music_103_20150123003340 (1/2) Flashcards
(500 cards)
1
Q
Semiotics
A
The study of signs/symbols and their use/interpretation.
2
Q
Multimodality
A
Use of more than one mode simultaneously.
3
Q
Example of multimodality
A
Music videos.
4
Q
3 modes:
A
Textural, Aural, Visual.
5
Q
Words and lyrics are part of which mode?
A
Textural
6
Q
Music is part of which mode?
A
Aural
7
Q
Pictures are part of which mode?
A
Visual.
8
Q
Gestural is a facet of…
A
Each mode.
9
Q
Give an example of a combination of textural and visual modes.
A
Love is textural, while the red lettering and the hearts are visual.
10
Q
Love and domestic violence are shown together. This is an example of…
A
The way modes can interact to impact perception and change meaning.
11
Q
What is the most common combination of modes?
A
Visual and textural.
12
Q
In Lana del Rey’s music video “Video Games”, she affirms that life is worth living with the lyrics “Heaven is on earth with you”. This is an example of which mode?
A
Textural
13
Q
Music that sounds sad is in a ___ key, while music that sounds happy is in a ___ key.
A
Minor, Major.
14
Q
Cadence
A
End of a musical phrase.
15
Q
Iggy Azalea’s “Fancy”, which sarcastically mocks the teen life, is an example where modes ___.
A
Conflict.
16
Q
Octave
A
Span of pitches in music. 8 whole tones.
17
Q
In ragtime music, melodies are ___.
A
Tonal
18
Q
There is often one ___ passing tone in ragtime music.
A
Chromatic.
19
Q
The vocal range in ragtime music is within an ___.
A
Octave.
20
Q
Ragtime music was primarily developed from ___ to ___.
A
1900 to 1920.
21
Q
Vanderville and theatrical producers began to consolidate their offices in an area known as…
A
Tin Pan Alley.
22
Q
Tin Pan Alley was located in…
A
NYC.
23
Q
Tin Pan Alley is both a ___ ___ and name of a ___.
A
Physical location, style.
24
Q
Ragtime was primarily developed by which ethnic group?
A
African Americans.
25
What other styles were being developed at the same time as ragtime?
Victorian ballad and waltz.
26
Who was the most preeminent figure in ragtime?
Irving Berlin.
27
Irving Berlin was born as...
Israel Baline
28
Irving Berlin was born in...
West Siberia.
29
Irving Berlin grew up wealthy / impoverished and made a name for himself ___.
Impoverished, singing.
30
Berlin began to collaborate with notable Tin Pan Alley figures, and managed to write music that reflected...
The unique complex community of Tin Pan Alley.
31
According to Charles Hamm, Berlin's work was characteristic as a result of:
Ethnic identities, authorship functions, and growing production of sheet music.
32
Ethnic identities were important to Berlin's work, because...
Berlin managed to retain characteristics of ethnic groups in his music, but also managed to gain acceptance from a broader audience.
33
Authorship functions played an important role in Berlin's work, because...
Different people would collaborate on one work.
34
Growing production of sheet music played what role in Berlin's work?
There was a standardization of songs, which allowed more flexibility in performance.
35
Lead Sheet
Sheet music for Jazz.
36
What is on a lead sheet?
Minimal music, just chord symbols.
37
Jazz Parallel
Jazz was developed at about the same period of time as ragtime.
38
Why was jazz accepted immediately?
It assimilated and accommodated enough of America's older and more dominant culture.
39
Describe the structure of Tin Pan Alley Songs:
1. Brief piano intro. 2. 2 or 4 bar vamp, with melodic and rhythmic material drawn from and leading into verse. Often repeated during solo. 3. 2 or more verses, typically 16-32 bars in length. 4. A chorus, usually equal in length to the verse, with first and second endings.
40
Victorian music was very "___" and ___.
White, straight.
41
Ragtime was considered "___" music.
Black.
42
What do the lyrics of "Strange Fruit" describe?
Lynching of African Americans.
43
Why is Billie Holliday's rendition of "Strange Fruit" more subdued and restrained?
She could not bring out harsh lyrics, as the performance in itself was already risque for the 1930's.
44
Why is India Arie's version of "Strange Fruit" so much more extravagant and emphasized?
Harsh lyrics have to be emphasized to differentiate and grab attention.
45
Tori Amos' version of "Strange Fruit" can be described as...
Sparse, as she uses piano as accompaniment, and uses her voice almost as an instrument.
46
Who came up with the "Theory of Markedness"?
Robert Hatten.
47
What theory is explored in the article "Markedness and a Theory of Musical Expressive Meaning"?
Theory of Markedness.
48
What does the Theory of Markedness explore?
How individual lyrics and musical events can be emphasized or "marked" in a variety of ways.
49
Obvious ___ ___ that are commonly used to "mark" words are explored in the Theory of Markedness.
Aural Gestures.
50
What kinds of technology emerged in the 1920's that was relevant to the music industry?
Records and record players, live radio broadcasts.
51
The music industry began to classify music in the 1920's. How did this impact the types of music that became popular?
The music industry can decide what music would be published, played, recorded, etc.
52
Developing styles of the 1920's:
-Ragtime. -Jazz. -Vaudeville. -Crooning. -Torch singing.
53
Jazz and popular music were one and the same between the years...
1920 and 1940.
54
1920's was known as the...
Jazz Age.
55
Was the jazz music of the 1920's similar or distinct from jazz as we know it today?
Distinct.
56
Who was the "King of Jazz"?
Paul Whiteman.
57
What was the name of the "King of Jazz" article we studied?
"On Wax".
58
What does the article "On Wax" discuss?
The difficulties faced in recording music. For example, the upright bass was much too quiet to use in a recording studio, and was replaced by a tuba. Every instrument has a pitch that would destroy the record, so instrumentation would have to change to make music recordable.
59
The period between 1930 and 1940 was known as...
"The Swing Era" or "The Big Band Era".
60
What was distinct about "The Swing Era"?
It reached mass audiences for the first time.
61
What is a "Swung Note"?
A performance practice, mainly in jazz-influenced music, in which some notes with equal written time values are performed with unequal durations, usually as alternating long and short.
62
In his article, what did Freedman mainly discuss?
The conflicts in American popular music, which is personified in the conflict between "black" and "white" music.
63
The conflict Freedmen writes about is supposedly manifested in the form of ___.
Swing.
64
Characteristics of "white" music:
-Cold. -Clean. -Conscious.
65
Characteristics of "black:" music:
-Rich. -Loose. -Relaxed.
66
Examples of "white" musicians:
Leon Bismarck, Frank Teschemacher.
67
Examples of "black" musicians:
Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet, Coleman Hawkins.
68
Who can be considered the first international multimedia star?
Bing Crosby.
