MUST KNOW!!!!!!!!!! Flashcards by jc delfin

Grossly: Solid, airless lungs

Microscopically:
Pink necrotic cellular debris
Increased neutrophils

HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cataract
Deafness
Mental retardation
PDA
Blueberry muffin baby

CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What test determines whether respiration took place on a newborn before death?

FODERE’S TEST/ HYDRO STATIC TEST

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What test involves floating of the stomach in water to determine the presence of air?

BRESLAU’S TEST

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cause by Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)
Retinopathy of prematurity
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Decrease in alveolar septation

COMPLICATIONS OF OXYGEN THERAPY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Breakdown of mucosal barrier function permits transluminal migration of bacteria?

NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bloody stools
Abdominal distention
Shock develop rapidly due to bleeding
Pneumatosis intestinalis (gas within intestinal walls)
Leading to bowel infarction and strictures

NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Accumulation of edema fluid in the fetus during intrauterine growth?

FETAL HYDROPS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prevention of Immune hydrops?

Administration of RhIg Ig to negative mothers at 28 weeks AOG Within 72 hours of delivery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hyperplasia of bone marrow
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Large chorionic villi
Kernicterus ( > 20 mg/dl )

HYDROPS FETALIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

AR
Mutations of gene: phenylalanine hydroxylase
Inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
Musty or mousy odor to affected infants
Brain damage and mental retardation

PHENYLKETONURIA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common variant of Galactosemia?

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hepatomegaly
Cataract due to sorbitol accumulation
Failure to thrive
Mental ratardation
E. Coli septimecia

GALACTOSEMIA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

AR
Loss of CFTR causes decreased Na and Cl reabsorption in sweat glands
Deletion of three nucleotides coding for phenylalanine at AMINO ACID POSITION 508

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common lethal genetic disease that affect caucasian populations?

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

AR
Infertility 
Meconium ileus
ATROPHY of exocrine pancreas
Respiratory infections due to P. AERUGINOSA

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common cause of death of an infant younger than 1 year old which occur between 2 and 4 months?

SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common tumors of infancy?

HEMANGIOMAS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common teratomas of childhood?

SACROCOCCYGEAL TERATOMAS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood?

NEUROBLASTOMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neuropil ( faintly eosinophilic fibrillary material)
HOMER-WRIGHT pseudorosettes
Blueberry muffin baby

NEUROBLASTOMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Homer-wright rosette is associated with?

NEUROBLASTOMA
MEDULLOBLASTOMA
PRIMITIVE NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Flexner- Wintersteiner rosette is associated with?

RETINOBLASTOMA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Consist of tumor cells collected around a blood vessel

PERIVASCULAR PSEUDOROSETTE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most common primary renal tumor of childhood?

WILMS TUMOR

``` 2-5 years old Mutations in WT1 gene Involve both kidneys Triphasic combination Marked anaplasia ```

WILMS TUMOR

``` Interfers with normal remodeling of epiphyses in children (LEAD LINES) Ringed sideroblasts Microcytic hypochromic anemia Basophilic stippling Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy Saturnine gout ```

LEAD POISONING

What is the drug of choice for acute management of lead poisoning?

EDTA and DIMERCAPROL

What is the drug of choice for outpatient management of lead poisoning?

SUCCIMER

``` Cerebral palsy Deafness Blindness Mental retardation Dental amalgams ```

MERCURY POISONING/ MINAMATA DISEASE

Curling ulcers = ___________ Marjolin ulcers = ___________ Cushing ulcers = ___________

GASTRIC ULCER SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE

What anesthetic drugs are implicated in malignant hyperthermia?

HALOTHANE SUCCINYLCHOLINE

What is the drug of choice for malignant hyperthermia?

DANTROLENE

``` Weight falls to 60% of normal Deficiency of all nutrients Growth retardation Loss of muscle Extremities are emaciated ```

MARASMUS

Malnutrition Edema Anemia Liver (fatty)

KWASHIORKOR

Amenorrhea Severe exercise Severe diet Psychiatric disorder

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

``` Sever dental carries Erosion of tooth enamel (perimolysis) Swollen salivary gland Calluses on back of hands (Russell's sign) Electrolyte imbalance ```

BULIMIA NERVOSA

``` Genu varum (bow legs) Rachitic rosary Bleeding gums Poor wound healing Perifollicular hemorrhage ```

SCURVY/ vitamin c deficiency

Craniotabes Rachitic rosary Pectus carinatum Genu varum

RICKETS

What potentially fatal neurologic complication of measles is prevented by vaccination?

SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS

Rash on the face down to the proximal extremities Whitish ulcerated oral mucosa lesions near the opening of stensen duct (kopliks spot) WARTHIN-FINKELDEY CELLS

MEASLES

Parotitis Orchitis Pancreatitis Encephalitis

MUMPS

WARTHIN-FINKELDEY CELLS

MUMPS

COWDRY TYPE A BODIES ( large, pink to purple intracellular inclusion)

HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION

Dorsal root ganglion cell necrosis Dew drop on a rose petal appearance of rash RAMSAY HUNT SYNDROME

VARICELLA

OWL'S EYE INCLUSION (intracellular basophilic inclusions surrounded by halo)

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

Blueberry muffin baby Heterophil negative Owl's eye inclusion

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

Drug of choice for CMV infection?

GANCICLOVIR

Positive heterophil antibodies Splenic rupture DOWNEY CELLS (B lymphocytes)

EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTION

What malignancies are associated with EBV?

BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA | NASOPHARYNGEAL CANCER

Most common cause of mastitis?

STAPHYLOCCOCUS AUREUS

``` Erthryogenic toxin Strawberry tongue Centrifugal rash ( sandpaper like ) Pastia's line DICK TEST for susceptibility ```

SCARLET FEVER

Erysipelas, Pharyngitis and Scarlet fever is associated with etiologic agent?

STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES/ GABHS

Pseudomembrane Myocarditis Poyneuritis Airway obstruction

CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPTHERIAE INFECTION

Gram positive intracellular bacilli in the CSF Focal abscess TUMBLING MOTILITY

LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

Swarming motility

PROTEUS SPP.

Shooting star motility

VIBRIO CHOLERA

Falling leaf motility

GIARDIA LAMBLIA

Mediastinal hemorrhage Necrosis and exudative inflammation BOXCAR SHAPED gram positive organism

BACILLUS ANTHRACIS

Beaded gram positive organism in branching filaments Modified acid fast stain (Fite Faraco) Suppurative response with central liquefaction No GRANULOMAS

NOCARDIA ASTEROIDES

Which virulence factor causes whooping in pertussis infection?

TRACHEAL CYTOTOXIN

``` Necrotizing pneumonia Well demarcated necrotic and hemorrhagic oval skin lesions (Ecthyma gangrenosum) Fleur de lis pattern Hot tub vasiculitis Malignant otitis externa ```

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTION

Painful genital ulcer (CHANCROID)

HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI

``` Beefy red ulcer Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia DONOVAN BODIES ( encapsulated cocobacilli in macrophages) ```

KLEBSIELLA GRANULOMATIS INFECTION

Granuloma formation with caseation necrosis Potts disease Lymphadenitis Used of carbol fucshin for primary stain in the identification of the bacteria

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

Most frequent presentation of extrapulmonary TB? | Scrofula in cervical region

LYMPHADENITIS

Most common site of intestinal tuberculosis?

ILEUM

Abundant acid fast bacilli with macrophage associated with AIDS patients with CD4 < 50

MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM

Hypopigmented plaques Painless lesion Bacilli are almost never found Paucibacillary

TUBERCULOID LEPROSY

LIPID LADEN MACROPHAGES Globi Ulnar and peroneal nerves Sterility

LEPROMATOUS LEPROSY

``` Palmar rash Chancre Condyloma latum Gummas Neurosyphillis ```

SYPHILLIS/ TREPONEMA PALLIDUM

``` Bullos eruption with epidermal sloughing Osteochondritis and periostitis Pale and airless lungs (pneumonia alba) Hutchenson teeth Diffuse hepatic fibrosis ```

CONGENITAL SYPHILLIS

Macrophage with red cells Moderate splenomegaly Acrodermatitis atrophicans

BORRELIA RECURRENTIS

Erythema chronicum migrans Lyme arthritis Lyme miningitis

BORRELIA BURGDOFERI

Dusk colored wedge shaped infarcts in the bowel Enzymatic myonecrosis Extensive fluid exudate with gas bubbles

CLOSTRIAL GAS GANGRENE

Primary cause of epidymitis?

CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS

Urethritis Stellate abscess (Lymphogranuloma venereum) Organism NOT VISIBLE in gram stain

CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTION

``` Hemorrhagic rash Thrombosis of the small blood vessels (arterioles) Brain microinfarcts Non cardiogenic pulmonary edema Rickettsia is the causative agent ```

ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER

SOAP BUBBLE LESIONS | Thick gelatinous capsule

CRYPTOCCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

RIGHT ANGLE BRANCHING of irregular wide fungal hypae

MUCORMYCOSIS/ Rizopus and Mucor

Spherules in endospores?

