Mutation

Question 1

Mutation

Answer 1

Permanent change results from alteration of one or more nucleotides in an organisms DNA , virus or any material related to gene
Mutation is only cause of dissimilarities

Question 2

Types of mutation

Answer 2

Substitutions- mutation that exchanges one base for another
Insertion- extra base pair inserted in new place of the DNA
Deletion- type of mutation in which section of DNA is lost or deleted

Question 3

Gene mutation and what are genes

Answer 3

Piece of DNA and collection of nucleotide form DNA . Gene mutation is change in nucleotide sequence
During transcription DNA converted to RNA and then translated to form proteins .change in nucleotide sequences leads to non-functioning proteins

Question 4

Types of gene mutation

Answer 4

Point mutation -single base pair altered at one point, single nucleotide change can alter complete sequence of DNA. Mutagens such as UV, X rays cause this

Question 5

Classify point mutation

Answer 5

Silent mutation-single nucleotide change but new genetic codon can encode for same amino acid has no effect on protein function. Example CGT, CGC, CGG encodes for arginine
Nonsense mutation - mutation amino acid changes into stop codon thus stopping protein synthesis
Missense- mutation sequence of nucleotide change various amino acid are formed , different proteins formed can be harmful or valuable ie if CGC convert to GGC glycine will be formed place of arginine

Question 6

Chromosomal mutation

Answer 6

Change in chromosome either in structure or sequence . Chromosomal structures carry hereditary material , present in nucleus of our cells
Chromosomal mutation change whole chromosome while gene mutation can change single gene

Question 7

Types of chromosomal mutation

Answer 7

Deletion-lost of nucleotide from chromosome. This occurs due to deletion of base it can happen anywhere or everywhere
Duplication- sequences is repeated or single base or 3 bars are duplicated , thus leading to extra information

Question 8

Genetic disorder

Answer 8

Sickle cell- due to point mutation. Only one nucleotide mutation in hemoglobin reason for sickle cell and due to mutation any rbc have sickle cell shape which block capillaries
Cancer- mutation in single gene p53 cause cancer . p53 for cell cycle and tumor suppression
Progeria-genetic disorder caused by mutation in LAMNA genes which is used to make proteins that have ability to support cell nucleus