69
What are indications of being the first international multimedia star?
Bing Crosby conquered all available media formats.
70
During World War II, there was a ___ ban in 1943.
Recording.
71
How did World War II affect the music industry?
There was the expense of operating large bands, decreased demand for dancing, increased demand for sentimentality, and a lack of production of records.
72
Who was "Race" music developed by, and where?
African Americans in Richmond, Virginia.
73
The fact that "Race" musicians were coloured was ___.
Hidden.
74
Who can be considered one of the foremost Race musicians to achieve fame?
Bessie Smith.
75
What kinds of music did "Race" music include?
Blues, gospel tunes, piano boogie-woogies, small jazz groups, and the "funkier" swing bands of the time.
76
Who was "Hillbilly" music developed by, and where?
White Americans in the rural parts of the country.
77
Who was one of the early Hillbilly musicians to achieve considerable success?
Fiddler John Carson.
78
Hillbilly refers to ___ from all over.
Mountaineers.
79
___ ___ later became a prominent Hillbilly musician.
Jimmy Rodgers.
80
Hillbilly fans were renowned for...
Their dedication to the style.
81
Who was known as the "Father of Gospel Music"?
Thomas Dorsey.
82
Gospel was developed as an important component of __ ___ throughout the ___ and ___.
"Race Music", 1930's and 40's.
83
The development of gospel as its own style eventually led to the development of...
Doo-wop, acapella, rhythm & blues, and rock & roll.
84
Blues gained its professional designation largely from the development of ___ ___.
"Negro Theatre".
85
"Negro Theatre" came about after the...
Civil War.
86
"Negro Theatre" was modelled after early...
White minstrel shows.
87
What are some "Negro Theatre" show types?
Minstrel, travelling road, medicine, vaudeville, carnival, and small circuses.
88
What is Blackface?
Painted white people's faces black and acted out their perceptions of the ethnic group.
89
The African American population often had a hard time finding work as a result of the...
Theatre's Own Booking Agency (TOBA).
90
TOBA was commonly known among African American populations as...
Tough On Black Artists.
91
Classic Blues can be described as ___ and ___, and the ___ take precedent.
Private, personal, lyrics.
92
Classic Blues musicians often had little to no training. True or False?
True, everyone was thought to have blues inherently written within them.
93
Classic Blues evolved quickly from a style treated casually as a form of folk music into a form both...
Professionally and publicly respected.
94
The lyrical content of the Classical Blues was transparent, allowing the music to be more accessible to...
White Americans.
95
The following was said of Classic Blues: "The Negro felt he was a part of that superstructure after all". This refers to what aspect of Classic Blues?
The fact that the Black musicians were not so separate after all.
96
Classic blues was dominated by men/women?
More than 75% women.
97
Jali
Songs that concern the history of the people.
98
Blues.
Songs that contain lyrics addressing personal experiences.
99
Classic Blues.
Songs performed by black women, typically accompanied by a jazz band.
100
Country Blues.
Songs performed by men of the rural south, typically accompanied by a guitar.
101
Delta Blues.
Rhythmically vigorous and considered to be more "extroverted".
102
Where did the name "Delta Blues" come from?
The Mississippi Delta.
103
What two techniques were first developed in the Delta Blues?
Bottleneck and Slide techniques.
104
What does R&B stand for?
Rhythm and Blues.
105
R&B
A blues based music that uses jazz elements, but was designed to meet the dancing and partying needs of an urban, African American audience.
106
Is R&B secular or sacred?
Secular.
107
Who was a major figure in the transition from race music to R&B?
Louis Jordan.
108
Louis Jordan established...
Shuffle rhythm.
109
What are the two sections of R&B combo?
Rhythm and horn sections.
110
What instruments are in a R&B rhythm section?
Piano, bass, drum, and guitar.
111
What instruments are in a R&B horn section?
Two saxophones and one or two trumpets.
112
Louis Jordan is known for his desire to...
Please audiences.
113
What does it mean to "Straddle the Fence"?
Cater to both black & white audiences.
114
"Straddle the Fence" was a movement in the...
Early 1940's.
115
What was one technique used during the "Straddle the Fence" era?
Book one white and one black artist for each show.
116
Who was Johnny Otis?
A biologically white artist who racially identified himself as black.
117
What were the 4 major recording labels prior to the 1950's?
RCA Victor, Columbia, Decca, Capitol.
118
What does ASCAP stand for?
American Society of Composers and Publishers.
119
What does BMI stand for?
Broadcast Music Incorporated.
120
When was BMI formed, and what was the role of BMI in them music industry?
The 1930's. It allowed hillbilly and race music to expand.
121
What other factor forced recording labels and radio broadcasters to look for alternate source of recordings?
The recording bans during World War II.
122
Indie labels eventually developed successful ___ markets on their own.
Niche.
123
Indie labels forced crossovers...
Between genres.
124
List two employees of recording labels, and what their significance was.
Henry Glove worked for King Records and was largely responsible for the crossover between country and R&B. Sam Phillips worked for Sun Label and also contributed to the crossover. Sun Label also worked with artists such as Elvis and Johnny Cash.
125
What were the main influences to country?
Fiddle tunes, string band music, traditional folk ballads, hymns, and blues.
126
What are two hybrid styles developed along the way as hillbilly gave way to country music?
Western swing and honky-tonk.
127
Who are the two country artists studied in class?
Eddy Arnold and Hank Williams.
128
The early 1950's saw country music achieve ___ ___.
Mainstream success.
129
What radio station played a major role in the development of country?
WSM.
130
What broadcast on WSM promoted country music?
Grand Ole Opry.
131
Where is the hub of country music?
Nashville.
132
Who can be considered the biggest figure in country music?
Hank Williams.
133
Country music is the music of the ___ people.
Common.
134
Who are three famous R&B figures in the 1950's?
1. B.B. king. 2. Ruth Brown. 3. Ray Charles.
135
R&B split off into _ strands.
3.
136
What are the three ways in which R&B shifted?
1. Transformation of country blues into urban blues. 2. More carefully arranged R&B. 3. Increased use of vocal techniques borrowed from solo gospel singing.
137
B.B. King popularized T. Bone Walkers' innovations, such as...
-Jazzy single note improvisations on guitar. -Large band arrangements including horn sections. -Use of gospel inspired vocal style.
138
Who was Ruth Brown?
The biggest feminine R&B star of the 1950's along with Dinah Washington.
139
Where was Ruth Brown's background?
Gospel.
140
Ruth Brown's blended elements include:
Blues, jazz, and pop.
141
Ruth Brown's blended elements combined to produce an "___" style of R&B.
Uptown.
142
Who was Ruth Brown's label, and what did the label become known as after?
Atlantic, which became known as "The House that Ruth Brown Built".
