Mutation

Question 0

Purine

Answer 0

Nitrogen base, adenine and guanine, larger

Question 1

Nucleotide

Answer 1

Makes up DNA, 5-carbon sugar with a phosphate group and then one of four nitrogen bases

Question 2

Pyrimidine

Answer 2

Nitrogen base, smaller, cytosine and thymine

Question 3

Adenine

Answer 3

Nitrogen base, purine, match to thymine

Question 4

Guanine

Answer 4

Purine, nitrogen base, match to cytosine

Question 5

Cytosine

Answer 5

Nitrogen base, pyrimidine, match to guanine

Question 6

Thymine

Answer 6

Nitrogen base, pyrimidine, match to adenine

Question 7

Uracil

Answer 7

Nitrogen base in mRNA, pyrimidine, match to adenine

Question 8

DNA

Answer 8

Deoxyribonucleic acid, two strands of nucleotides in a double helix, bonds stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Question 9

RNA

Answer 9

Initiates DNA replication, creates mRNA which codes for proteins

Question 10

Protein

Answer 10

Made of amino acids, performs most of the body’s functions

Question 11

Redundancy of genetic code

Answer 11

Several codons or triplets code for the same amino acids which allows for silent mutations

Question 12

Transcription

Answer 12

DNA is copied to make mRNA

Question 13

Translation

Answer 13

mRNA is read and translated to code for amino acids to make proteins

Question 14

Genetic code

Answer 14

64 mRNA codons that code for amino acids and starts and stops in a sequence

Question 15

Nucleotide substitutions

Answer 15

Point mutations, only affect that point, mutations within the nucleotides

Question 16

Point mutation

Answer 16

Only affect one point within the sequence

Question 17

Transition

Answer 17

Purine switches with a purine (A G) or pyrimidine with pyrimidine (T C), more common and less likely to be detected

Question 18

Transversion

Answer 18

Purine switched with pyrimidine or reverse (A or T C or G)

Question 19

Synonymous

Answer 19

Silent

Question 20

Silent

Answer 20

No change to the amino acid coded for

Question 21

Non-synonymous

Answer 21

Non-silent, changes an amino acid, mis-sense or non-sense

Question 22

Mis-sense

Answer 22

Changes the meaning or an amino acid

Question 23

Non-sense mutation

Answer 23

Changes to a stop codon where it shouldn’t be or removes it, messes everything up

Question 24

Nucleotide insertion

Answer 24

Insert a nucleotide and cause a frame shift in how the sequence is read, a non-sense mutation

Question 25

Nucleotide deletion

Answer 25

Delete a nucleotide, a non-sense frame shift mutation where things are shifted over

Question 26

Frame shift mutation

Answer 26

The way the sequence is read changes, insertion or deletion result, change amino acids or where the sequence ends

Question 27

Chromosome mutation

Answer 27

Mutation of a chromosome

Question 28

Chromosome deletion

Answer 28

Removal of a portion of a chromosome, during homologous pairing in meiosis crossing over not balanced

Question 29

Chromosome duplication

Answer 29

An extra copy of a portion of a chromosome is present due to duplication, during meiosis and homologous chromosome pairing crossing over not balanced, source of new genes or new functions

Question 30

Chromosome inversion

Answer 30

One side or portion of a chromosome is inverted or flipped, chromosome broken and not put back together correctly, little effect if genetic material not lost or genes disrupted, suppresses recombination

Question 31

Chromosome translocation

Answer 31

Two non-matching portions of two chromosomes switch places, whole arms get swapped (Robertsonian) and an arm can be lost, decrease fertility

Question 32

Polyploidy

Answer 32

Genome duplication of entire sets of chromosomes, instead of 2N they have 4N, 6N and up, common in self-fertilizing plants and some animals, genes can be turned off or modified, can creat new functions or species

Question 33

DNA polymerase

Answer 33

Helps to replicate DNA, used in transcription and translocation

Question 34

DNA repair enzymes

Answer 34

Repair replication mistakes if caught

Question 35

To find amino acids with a chart

Answer 35

Start on left and match first nucleotide, use top to find second and use right side to find last nucleotide in codon

Question 36

Major causes of mutations

Answer 36

1. Environmental agents (uv radiation or organic solvents) | 2. DNA replication mistakes uncorrected by repair enzymes

Question 37

Human egg or sperm has more nucleotide mutations and why?

Answer 37

Sperm, more continuous replication, accumulation of mutations, 2-5 times more mistakes than eggs

Question 38

Identify the type of mutation with original and mutant code

Answer 38

Was anything added/removed? Was anything changed? What changed?

Question 39

Major source of new genes and multigene families

Answer 39

Chromosome duplication or deletion (hemoglobin and globin genes)

Question 40

Mutation that suppresses recombination

Answer 40

Chromosome inversion, alleles inherited together without recombining

Question 41

Mutation increase in older women's eggs

Answer 41

Chromosome mutation

Question 42

Occurrence of polyploidy and consequences

Answer 42

Duplication of chromosomes, self-fertilizing plants, genes get turned off or modified

Question 43

Most mutations

Answer 43

Neutral to slightly deleterious

Question 44

Neutral mutations

Answer 44

1. Don't occur in protein coding region 2. Occur in protein coding region but do not affect amino acid 3. Affect amino acid but do not have a functional effect on the protein overall 4. Only has a function effect in certain environments

Question 45

Environment and mutation

Answer 45

The resources available and the setting in which the population exists, PKU in humans, scurvy as result of GULO gene

Question 46

Measure mutation rates

Answer 46

1. Easily recognizable phenotype to calculate number of new genotypes per generation 2. Identify nucleotide changes from DNA sequences

Question 47

New mutations per human in protein-coding genes

Answer 47

0.4 mutations per genome per generation

Question 48

New nucleotide mutations per human

Answer 48

175 nucleotide mutations per genome per generation

Question 49

Genes in the haploid human genome

Answer 49

20-25,000

Question 50

Factors influencing variable mutation rates

Answer 50

1. Variable environments 2. Variation in number cell divisions prior to gamete formation-generation time 3. Variation in accuracy of DNA polymerase 4. Variation in accuracy of DNA repair enzymes