Mutations

Question 1

gene pool

Answer 1

the complete set of alleles present within a particular population

Question 2

population

Answer 2

a group of individuals of the same species livng in the same location

Question 3

species

Answer 3

a group of individuals that can interbreed to produce viable and fertile offspring

Question 4

allele frequenicy

Answer 4

the proportion of certain alleles in a gene pool

Question 5

what does allele frequency show

Answer 5

it can be used to depict the amount of genetic diversity at the individual, population and species level

Question 6

genetic diversity

Answer 6

the variation in genetic makeup of alleles within a population

Question 7

genotype

Answer 7

the genetic composition of an organism at a particular gene locus

Question 8

phenotype

Answer 8

the physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that are a result of gene expression ad the environment

Question 9

what is the cause of phenotypic variation

Answer 9

genotypic variation which results in new alleles being introduced into the gene pool

Question 10

mutagen

Answer 10

an agent that can cause mutations in DNA

Question 11

mutation

Answer 11

a random and unpredictable permanent change in genetic information

Question 12

how can the effects of mutations on the organism be described

Answer 12

advantageous, neutral or deleterious

Question 13

deleterious

Answer 13

used to describe alleles that have an overall negative effect on individual fitness when expressed

Question 14

what are the two types of mutations

Answer 14

spantaneous and induced

Question 15

spantaneous mutations

Answer 15

not caused by any discernable reason

Question 16

examples of spontaneous mutations

Answer 16

error in DNA repair, error in transcription, error in polymerisation, error in replication

Question 17

induced mutations

Answer 17

caused by an environmental factor (mmutagen)

Question 18

types of mutagens causing induced mutations

Answer 18

chemicals radition and UV light (ionising radiation)

Question 19

examples of chemical mutagens

Answer 19

deaminating agents and base analogous

Question 20

for a mutation to be heritable

Answer 20

it must occur in an indivduals germline cells, if iit occurs in a somatic cell it is not heritable

Question 21

where are germline cells located

Answer 21

in the reproductive tissue

Question 22

what are the two types changes to chromosome number mutations

Answer 22

polyploidy and aneuploidy

Question 23

polyploidy

Answer 23

when an organism conatins more than 2 copies of each chromosome

Question 24

triploid

Answer 24

set of chromosomes in groups of three

Question 25

aneuploidy

Answer 25

when there is an extra or missinh chromosome

Question 26

what causes aneuploidy

Answer 26

non-disjunctiom during meiosis where homologous chromosomes fail to seperate

Question 27

trisomy

Answer 27

containing an extra chromosome

Question 28

monosomy

Answer 28

only having one particular copy of a chromosome

Question 29

block mutations

Answer 29

chaanges to a large section of DNA or entire gene that involves the alteration of the structure of a chromosome

Question 30

types of block mutations

Answer 30

deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation

Question 31

deletion block mutations

Answer 31

removal of a section of DNA

Question 32

duplication block mutations

Answer 32

replication of a section of DNA, lengthening the DNA/chromosome

Question 33

inversion block mutations

Answer 33

reversal of section of DNA

Question 34

translocation block mutations

Answer 34

switching of two sections of DNA on different chromosomes

Question 35

point mutations

Answer 35

changes to a single nucleotide which can have an effect on the resulting protein

Question 36

three types of point mutations

Answer 36

base substitution, base deletion and base insertion

Question 37

three types of base subtituion mutations

Answer 37

silent, nonsense and missense

Question 38

base insertions and deletions are both

Answer 38

frameshift mutations and therefore missense mutations

Question 39

silent base subtitution

Answer 39

when a base is changed bbut the same amino acid is produced, can occur due to tthe degenerate nature of the genetic code

Question 40

nonsense base subtitution

Answer 40

when the base change results in a stop codon, prematurely ends the translation of a genees mrna

Question 41

missense base subtitution

Answer 41

changes to a bse that result in a different amino acid being produces, alters primary strcture/polypeptide chain

Question 42

base deletion

Answer 42

type of frameshift mutation and missense, occurs when a base is randomly deleted from the mRNA strand

Question 43

base insertion

Answer 43

type of frameshift mutation and missense, occurs when a base is randomly added to the mRNA strand

Question 44

frameshift mutation

Answer 44

mutations that alter the base sequence of a gene so that it no longer makes sense, alters the reading frame of all following nucleotidees

Question 45

reading frame

Answer 45

the order in which nucleotide triplets or codons are divided into consecutive, non-overlappiiing sequence