143
___ forms became very prominent in the 1950's, and have continued to develop exponentially.
Hybrid.
144
Why are labels important?
They allow us to see where music originated from, and how it came to be.
145
Music can show direct ___, ___, and ___ affiliation.
Social, economic, political.
146
Ray Charles started out imitating...
Nat "King" Cole.
147
Ray Charles' sound can be described as a combination of ___ and ___.
R&B and Gospel.
148
What was the name of Ray Charles' first concept album?
Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music.
149
Jerry Wexler ran ___ records from mid ___-___.
Atlantic, 1950's-1960's.
150
Jerry Wexler worked alongside ___ ___.
Ahmet Ertegun.
151
Disc Jockeys were also known as ___ ___.
White Negroes.
152
DJ's promoted the playing of ___ artists to ___ audiences.
Black, white.
153
What is the contrast between R&B and Rock n' Roll?
R&B was considered to be adult and serious, while rock n' roll was considered to be teenage and fun.
154
Chuck Berry was known for his unique ___ content.
Lyrical. It was broadly general, about cars, school, or romance.
155
Influences to Chuck Berry ranges broadly from ___ ___ to the ___.
Bing Crosby, Beatles.
156
Which artist did not perceive his music as solely falling under the rock n' roll style?
Chuck Berry.
157
Timbre
Also known as tone colour or tone quality, is the quality of a musical note or sound or tone that distinguishes different types of sound production (such as voices or musical instruments).
158
Musical meter
The regularly recurring measures or bars of stressed and unstressed beats, indicated in western musical notation by a time signature and bar lines.
159
Beat
The beat is the basic unit of time- the pulse.
160
Little Richard was one of the biggest stars in the ___ era.
Rock n' Roll.
161
What was Little Richard's first big hit?
Tutti Frutti.
162
Tutti Frutti was successful on both the ___ and ___ charts.
R&B, pop.
163
Little Richard's piano style was derived from ___ ___.
Boogie woogie.
164
Little Richard's piano style can be characterized by...
Strong emphasis on upbeat and frequent use of glissando.
165
Little Richard's music was heavily influenced by early exposure with the ___ ___.
Pentecostal church.
166
Little Richard:A) Wrote words and made the music fit. B) Wrote music and made the words fit.
B) Wrote music and made the words fit.
167
Glissando
A glide from one pitch to another.
168
Upbeat
A typically unaccented beat preceding an expected down beat or accented beat.
169
Little Richard raised the spectre of several taboo subjects, including...
Cross dressing and ambiguous sexuality.
170
Little Richard left his career abruptly to join ___.
Ministry.
171
Little Richard changed his appearance to overcome ___ profiling.
Racial.
172
Little Richard had a dichotomous personality. How?
In the public eye, he was the rebellious, sexually ambiguous and taboo rock n' roll artist. However, in his private life, he was deeply religious.
173
Elvis Presley's early music confused his audience, as they could not tell if he was ___ or ___, and whether they can like his music or not.
White or black.
174
Elvis Presley's music can be described as a unique blend of ___, ___, and ___.
Blues, R&B, country.
175
Elvis Presley was known for his ___ ___ and ability to ___ his voice.
Vocal range, transform.
176
Artists influenced by Elvis Presley's style started a ___ style that resembled Presley's.
Rockabilly.
177
Name an artist that was influenced by Elvis Presley.
Johnny Cash.
178
Which artist grew up in poverty in the south?
Jerry Lee Lewis.
179
"Great Ball of Fire" by Jerry Lee Lewis was known as the ___ music.
Devil's.
180
Jerry Lee Lewis made a controversial decision to...
Marry his 13 year old second cousin.
181
By 1956, popular magazines and newspapers had begun publishing numerous articles on the social and musical phenomenon that had become rock n' roll. These articles were written in a ___ tone that commented on...
Condescending, deviant behaviour, such as sex, drugs, and juvenile delinquency.
182
There was a notion that the ___ and ___ of rock n' roll caused deviant behaviour.
Beat, rhythm.
183
The 1950's concluded on a sad note for rock n' roll, and was soon replaced by ___ ___.
Teen pop.
184
Bob Dylan arrived in ___ in 1961 and signed with ___ records, releasing his first album in 1962.
NY, Columbia.
185
Who are some of Bob Dylan's influences?
-Hank Williams. -Jerry Lee Lewis. -Charlie Chaplain. -Woody Guthrie. -James Dean.
186
Bob Dylan was more interested in symbolic poetry for his lyrics. They were ___, and had ___ meaning.
Layered, deeper.
187
Bob Dylan's singing style can be described as...
Monotonous or speech like.
188
Which song at the March on Washington in 1963 established Dylan as one of the foremost public voices of his generation?
"Don't Think Twice, It's Alright".
189
Which Bob Dylan song includes rock n' roll elements? Hint: it is likely his most popular.
"Rolling Stone".
190
To Bob Dylan, what was wrong with rock n' roll lyrics?
They were not meaningful enough.
191
For a time, there was a split in ___ music between Bob Dylan and Pete Seeger's styles.
Folk.
192
Soul
A term used to describe the joining of R&B and gospel styles. A genre strongly associated with the civil rights movement and one that was deeply associated with the music of black Americans.
193
What are some characteristics of soul music?
-Bent notes. -Melismas. -Slow tempo. -Triplet subdivisions.
194
Give two examples of soul singers.
Jackie Wilson and Sam Cooke.
195
Who defined the genre of funk?
James Brown.
196
Which artist can be described as being one of the most influential and successful musicians in the history of R&B and hip-hop, but was classified as a "funk"?
James Brown.
197
Who/what were some of James Brown's influences?
The church, Louis Jordan, and minstrel shows.
198
During what time period was funk established?
The 1960's.
199
What is special about funk lyrics?
The lyrics emphasize racial pride and celebrated black vernacular speech.
200
In funk music, what were verse-chorus structures replaced by?
Sections with irregular lengths.
201
Funk music is characterized by insistent ___ of a single word or phrase.
Repetition.
202
Funk music incorporated ___ vocal techniques, such as...
Gospel, call and response.
203
High pitched ___ and ___ can often be heard in funk music.
Shouts and screams.
204
Funk music is/isn't highly rhythmic. Give an example of a technique to support your answer.
Is. Reverb from guitar strings is dampened.
205
Name a guitar technique developed during the funk period, and describe it.
Scratch guitar. When only 3 out of 6 guitar strings are strummed.
206
Funk popularized the technique of ___, which is a jazz trait that set it apart from R&B. Describe this technique.
Scatting. When people improvise without words.
207
What are the 3 reasons that Brown worked with radio stations?
1. Black communities need stations that serve them. 2. Use stations as training grounds for black people. 3. Wanted to be a symbol of a black entrepreneur.
208
Which artist sold more records than any other African-American artist through the years 1967-1970?