COCCIDIOIDES IMMITES

Intracellular yeast?

HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM

Board based bud?

BLASTOMYCES DERMATIDIS

Mariner's wheel

PARACOCCIDIODES BRASILENSIS

What is the drug of choice for radical cure of benign tertain malaria?

PRIMAQUINE

Maltese cross patern (intraerythrocytic ring shaped trophozoites in tetrads)

BABESIA MICROTI

MOTT cells( plasma cells containing globules filled with immunoglobulins) Capillary loops Leptomeningitis Chancre

AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

Myocarditis | CHAGAS DISEASE

AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

What characteristic sign of chagas disease is associated with unilateral periorbital edema?

ROMANA'S SIGN

What are complications associated with chagas disease?

MEGAESOPAHGUS MEGACOLON MYOCARDITIS

MEGACOLON MEGAESPOHAGUS MYOCARDITIS

CHAGA's DISEASE

HYPERINFECTION is possible in this parasitic infection?

STRONGYLOIDES STERCOLARIS

Fine sandlike sediment within the hydatid fluid Rupture may lead to anaphylaxis PAIR procedure is done

ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS

Encyst in striated skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle NURSE CELL Myocarditis

TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

White pinhead size granulomas Heme derived pigments PIPE STEM fibrosis Treatment is praziquantel

SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM

Increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder?

HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS

MEYERS KOUVENAAR BODIES

FILARIASIS

River blindness Onchocercoma Lizard skin

ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS

What is the drug of choice for river blindness?

IVERMECTIN

What complication may arise during initiation of treatment due to lysis of onchocercal worms?

MAZZOTTI REACTION

ACUTE ANGLE branching of fungal hypae | TARGET LESIONS

ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS

Most common type of esophageal atresia?

TYPE B (Proximal esophageal atresia with Distal tracheoesophgaeal fistula)

Result of failed involution of the VITELLINE DUCT which connects the lumen of the developing gut to the yolk sac

MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM

``` 2% of the population Abdominal pain and obstruction Within 2 feet (85cm) of the ileocecal valve Approximately 2 inches (5cm) long 2x as common in males as in females Symptomatic by age 2 ```

MECKEL's DIVERTICULUM

Present in second or third week of life OLIVE sized abdominal mass on physical exam Non bilous vomiting Associate with Turner syndrome and Trisomy 18

HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS

Result when the ganglion cells undergo premature death (AGANGLIONOSIS)

HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE

Failure to pass meconium Obstructive constipation Explosive passage of flatus and feces Enterocolitis

HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE

Most common cause of esophagitis associated with HIV?

CANDIDA (MYCOTIC)

Most frequent cause of esophagitis?

REFLUX ESOPHAGITIS

Characterized by intestinal METAPLASIA within the esophageal squamous mucosa Increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma

BARRETT ESOPHAGUS

Definitive diagnosis of barrette esophagus microscopically?

DEMONSTRATION OF INTESTINAL GOBLET CELLS

Arises from long standing GERD and Barrette esophagus Risk factor of dysplasia, smoking and obesity Usually occur in the DISTAL THIRD of the esophagus Intestinal type morphology with mucin production

ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA

Chest pain is the chief complain Occur in middle third of esophagus Risk factors of smoking , poverty, PLUMMER VINSON SYNDROME and achalasia Squamous dysplasia

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA of esophagus

Transient mucosal inflammatory process which impaired and damage mucosal surface Well known complication therapy of NSAIDs Microscopically with intact surface epithelium

ACUTE GASTRITIS

Most common cause of CHRONIC gastritis?

HELICOBACTER PYLORI

MALT lymphoma (lymphoid aggregates with germinal centers and abundant SUBEPITHELIAL plasma cells) Pit abscess Antral gastritis

HELICOBACTER PYLORI GASTRITIS

``` Diffuse mucosal damage Grandular atrophy of oxyntic mucosa Megalobalstic changes Intestinal metaplasia BODY of the stomach common location ```

AUTOIMMUNE GASTRITIS

Due to imbalances of mucosal defenses and damaging forces Most often associated with H. Pylori Duodenum is the common site

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Most common malignancy of the stomach?

GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA

Histopathology findings: Rigid LEATHER BOTTLE appearance wall SIGNET ring cells (large mucin vacoules pushes the nucleus to the periphery) Mucin lakes

GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA

Sign associated with GI malignancy cahracterized by Diffuse seborrhoic keratosis?

LESERTRELAT SIGN

Best considered to be well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas 40 % occur in small intestine SALT And PEPPER chromatin

CARCINOID TUMOR

Most comon mesenchymak tumor of the abdomen?

GI STROMAL TUMOR

Common site of infarction in ischemic bowel disease?

SPLENIC FLEXURE

Immune mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of GLUTEIN containing food with microspic findings: crypts hyperplasia, villous atrophy and intraepithelia lymphocytosis?

CELIAC DISEASE

Common bacterial enteric pathogen associated with improperly cooked chicken and GULLAIN BARRE SYNDROME with microscopic findings: cryptitis, crypt abscess and crypt architecture is preserved?

CAMPYLOBACTER ENTEROCOLLITIS

What is the drug of choice eradication of chronic carriage of salmonella in the galbladder?

AMPICILLLIN(6-8 months)

Presence of mucopurulent exudates formERUPTION REMINISCENT OF VOLCANO in histopathology?

PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS

TRIAD: diarrhea, weight loss and malabsorption HISTOPATH: Distended foamy macrophages PAS positive Diastase resistant granules

WHIPPLE'S DISEASE

``` Transmural inflammation Common in ileum and colon SKIP LESIONS ulcers is deep, knife like No malignant potential COBBLESTONE APPEARANCE ```

CROHN DISEASE

``` Limited to mucosa Diffuse distribution of the lesion Common in the colon only Toxic megacolon Ulcers with superficial, broad based ```

ULCERATIVE COLITIS

``` Apthous ulcer COBBLESTONE APPEARANCE Paneth cell metaplasia Noncaseating granulomas Crypt abscesses ```

CHRON'S DISEASE

DIVERTICULITIS is common in?

ELDERLY

Toxic megacolon Strictures not occur Serosal surface is normal Mural thickening is not present

ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Pedunculated smooth surfaced reddish lesions with cystic space

JUVENILE POLYP

Hamartomatous polyps Arborizing networks Most common in small intestine

PEUTZ JEGHERS SYNDROME

Low maliganant potential polyp?

HYPERPLASTIC POLYP

Most common malignancy of the GI tract?

COLORECTAL ADENOCARCINOMA

``` Dietary factors are most closely associated SIGNET RING CELLS Dysplastic epithelium Desmoplastic response Mucin accumulation ```

COLORECTAL ADENOCARCINOMA

Most common site of metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinoma?

LIVER

Caput medusae Esophageal varices Hemorrhoids

PORTAL HYPERTENSION

Bridging fibrous septa Parenchymal nodules Disruption of architecture of entire liver

CIRRHOSIS

Dubin Johnson syndrome and Rotor syndrome is associated with?

CONJUGATED HYPERBILIRIBINEMIA

Cholestatic hepatocyte DILATED canalicular space APOPTOTIC cells kupffer cells with BILE pigments

INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS

Bile ductular PROLIFERATION Edema, bile pigment retention Swollen and degenerating hepatocytes

EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS

``` BALLOONING DEGENERATION Councilman bodies Macrophage aggregates Apoptosis Bridging necrosis Prominent inflammation ```

ACUTE HEPATITIS

Hepatocyte apoptosis Bridging necrosis Bridging fibrosis Deposition of fibrous tissue

CHRONIC HEPATITIS

GROUND GLASS hepatocytes seen in what type of hepatitis?

HEPATITIS B INFECTION

Lymphoid aggregates, bile duct reactive changes and steatosis is seen in what type of hepatitis?

HEPATITIS C INFECTION

T CELL mediated autoimmunity Anti smooth muscle antibodies POSITIVE Chronic and progressive hepatitis of unknown etiology

AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS

MALLORY BODIES Hepatocyte swelling and necrosis Neutrophil reaction Sinusoidal prevenular fibrosis

ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS

``` Excessive accumulation of iron Mostly deposited in liver, heart, skin and pancreas TRIAD: Hepatomegaly Diabetes mellitus Bronze skin pigmentation ```

HEMOCHROMATOSIS

Deposition of hemosiderin Cirhhosis Pancreatic fibrosis

HEMOCHROMATOSIS

Impaired copper excretion into bile and failure to incorporate copper into ceruplasmin In eye lesion (KAYSER FLEISCHER RINGS)

WILSONS'S DISEASE

AR PAS positive DIASTASE resistant Round to oval cytoplasmic globular inclusions in hepatocytes Loss inhibition of protease released from neutrophils leads to panacinar emphysema

ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY

Obstruction of two or more major hepatic veins Liver is swollen and rep purple Tense liver capsule Severe centrilobular congestion and necrosis

BUDD CHIARI SYNDROME

Benign neoplasm of the liver associated with OCP used?

HEPATIC ADENOMA

Common type of stones in cholelithiasis?

CHOLESTEROL STONES

Most common congenital anomaly of pancreas

ANNULAR PANCREAS

REVERSIBLE pancreatic parenchymal injury associted with inflammation Most common etiologies are alcoholism and biliary tract disease

ACUTE PANCREATITIS

What is the appropriate treatment for acute pancreatitis?

BOWEL REST

What is the most appropriate analgesic for patients with acute pancreatitis?

MEPERIDINE

IRREVERSIBLE destruction of exocrine parenchyma | Most common cause is long term alcohol abuse

CHRONIC PANCREATITIS

What is the tumor marker for pancreatic cancer?

CA 19-9

What is the surgical treatment for pancreatic cancer?

WHIPPLE PROCEDURE (Pancreaticoduodenectomy)

What is the condition characterized by extrinsic compression of the common hepatic duct, that can be mistaken for pancreatic CA?

MIRRIZI SYNDROME

What is the clinical sign characterized by a painless palpable gallbladder associated with jaundice?

COUVOISIER GALLBLADDER

Oliguria Hematuria Hypertension Azotemia

NEPHRITIC SYNDROME

Edema Proteinuria Hypoalbuminemia Hyperlipidemia

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

Bilateral Enlarged kidneys at birth Sponge-like apperance Spokes on a WHEEL pattern

ARPKD

Low set ears Parrot beak nose Lung hypoplasia Associated with oligohydramnios

POTTER FACIES

``` Children 6-10 y o GABHS Sequelae of impetigo Enlarged hypercellular glomeruli SUBEPITHELIAL HUMPS ```

POST STREPTOCOCCAL GN

What type of RPGN associated with SLE?

TYPE 2 RPGN

Thickened BM Sup epithelial humps (spike and dome apperance) Non selective proteinuria No cells present Indolent course with poor response to steroids

MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULOPATHY

``` Diffuse effacement of epithelial foot process by EM No deposits in EM Highly selective proteinuria Excellent response to steroids Good prognosis ```

MINIMAL CHANGE DISEASE

Most common cause of nephritic syndrome in children?

POST STREPTOCOCCAL GN

Most common cause nephrotic in children?

MINIMAL CHANGE DISEASE

Most common cause nephrotic syndrome in adults?

MEMBRANOUS GLUMERULOPATHY

Most common GN OVERALL?

IgA NEPHROPATHY

Most common cause of ARF?

ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS

Most common cause of CRF?

DIABETES MELLITUS

Recurrent gross or microscopic hematuria | Mesangial deposit of IgA

IgA NEPHROPATHY

WIRE LOOP CAPILLARIES seen i what type of SLE?

TYPE IV DIFFUSE PROLIFERATIVE GN

Associated with MULTIPLE MYOMA CONGOR RED positive Deposit seen in mesangium, blood vessel wall and interstitium Present as NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

AMYLOIDOSIS

Associated with PAINLESS HEMATURIA?

TRANSITIONAL CELL CA (urothelial carcinoma)

``` Maligancy of plama cells BENCE JONES PROTEINS amyloidosis Hypercalcemia Hyperuricemia ```

MULTIPLE MYELOMA