Mutations Flashcards
define: mutation
- Stable, heritable change in nucleotide sequence
Morphological mutation
changes in colonial/cellular morphology
Lethal mutation
kills the organism
expressed under certain conditions (e.g.: high T)
Conditional mutation
changes in metabolic capabilities
Biochemical mutation
define: site-directed mutagenesis
generation of mutations at specific sites
Resistance mutation
resistance to pathogen, chemical, or antibiotics
How mutations arise (2)
Spontaneous Mutation & Induced Mutation
grow in minimal media without supplements
o Phorotrophs
define: o Auxotrophs
cannot synthesize the production of pathways
3 types: Base Pair Substitution
silent, missense, nonsense
dev’t after exposure to a mutagen
Induced Mutation
Mutations during DNA Replication (6)
Tautomeric Shift, Frameshift Mutation, Deletion, Insertion, Translocation, Inversion
Standard forms (Tautomeric Shift)
amino- or keto-
Nontandard forms (Tautomeric Shift)
-imino (“rare”: A,C) or –enol (T,G)
2 types of Reverse Mutation
True RT, Equivalent RT
2 types of base pair substitution @ DNA Level
Transition ,Transversion
Chemical mimics of the natural bases that are incorporated during DNA Replication
Base Analogs
define: Specific mispairings
mutagen changes the base’s structure and pairing characteristics
e.g. of chemicals which cause Specific mispairings
alkylating agent (nitrosaguanine)
become inserted between stacked bases of DNA helix, distorting DNA; causes single base pair addition and deletion
Intercalating agents
e.g. of Intercalating agents
proflavible, acridine orange
3 types of mutation based on their agents
chemical, physical, biological
2 types to detect mutants
screening, selection