Arethra Franklin.
209
Franklin worked with ___ ___ at Atlantic Records, who saw Ray Charles in her.
Jerry Wexler.
210
Franklin was heavily influenced by her ___, and gained exposure to many influential artists at the time through his connections.
Father.
211
Franklin had a passion to unite Black Americans, and was called the...
"Queen of Soul".
212
Which song by Franklin was considered to be the new Negro national anthem?
RESPECT.
213
RESPECT reflected a sense of ___ and ___ that had not previously been expressed by black female artists, not even in classic blues.
Pride, strength.
214
Both "RESPECT" and James Brown's "Say It Loud (I'm Black and I'm Proud)" were released in 1967-8, and signalled...
Soul music's rise to a new level of political engagement.
215
Who were the 4 members of the Beatles?
John Lennon, Paul McCartnet, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr.
216
Which 3 members of the Beatles were songwriters?
John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison.
217
The Beatles developed an identity as a ___, but their individual identities were intertwined.
Group.
218
Who was the producer for the Beatles?
George Martin.
219
The Beatles had a huge wealth of ___, and their musical style was static/evolved.
Influences, evolved.
220
What major event occurred in 1969 with the Beatles?
The Rooftop Concert.
221
When was Beatlemania a phenomenon?
1964-1965.
222
Beatlemania surpassed all previous outbreaks of star-centred hysteria. True or false?
True.
223
Beatlemania can be considered the first and most dramatic uprising of ___'s sexual revolution.
Women.
224
Some say that the Beatles represented the ___ that women wish they had.
Freedom.
225
Some attribute the number of explicit ___ references in media increasing in between the years 1950-1960 to the Beatles.
Sexual.
226
Some tried to understand Beatlemania as an expression of ___.
Conformity.
227
Some explained Beatlemania as a form of protest against the ___ world, which was ironic because the Beatles made rock accessible to this world.
Adult.
228
Beatlemania marked a transition from ___ to ___ performance.
Live, studio.
229
What are the titles of the first two albums by the Beatles?
Rubber soul and revolver.
230
What is characteristic of the style of the Beatles' first two albums?
Introspective lyrical content, diverse instrumentation, artsy album cover photo.
231
___ marked the most significant development of style.
Revolver.
232
Beatles allowed rock to become "___".
Adult.
233
Rubber Soul and Revolver, along with Bob Dylan, convinced many that rock and roll can be music for adults, even those with ___ inclinations.
Intellectual.
234
___ _ ___ was distinguished from rock.
Rock n' Roll.
235
The Beatles quickly became synonymous with the genres of ___ and ___ ___.
Rock, pop rock.
236
Beatles achieved their sense of authenticity through...
Their allusions to high art.
237
The Beatles' music displayed ___ complexity, textural ___, and lyrical ___.
Formal, variety, introspection.
238
Rubber Soul opened up areas of ___ progression and ___ instrumentation to commercialization.
Baroque, Oriental.
239
What was the name of the instrument used in "Norwegian Wood"?
Sitar.
240
What is atonal?
Music that lacks a tonal center or key.
241
Atonality describes compositions written from 1908 to the present day where a hierarchy of pitches focusing on a single central tone is/isn't used, and the notes of the chromatic scale function dependently/independently of one another.
Isn't, independently.
242
What is dissonant?
A hatsh, discordant combination of sounds, where conflicting notes appear that are not part of the sounding harmony. A state of disagreement or conflict.
243
What is the composition by John Cage studied in class?
Water Walk.
244
John Cage was compared to the Beatles, however...
The two were not similar in reality.
245
What is the name of the Beatles album that sold 1.5 million compies in the first two weeks in the United States alone?
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.
246
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band was unique in that it displayed extensive use of ___ ___ advancements, and techniques including...
Recording studio. Sound effects, tape collages, orchestral instruments, and sound processing.
247
What were some of The Beatles' influences?
R&B, rock, girl groups, Motown, and superstars such as Bing Crosby.
248
Give an example of the role that technology played in the music of The Beatles.
They began to use four-track recording around 1964 and this is a time where you can hear their musical layering really start to expand.
249
Which NY Avant Garde scene artist was considered to be experimental and controvertial?
Laurie Anderson.
250
Give examples of techniques used by Laurie Anderson.
Tape delay, looping, amplification, sampling.
251
Laurie Anderson felt that she had to make a ___ with the audience.
Contract.
252
Laurie Anderson attempted to engage her audience, and attempted to change the minds of audience members. She also used ___ text paired with ___.
Straightforward, images.
253
What are the two inventions by Laurie Anderson discussed in class?
Headphone table and voice filter.
254
What is a headphone table?
Conducted vibration through arms into the head.
255
What is a voice filter?
A filter that can deepen voice and access a more masculine register.
256
When Laurie Anderson lowered her register to a more masculine one, it is called ___ ___.
Audio drag.
257
The resulting character created by a deepening voice filter was referred to as...
"the voice of authority" or "the voice of conscience".
258
What is the Laurie Anderson composition studied in class?
"O Superman".
259
What did "O Superman" portray?
Planes and arms, weapons and arms. Distorted images of family. Superstition from Anderson's personal life. All under a harmless facade of abstract lyrics.
260
"O Superman" has been described as a "hynotic mix of pulsating voice loops, ___ lead vocals, Farfsa and Casio keyboards, flutes, and sax".
Vocoderized.
261
What are the commonalities between "O Superman" and Foster The People's "Pumped Up Kicks".
Both songs convey subversive lyrics, both use voice filters to convey other identities.
262
What are the three identities within the song "Pumped Up Kicks"?
1. Male, other, narrator. 2. Male, other, Robert. 3. Children, male and female, singing in support of Robert.
263
When did the "British Invasion" occur?
Mid-late sixties.
264
What is Merseybeat?
A style of music developed in Liverpool that blended rockabilly, pop, and R&B.
265
What are three examples of Merseybeat groups?
1. Gerry and the Pacemakers. 2. Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas. 3. Peter and Gordon.
266
What is a song by Gerry and the Pacemakers?
"Ferry Cross the Mersey".
267
What is London Blues and the British Art School Scene?
A style that blended rockabilly, pop, R&B, and blues, but each had recognizably unique styles within their hybrid forms.
268
What are four examples of British Art School Scene groups?
1. The Kinks. 2. The Who. 3. The Yardbirds. 4. The Rolling Stones.
269
What are some characteristic features of The Kinks' music?
Incorporated proto-heavy metal in some of their music, and employed ironic and detached personae in their lyrical content.
270
What are some techniques that exemplify the use of proto-heavy metal incorporated in some of The Kinks' music?
Primal riffs and highly distorted electric guitar.
271
What is the name of a song by The Kinks?
"All Day and All of the Night".
272
Who was the leader of The Who?
