Mutations

Question 1

mutations for

p

Answer 1

l: b
n: mh
s: f, ph

Question 2

mutations for

t

Answer 2

l: d
n: nh
s: th

Question 3

mutations for

c

Answer 3

l: g
n: ngh
s: ch

Question 4

mutations for

b

Answer 4

l: v, f
n: m

Question 5

mutations for

d

Answer 5

l: d
n: n

Question 6

mutations for

g

Answer 6

l: disappears
n: ng

Question 7

mutations for

m

Answer 7

l: v, f

Question 8

mutations for

ll

Answer 8

l: l

Question 9

mutations for

rh

Answer 9

l: r

Question 10

internal i-affection verb
present indicative
2s, 2p, impersonal

Answer 10

a –> e

aw –> ew

Question 11

final i-affection verb
present indicative
3s

Answer 11

a –> ei/y
o –> y
e –> y
w –> y

Question 12

non-final syllable vs final syllable mutation

Answer 12

w –> y
y –> y
aw –> o

Question 13

c becomes k

Answer 13

c: a, o, w, u
k: e, y

Question 14

single syllable adjective

m, f

Answer 14

y –> e

w –> o

Question 15

internal i-affection noun plurals

non final syllable

Answer 15

a --> e (ei before i)
e --> e (ei before i)
o --> e (ei before i)
ae --> ei, ey
aw --> ew (usually: o)

Question 16

final i-affection noun plurals

final syllable

Answer 16

a --> ei/y
e --> y
o --> y
w --> y
ae --> ei
oe --> wy
aw --> eu (sometimes)

Question 17

nasalisation occurs after

Answer 17

1. yn (in)
2. vy (my)
3. numerals 7, 9, 10, 100 + a limited number of nouns

Question 18

spirantisation occurs after

Answer 18

1. 3s possessive y (her)
2. numerals 3, 6
3. tra (over, very)
4. a (and, with), no (under), na (nor), o (if), cw (where)
5. in main clauses after ny na (not), verbal particles neu, ry, the preverbs go-, di-, dy- etc.

Question 19

a verb is lenited if

Answer 19

1. after relative, verbal, interrogative particle ‘a’
2. after conjunctions pan (when), tra (while), yny (until)
3. is copula preceded by predicate
4. after negative particles ny, na (not)

Question 20

a noun/adjective is lenited if

Answer 20

1. fem singular noun after ‘y(r)’
2. fem singular adjective
3. fem singular noun in genitival relationship
4. noun/adj/name in apposition
5. after possessives dy (your) and y (his)
6. noun after neu (or)
7. after forms of ‘to be’: oes, yssit
8. after 3s imperfect
9. object when not preceded by an article, especially when separated from the verb
10. object of destination after verbs of motion

Question 21

h prefixing happens in words if

Answer 21

1. after y (her)

2. sometimes after possessives: an (our), eu (their)