection
90
A digital rights management technology created by Apple based on technology created by the company Verifisc. built into QuickTime multimedia software and used by Apple products.
Apple's fairplay
91
Digital distributors that charge a percentage of sales
CD baby, IODA, the orchard
92
Digital distributor that charges a flat fee
Tunecore
93
Digital distribution outlets
ITunes, Rhapsody, Amazon, Radio, Spotify, YouTube
94
Funding that specifically pertains to music. Occurs in conjunction with direct to fan marketing. Fans of music have the option to donate and collectively raise money with the goal of jumpstarting the career of a given musical artist.
Fan funding models/crowdfunding
95
A business model used by independent musicians, independent music labels, music marketing professionals, promoters, and others in the music industry. Becoming a model used by the broad definition of artists, including comedians, visual artists, and other entertainers looking to build and leverage fan community throughout their career. Uses relationships to expand Fanbase
Direct to fan
96
Engaging with fans through Facebook Twitter messaging and other online social websites
Fan engagement
97
Cofounder of the nonprofit, open-source software project for recording artists called cash music founded in 1997 was an online music subscription service
Kristin Hersh
98
A crowd funding website, record label and business model for creative artists which allows them to fund their products utilizing a fan funding model to allow the general public to directly finance, watch the creative process of the recording, and in most cases gain access to extra material from an artist
Artist share introduced in 2000
99
Launched her own crowdfunding campaign in February 2009 for the song I kissed a girl
Jill Sobule
100
A crowdfunding website launched in April 2009 by a Tulane student
Kick starter
101
Other crowdfunding websites include
Gig funder, Indy gogo, pledge music
102
Spurred by the jazz fest on line messageboard in 2005 crowd funded
Threadhead records
103
She crowd sourced volunteer musicians and did not pay them while on tour this created a controversy
Amanda Palmer