Songwriter Pete Townshend.
273
The Who was closely associated with the ___.
Mods.
274
Mods was a...
London subculture with strong ties to American R&B, motor scooters, "smart clothes," and amphetamines.
275
The Who can be considered one of the first bands to practice ___ ___.
Performing art.
276
The Who's stage act often incorporated highly ___ violence, which often resulted in destroying their own equipment.
Theatricized.
277
What is a rock opera?
A theatrical performance of a plot with rock music.
278
What is the plot of Tommy?
Tommy's dad goes off to war. When he comes back, he finds his wife with another man, and ends up killing that man. Tommy's mom brainwashes Tommy into thinking that he heard or saw nothing, making him deaf, blind, and dumb. Tommy is teased, molested, and even given acid. One day, he realizes his potential as a leader when looking into a mirror smashed by his mother, he starts a religious movement. The movement fails, and Tommy retreats inwards again.
279
Give an example of a rock opera and its artist.
Tommy by The Who.
280
The Yardbirds are renowned for pumping out famous guitarists such as...
Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page.
281
Who was the most famous band to come out of the British Art School Scene?
The Rolling Stones.
282
How did the Beatles influence the music of The Rolling Stones?
The Rolling Stones incorporated the use of strings, use of the sitar, and the influence and allusion to psychedelia popularized by the Beatles.
283
After 1967, The Rolling Stones began to...
Develop their own unique brand of hard rock.
284
The Rolling Stones started out writing their own music. True or false?
False.
285
Who was the lead singer of The Rolling Stones?
Mick Jagger. `
286
What are some influenced to San Francisco and Psychedelic Rock?
-20th Century Modernism. -Freud. -Symbolist Poetry. -"Stream of Consciousness" Writing. -Existentialist Philosophy. -Surrealism and Expressionism (Salvador Dali). -Eastern Philosophy.
287
The musical style of psychedelic rock was heavily influenced by the improvisations found in ___, ___, and ___ ___ ___ ___, particularly...
Jazz, blues, South Asian classical music. The Hindustani tradition.
288
What are the two examples of the earliest songs that were associated with psychedelic rock music?
"Eight Miles High" by The Byrds and "Tomorrow Never Knows" by The Beatles.
289
Techniques from ___ ___ and the ___ ___ scene both filtered into psychedelic rock.
Musique concrete, avant garde.
290
What techniques did psychedelic rock borrow from the musique concrete and avant garde scene?
The incorporation of external recordings and an increase in overall dissonance.
291
What is the avant garde?
People or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art, culture, and politics.
292
What is musique concrete?
A form of electroacoustic music that is made in part from acoustic sound.
293
Musique concrete can feature sounds derived from recordings of ___ ___, ___, and ___ ___ as well as those created using ___ and ___ ___ ___ ___ ___.
Musical instruments, voice, natural environment. Synthesizers, computer-based digital signal processing.
294
Compositions in musique concrete are/aren't restricted to the rational musical rules of melody, harmony, rhythm, meter, and so on.
Aren't.
295
Artists and fans of psychedelic rock often used what drug?
LSD.
296
Psychedelic rock was odd, as the psychedelic rock scene...
Showed up before artists had recorded songs.
297
What was the name of the Jefferson Airplane album and song studied in class?
Surrealist Pillow, "White Rabbit".
298
What are some characteristics of The Grateful Dead?
-Attention to detail for instruments. -Link to the Hells Angels. -Security figures? -What audience members were like?
299
The Grateful Dead, unlike The Beatles...
Continuously played live gigs.
300
Who was known as the "Godfathers of the Jam Band?"
The Grateful Dead.
301
The musical style of The Grateful Dead was ___ organized than jazz, and more ___.
Less, chaotic.
302
Who was known as "the best white blues singer of all time?"
Janis Joplin.
303
What was the band that Janis Joplin gained her fame from?
A San Francisco psychedelic rock band Big Brother and the Holding Company.
304
What was Janis Joplin's first major single?
"Piece of My Heart."
305
Janis Joplin identified herself as what kind of singer?
Not blues, not jazz, just a "chick."
306
Janis Joplin is part of which club?
Club 27.
307
Jimi Hendrix started out playing as a guitarist for ___ ___ and ___ ___.
Little Richard, Wilson Pickett.
308
What are some techniques used often by Jimi Hendrix?
Distortion, sustain, feedback, wah wah pedal, and fuzz tones.
309
Jimi Hendrix is known as the first to use the electric guitar as...
A unique electric instrument, rather than as an amplified guitar.
310
Both Hendrix and Joplin performed at the ___ ___ Festival in 1967.
Monterey Pop.
311
Hendrix was known for his ___ stage performances and ___ playing style.
Theatrical, extravagant.
312
Give examples of Hendrix's extravagant playing style.
Playing behind his head, with the guitar upside down, using his teeth, etc.
313
What are some of Hendrix's musical influences?
Blues, R&B, psychedelic rock, and Bob Dylan.
314
How did Bob Dylan influence the music of Jimi Hendrix?
Hendrix covered some of Dylan's songs, which Dylan said he liked better than the original. Hendrix also liked Dylan's layered, deep lyrical content ("The Wind Cries Mary").
315
What gained Hendrix the attention as a politically motivated singer?
His performance of "Star Spangled Banner" at the Woodstock Festival in 1969.
316
What images are supposedly depicted by Hendrix's performance of "Star Spangled Banner?"
Aural gestures of bombs, explosions, and war.
317
What are some characteristics of singer-songwriter music?
-Artists write their own and accompaniment lyrics. -Realistic presentation of personal lyrics. -Band arrangements based on the original piano or guitar accompaniment developed by the singer-songwriter. -Politically motivated lyrics were still written but personal afflictions with specific causes were less common. -Typically solo artists who employed additional musicians as necessary. -Introspective, intimate, mature, autobiographical, softer, gentle.
318
In singer-songwriter music, artists wrote...
Their own and accompaniment music and lyrics.
319
In singer-songwriter music, there was a ___ presentation of personal lyrics.
Realistic.
320
In singer-songwriter music, the band arrangements were based on the...
Original piano or guitar accompaniment developed by the singer-songwriter.
321
In singer-songwriter music, politically motivated lyrics were..., but personal afflictions with specific causes were...
Still written, less common.
322
In singer-songwriter music, it was usually a single artist who employed...
Additional musicians as necessary.
323
Who were the 4 big names in the singer-songwriter music scene in the 1970's?
1. Carole King. 2. Joni Mitchell. 3. James Taylor. 4. Carly Simon.
324
Who was Carole King?
Developed as an artist working as a songwriter in the Brill building in New York.
325
___ ___ collaborated frequently with James Taylor.
Carole King.
326
What was the name of the song (including the album name) released by Carole King in 1971?
