Mutation & Neoplasia

Question 1

What are the 6 main Connective Tissue cell types and their prefixes?

Answer 1

Fibrous tissue - Fibro
Smooth Muscle- - Leio
Cartilage - Chondro
Bone - Osteo
Fat - Lipo
Endothelium or endothelial cells - Haemangio

Question 2

What is a Fibroma?

Answer 2

A benign connective tissue tumour of fibrous tissue

Question 3

What is a Leiomyoma?

Answer 3

A benign connective tissue tumour of muscle

Question 4

What is a Chondroma?

Answer 4

A benign connective tissue tumour of cartilage

Question 5

What is an Osteoma?

Answer 5

A benign connective tissue tumour of bone

Question 6

What is a Lipoma?

Answer 6

A benign connective tissue tumour of fat

Question 7

What is a Haemangioma?

Answer 7

A benign connective tissue tumour of endothelial cells

Question 8

What is the prefix used for to describe malignant tumours of connective tissue?

Answer 8

Sarc

Question 9

What are the two types of glandular epithelium?

Answer 9

Endocrine

Exocrine

Question 10

What percentage of cancers are carcinomas?

Answer 10

> 90% (greater than 90%)

Question 11

What are the 3 types of tissues?

Answer 11

Labile (continuously dividing)
Stable (quiescent)
Permanent (non-dividing)

Question 12

What is dysplasia?

Answer 12

abnormal premalignant change
increased cell division
the enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type, as a developmental disorder or an early stage in the development of cancer.

Question 13

What are Mutagens?

Answer 13

May act directly to cause damage or may do so
through increasing oxidant production or reducing
anti-oxidant defences

Question 14

What is the difference between metaplasia, hyperplasia and dysplasia?

Answer 14

Metaplasia: abnormal change in the nature of a tissue
Dysplasia: abnormal premalignant
Hyperplasia: enlargement of tissue, caused by an increase in the reproduction rate

Question 15

Mutations result in?

Answer 15

permanent change in DNA:
-Germ cells: transmitted to progeny (inherited diseases, cancers)
Somatic cells: not transmitted (cancers, congenital malformations)

Question 16

4 classes of normal regulatory genes are the principle targets of genetic damage?

Answer 16

growth promoting proto-oncogenes
growth inhibiting tumour suppressing genes
genes that regulate apoptosis
DNA repair genes

Question 17

Benign

Answer 17

1. Never metastasizes
2. Well differentiated
3. Encapsulated
4. Homogenous (uniformity
   of cells)
5. Cytoplasmic ratio may be
   close to normal (1:4 or
   1:6)
6. Slow growing – few
   mitotic figures

Question 18

Malignant

Answer 18

1. Can potentially metastasize
2. Well differentiated or
   undifferentiated (anaplastic)
3. Heterogeneous
   (pleomorphic – cells lack
   uniformity)
4. Infiltrative growth
5. Increased nuclear to
   cytoplasmic ratio (1:1)
6. Fast growing – area of
   necrosis, many mitotic cell

Question 19

Most common sites of metastic neoplasms?

Answer 19

bones, brain, liver, lungs

Question 20

What does Nomenclature mean?

Answer 20

describing, choosing names for things, especially in science

Question 21

What are the benign epithelial tumours?

Answer 21

adenoma
papilloma
cystadenoma

Question 22

Benign tumour derived from adipocytes?

Answer 22

Lipoma

Question 23

Another common route of metastasis?

Answer 23

Lymphatics

Question 24

Increased number of cells?

Answer 24

Hyperplasia

Question 25

Benign tumour of cartilage cells?

Answer 25

Chondroma

Question 26

A pre-cancerous change?

Answer 26

Dysplasia

Question 27

The type of cells that are responsible for most cancers?

Answer 27

Epithelial cells

Question 28

Malignant tumours can do this but not benign?

Answer 28

Metastasize

Question 29

Most common connective tissue malignancy that affects young people

Answer 29

Osteosarcoma

Question 30

A malignancy of haematopoietic stem cells

Answer 30

Leukaemia

Question 31

Germ cell tumour

Answer 31

Teratoma

Question 32

Chemical based cancer treatment

Answer 32

Chemotherapy

Question 33

A normal adaptation that increases the risk of mutation

Answer 33

Metaplasia

Question 34

Malignant brain tumour

Answer 34

Glioma

Question 35

Benign brain tumour

Answer 35

Meningloma

Question 36

Benign glandular epithelial tumour

Answer 36

Adenoma

Question 37

Spread through blood

Answer 37

Haematogenous

Question 38

Malignant tumour derived from smooth muscle

Answer 38

Leiomyosarcoma

Question 39

Malignancy of lymphoid tissue

Answer 39

Lymphoma

Question 40

A feature of secondaries that makes them harder to treat

Answer 40

Heterogenous

Question 41

Outlook for the patient

Answer 41

Prognosis

Question 42

Malignant glandular epithelial tumour growing in a cystic pattern

Answer 42

Cystadenocarcinoma

Question 43

Malignancy of melanocytes

Answer 43

Melanoma

Question 44

Rare malignancy caused by asbestos exposure and radiation

Answer 44

Mesothelioma

Question 45

Features that make the cell recognizable as a particular cell type

Answer 45

Differentiation

Question 46

A feature of benign tumours

Answer 46

Homogenous