"So Far Away," from Tapestry.
327
What were Joni Mitchell and James Taylor tied to?
Both held strong ties to the folk revival movement.
328
What was Carly Simon known for?
More mainstream pop and Broadway influences.
329
Joni Mitchell was known as the...
"Queen of Autobiography"
330
Why was Joni Mitchell known as the "Queen of Autobiography?"
She reflected on her own life in her music.
331
Frank Zappa was an American...
Musician, bandleader, songwriter, composer, recording engineer, record producer, and film director.
332
Zappa composed 4 types of works. What are they?
1. Rock. 2. Jazz. 3. Orchestral. 4. Musique conctrete.
333
What was the name of Zappa's concept album?
Freak Out!
334
Freak Out! by Frank Zappa was one of the first rock albums to feature...
Avant garde compositional techniques and extensive experimentation.
335
Frank Zappa was influenced by ___.
Blues.
336
Frank Zappa wanted his music to become mainstream. True or false?
False.
337
Zappa was also influenced by religion. Give an example of a song that shows this.
"Catholic Girls."
338
Zappa once said that he was just as influenced by things he ___, as much as he was by things that he ___.
Hated, liked.
339
In the ___'s, rock began to be addressed seriously, like classical music, in a respectful tone.
1960's.
340
What is the difference between hot media and cool media?
Hot media is media that provides a maximum amount of information to one specific sense, while cool media provides low definition images and invites the audience to fill in the gaps.
341
There was a ___ gap in how pop culture was understood.
Generational.
342
What is a "happening"?
A scheduled event, there there is little organized, but is staged. There is little material, but it is expanded upon.
343
Give an example of a "happening."
The Grateful Dead concerts.
344
What are the 3 revolutionary pop festivals and when did they occur?
1. Monterey Pop Festival in 1967. 2. Woodstock in 1969. 3. Altamont in 1969.
345
What is characteristic about the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967?
Jimi Hendrix and Janice Joplin took off from there.
346
What is characteristic about the Woodstock Festival in 1969?
A hippie festival, with a hippie love vibe.
347
What is characteristic about the Altamont Festival in 1969?
A festival that tried to recreate Woodstock, but failed miserably. Hell's Angels ran security, did not work out. Hippie "happening" did not work.
348
What are the 3 new publications in the 1960's (including publication year) that talked about rock seriously, like classical or jazz music?
1. Crawdaddy, 1966. 2. Rolling Stone, 1967. 3. Creem, 1968.
349
Heavy metal and hard rock developed as an antithesis to the...
Singer-songwriter movement.
350
How was heavy metal and hard rock distinguished from rock, or the music of Hendrix, Joplin, and Jeff Beck Group?
By their interest in replacing the "peace loving" idealism of folk/rock and psychedelia with an emphasis on visceral power, aggression, and heightened sexual imagery.
351
What is a power chord?
Only contains the root and the fifth, omitting the third of the chord. Emits a very hollow sound (missing the middle note).
352
Give an example of a piece that pulled techniques from the past.
Aerosmith's "Dream On" had a full orchestra.
353
What are xome examples of heavy metal or hard rock bands?
Kiss, Journey, Aerosmith, Purple Hearts.
354
What are some of Led Zeppelin's musical influences?
Folk, The Beatles, blues, Rock n' Roll, bluegrass, hillbilly/country.
355
What was the Led Zeppelin song that we listened to in class?
"When the Levee Breaks."
356
Who was known as the first "heavy metal" band?
The Black Sabbath developed what we now consider heavy metal sound. Led Zeppelin also had elements of heavy metal, but only incorporated parts of it.
357
Contrary to popular belief, heavy metal is musically ___.
Complex.
358
Heavy metal often incorporates...
Religious/anti-religious imagery.
359
Who was Alice Cooper?
A glam-rock singer who emphasized on the theatrical, and had an androgenous costume.
360
What was David Bowie also known as?
Ziggy Stardust.
361
What was David Bowie known for?
Played role of an actor (adopted persona), artistic plagiarism.
362
David Bowie's detachment set him apart from the...
Authenticity of the work of singer-songwriters.
363
How did Bowie plagiarise, and what was his attitude towards it?
Bowie "borrowed" openly, both musically and artistically. He considered his plagiarism to be a compliment to those whom he bothered to plagiarise, and he says that he is flattered when others "borrow" from him.
364
From the mid 1960's to the 1970's, rock began to become the music of ___.
Yesteryear.
365
What is nihilism?
Philosophical doctrine that suggests the negation of one or more repeatedly meaningful aspects of life. Most commonly, nihilism is presented in the form of existential nihilism, which means that life is without meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value.
366
What are the musical features of punk in relation to rock?
Lighter, faster paced, with different lyrical content.
367
What is New Wave?
New Wave was originally a complimentary term for punk, or an alternate term. However, they were put in opposition, each reflecting a range of characteristic associated with the genre. Arty, avant-gardish, studied, and ironic dimension that accompanied the streetwise, working-class and raucously ‘vulgar’ dimension.
368
Give descriptor words for punk.
Loud, fast, crude, angry or pseudo-angry.
369
Give descriptor words for New World.
Ironic, cool, distant.
370
Give an example of a punk band and a New World band.
Punk- Ramones. New World- Talking Heads.
371
Who is primarily known to be a reggae singer?
Bob Marley.
372
What is reggae composed of?
Ska + slower tempi + socially conscious lyrics = reggae.
373
What are some additional musical characteristics of reggae?
Active baselines, neo-African inspired drumming, and lyrical content associated with the Rastafarian religion.
374
Bob Marley began known as the first...
"Third World Superstar".
375
Bob Marley always maintained a strict ___ dedication.
Political.
376
Bob Marley was covered by artists such as...
Eric Clapton and Johnny Nash.
377
Bob Marley first gained recognition in America when he released his album titled...
Catch A Fire.
378
Disco was considered to be an antithesis to...
The rock of the 60's.
379
What are the differences in keywords between 60's music and 70's music?
60's music is described as natural, serious, sincere, painful, braless, lumpy, heavy, rough, romantic, and cheap. 70's music is described as unreal, fun, artificial, frivolous, stylish, sleek, smooth, contrived, controlled, and expensive.
380
Which kind of music was a mind trap, and which kind was a body trap?
60's music (rock) was a mind trap, and 70's music (disco) was a body trap.
381
One author stated that the difference between disco and rock is the ___.
Gayness.
382
What are the three types of disco?
1. R&B Disco. 2. Eurodisco. 3. Pop Disco.
383
What is R&B Disco?
Derived from soul and funk, often retained gospel-inspired vocals, employed syncopated guitar and bass parts, recorded by self-contained bands.
384
What is eurodisco?
Featured simple, chanted vocals, less frequent use of syncopation, thick arrangements, use of orchestral instruments, and heavy reliance on studio producers who recorded anonymous musicians.
385
What is pop disco?
A combination of R&B disco and eurodisco elements represented by mainstream pop artists such as the Bee Gees. Typically dependent on studio producing, however, recording artists recieved credit for the music.
386
In disco, the DJ's were basically compilers, and got famous for their taste- they were not ___.
Musicians.
387
Who was known as the "King of Pop?"
Michael Jackson.
388
Michael Jackson started singing as part of the ___ ___.
Jackson Fire.
389
Jackson released his first solo record in ___.
1971.
390
What are two things that Jackson is known for?
1. Breaking down racial barriers. 2. Transforming the medium of the music video into an art form and promotional tool.
391
Which artist was introduced into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, and also into the Songwriter's Hall of Fame and the Dance Hall of Fame?
Michael Jackson.
392
Who is Michael Jackson's famous sister?
Janet Jackson.
393
Jackson, above all, is known for being an ___ musician.
Innate.
394
What was Jackson's most popular album?
Thriller.
395
What year was Thriller released?
1982.
396
Thriller became an international phenomenon, breaking all sales records. Thriller sold ___ copies.
110 million.
397
What are some descriptors used to describe Thriller?
Soulful, middle of the road ballads, slick funk-disco, and funky heavy metal.
398
What was the effect of the stylistic blending of Jackson's music in Thriller?
Transcended boundaries between audiences that critics felt were previously unbreakable.
399
There was negative media attention regarding Jackson's personal appearance following the release of ___ in 1987.
Bad.
400
What happened in 1993 that further tarnished Jackson's reputation?
A child abuse case.
401
By the mid 1990's, Jackson's careers had become largely overshadowed by scandals, despite...
His significant support for charities and other organizations.
402
Jackson redefined ___ music in the 1980's.
Popular.
403
Jackson's album Off The Wall merged the 1970's and 1980's, and the genres of...
Disco and pop-dance.
404
Who is known as the "Queen of Pop?"
Madonna.
405
What is Madonna primarily known for concerning her publc image and media?
She manipulated and adapted her image to maintain media interest throughout her career.
406
Madonna was known for her avant garde downtown ___ ___ sensibility.
New York.
407
Name some figures that Madonna was compared to?
The virgin Mary, the Harlot, and Mary Magdalene.
408
Madonna was the first woman to...
Show control over her oen sexuality in a modern sense.
409
What were some of the words used to describe Madonna negatively?
Vulgar, sacrilegeous, shallow, opportunistic, stupid.
410
Why was Bruce Springsteen so appealing?
He was "authentic and real."
411
List some quotes used to describe Bruce Springsteen.
-"Millionare who dresses as a worker."-"Employer-as-employee."-"37 year-old teenager."-"Shy exhibitionist."-"Superstar-as-friend."-"Most successful 'record' is 'live'."
412
Who is the prominent crossover artist of the 1980's?
Prince.
413
Why did Prince recieve criticism?
For "betraying" the black community.
414
What did Prince do that caused criticism?
-Lied about his own personal ethnicity (said mother was white). -Repeatedly featured white women and women of mixed race in his music videos. -His own personal appearance.
415
Where is the "cradle of Chinese rock?"
Beijing.
416
When was Chinese rock born?
Mid-1980's.
417
When did Chinese rock become part of pop culture?
After the Tiananmen Square Protests.
418
Who is known as the father of Chinese rock?
Cui Jian.
419
What were the Tiananmen Square Protests?
-Student-led demonstration in 1989. -Government declared martial law. -Students were killed.
420
Cui Jian was described as a cross between ___, ___, and ___.
Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, and Kurt Kobain.
421
Who was Cui Jian inspired by?
John Denver, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and The Talking Heads.
422
What was the name of the Cui Jian song played at Tiananmen Square in May of 1989 that became the unofficial anthem for student protesters?
"Nothing to my Name"
423
What are some examples of Chinese punk bands?
-Brain Failure. -Underbaby. -Reflector. -New Pants. -Angry Jerks.
424
Which band was considered one of the most successful punk bands in China?
Brain Failure.
425
How is the Brain Failure's style characterized?
Mix of ska punk and hard rock.
426
What are some differences between Chinese and American punk bands?
-More reserved, less explicit appearances. -Avoidance of blood, violence, anti-government/social elements. -Musicians' awareness of healthy public images (no drug use, charities).
427
Give the name of the Chinese heavy metal band studied in class.
Tang Dynasty.
428
When did the Tang Dynasty emerge as a heavy metal band?
1988.
429
The Tang Dynasty believed in a ___ of the past, and ___ of the present.
Celebration, despair.
430
How can the musical style of the Tang Dynasty be described?
British heavy metal and classic Chinese elements.
431
What happened to Chinese heavy metal in the mid-1990's?
It developed into subgenres, such as Nu metal, death metal, etc.
432
Compare Chinese Nu Metal with American Nu Metal.
-Less swearing. -Less exploitation of women. -More representation of street culture. -More subtle approach to lyrical content.
433
American and Chinese Death Metal are similar in ___.
Aggression.
434
What is retronueve?
Refers to musicians who celebrate the history of R&B by remaining true to previous standards of musicianship and soulfulness.
435
Where and when was hip hop developed?
South Bronx in the 1970's.
436
What is an important component of hip hop?
Rap.
437
Hip hop was a collusion of ___ ___ from ___.
DJ practices, disco.
438
What social setting did hip hop develop in?
There was a disastrous urban renewal in the South Bronx, with declining jobs, declining affordable housing, and less public education.
439
Who is DJ Kool Herc?
A Jamaican-born American DJ who is credited with originating hip hop music in the early 1970's in the Bronx, NYC.
440
Who is credited with originating hip hop music?
DJ Kool Herc.
441
Who coined the term "break" and "break dancing?"
DJ Kool Herc.
442
What terms did DJ Kool Herc coin?
"Break" and "break dancing."
443
DJ Kool Herc began to isolate the ___ portion of records.
Instrumental.
444
What is Hip Hop? Be sure to list the 4 elements.
A style of popular music of U.S. black and hispanic origin. It is characterized by four distinct elements: 1. Rap music (oral). 2. Turntabilism or DJing (aural). 3. Breaking (physical). 4. Graffiti art (visual). Even while it continues in contemporary history to develop globally in a flourishing myriad of diverse styles, these foudnational elements provide coherance.
445
What is Rap?
A type of popular music of U.S. black origin in which words are recited rapidly and rhythmically over a prerecorded, typically electronic instrumental backing.
446
What is Rapping?
Spoken or chanted rhyming lyrics.
447
What are other words for Rapping?
Emceeing, MCing, spitting bars, or rhyming.
448
How is rapping distinct from spoken word?
It is performed in time to a beat.
449
Stylistically, rap occupies a grey area between ___, ___, ___, and ___.
Speech, prose, poetry, and singing.
450
Which band won two Grammy Awards and were named Band of the Year by the Rolling Stone magazinr in 1992?
Arrested Development.
451
What was the Arrested Development song studied in class?
"People Everyday"
452
Where did Drill music originate?
Chicago.
453
What is Drill music?
A type of a hip hop subgenre originating from young, south side Chicago rappers and producers. The genre is one of the most prominent contemporary faces of Chicago hip hop. It is defined by its grim. violent lyrical content and trap-influenced beats.
454
What is Drill music defined by?
Its grim, violent lyrical content and trap-influenced beats.
455
What are Trap-Beats?
Musical beat tracks that incorporate 808 sub-bass kick drums, double time, triple-time, and other faster time divisions and meters. Heavy layering and use of hi-hats, synthesizers, and "cinematic" strings are also characteristically incorporated into trap-beat tracks.
456
Who are the Pocket Dwellers?
A Canadian hip hop gorup based out of Toronto.
457
What are the Pocket Dwellers known for?
Atypical lyrical content heavily saturated in metaphorical references ranging from Greek mythology and literary classics to contemporary politics and public figures.
458
What is Riffaterre's Equation for the Analysis of Extended Metaphors?
T (tenor) = V (vehicle)
459
In the ___, there was a large influx of Puerto Rican immigrants who became very involved in the breakdancing scene in the South Bronx.
1980's.
460
___ ___ became well known for his social activism following the release of his album Planet Rock" in 1982.
Afrika Bambaataa.
461
What was Afrika Bambaataa's early work labelled as?
"Electro-funk." He later became a significant founder of the hip hop genre.
462
Who incorporated elements of political protest and social realism that became closely associated to the hip hop world?
Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five feat. Melle Mel.
463
Run-DMC worked with ___ ___ Records.
Def Jam.
464
What was the source of Run-DMC's early crossover success?
The fact that they explicitly integrated rock elements into their music.
465
What did Def Jam records become known for?
Their commercial success and for generating crossover artists.
466
Give an example of Def Jam's success in producing crossover artists.
They produced the first successful white rap act, the Beastie Boys.
467
When did digital sampling become readily available?
The mid-1980's.
468
Who was the most well known hip hop band to incorporate noises into their music through the use of samples?
Public Enemy ("Bring the Noise").
469
Name a band that built their sound off of Public Enemy.
Rage Against the Machine.
470
Who is Salt n' Pepa?
The first ever female hip hop band to achieve mainstream success.
471
Name Salt n' Pepa's hit.
"Let's Talk About Sex"
472
Salt n' Pepa dressed however they wanted, and presented themselves as powerful, empowered, and capable ___.
Women.
473
What did Latifah say were common misconceptions of hip hop?
It's violent, its a bunch of hoodlums, can't convet a positive message.
474
What is the reason why hip hop is so attractive to some people and repulsive to others.
Whatever one finds in the community, they'll find in the records.
475
Alternative or progressive hip hop was designed as a label referring to bands and artists such as:
-A Tribe Called Quest. -De La Soul. -Arrested Development.
476
Politically oriented messages began to get tied into artists such as___ ___.
Queen Latifah.
477
Throughout the 90's it was common for radio stations to...
Intentionally not play rap records.
478
Why did radio stations censor rap?
Rap was associated with violence, and lyrical content became highly scrutinized and taken too seriously.
479
L.A. Gangsta Rap and the 1992 Riots were triggered by...
The American construction worker Rodney King who was severely beaten by LAPD officers following a high speed chase. Four of the officers were exonerated, and riots ensued. 53 people were killed, and many were injured.
480
Dr. Dre and Ice Cube used to be part of ___.
N.W.A.
481
What are the 3 primary characteristics of Dr. Dre?
1. He used/developed a classic high-pitched synthesizer sound. 2. He began to incorporate sung choruses into his songs. 3. Dre used a live band to recreate most of his backing tracks/samples.
482
What was Snoop Dogg known for?
His unique vical timbre and method of vocal delivery, which was very smooth and not "spit out". Smooth and delicate tone.
483
Snoop Dogg's ___ was the most anticipated rap album of all time.
Doggystyle.
484
What was the significance of Doggystyle?
It helped introduce G-Funk to a mainstream audience, bringing forward West Coast hip hop as a dominant force in the early nineties.
485
How did Snoop Dogg manage to avoid controversy?
Through his use of subtlety and generally less aggressive vocal style.
486
What is G-Funk?
Also known as Gangsta Funk, is a subgenre of hip hop music that emerged from West Coast Gangsta Rap in the early 1990's.
487
What are some musical attributes of G-Funk.
-Incorporates multi-layered and melodic synthesizers. -Slow hypnotic grooves. -Deep bass. -Background female vocals. -Extensive sampling of P-Funk tunes.
488
Lyrical content of G-Funk can address issues such as...
Sex, drugs, violence, vandalism, and women, but also of love for a city, love for friends, and relaxing words.
489
Give examples of East Coast and West Coast rappers amd their respective producers.
East Coast: -Biggie Smalls. -Puff Daddy. -Wu Tang Clan. -Bad Boy Records. West Coast: -Tupac Shakur. -Snoop Doggy Dogg. -Dr. Dre. -Death Row Records.
490
Puff Daddy demonstrated how rap's ___ distinguishes it from some of the dominant musical genres of the past century.
Materialism.
491
Lil' Kim and Foxy Brown were examples of...
Early female rappers who used their sexuality aggressively.
492
What is significant about Missy Elliot?
Constructed an image for herself that was "wacky" and atypical. She had a very unique approach to her music videos which were critically acclaimed in the industry.
493
Who got the nickname "Misdemeanor?"
Missy Elliot.
494
Missy Elliot demonstrated the progression of how women assert themselves. What does this mean?
She was a black female who did not present herself as an object for male sexual objectification.
495
The Fugees' The Score was released in 1996 and classified as ___ ___ ___ at the time.
Progressive Hip Hop.
496
___ ___ was the first ever female superstar to crossover from hip hop into the mainstream .
Lauryn Hill.
497
Hill's collection of attributes set her in sharp contrast to artists associated with Death Row Records. What are these attributes?
Articulate, educated, multi-talented, adamantly religious.
498
What were some characteristics of electronica music?
-Dehumanizing elements formerly associated to disco that were emphasized more and more as dance music progressed throughout the 80's. -Rhythmic patterns and synthesizer sounds were layered with occasional chanted vocals incorporated into tracks.
499
Some DJ's and producers sought out futuristic elements of the music in the style of European groups such as ___.
Kraftwerk.
500
What is Techno?
A genre that developed out of the seeking out of futuristic elements of the music in the style of European groups.
