Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A2 Biology > Mutations & Gene Expression > Flashcards

Mutations & Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change to the base sequence of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a mutagenic agent?

A

a substance which increase the rate of mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 6 types of mutations?

A
  1. substitution
  2. deletion
  3. addition
  4. duplication
  5. inversion
  6. translocation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a substitution mutation?

A

one or more bases swapped for another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a deletion mutation?

A

one or more bases are removed
causes a frameshift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an addition mutation?

A

-one or more bases are added
-frameshift to the right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a duplication mutation?

A

-one or more bases duplicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What in an inversion mutation?

A

a group of bases gets separated from the sequence and re-joins in the same position but inverted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is translocation of bases?

A

a group of bases gets separated from the DNA sequence & attaches to a different chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of mutation often has the biggest effect?

A

translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two reasons why a mutation might not cause a change in the amino acid sequence?

A

-degenerate nature of code
-a mutation could occur in the intron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 types of stem cells?

A
  1. Totipotent
  2. Pluripotent
  3. Multipotent
  4. Unipotent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A

they can differentiate into any type of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?
And where are they found?

A

they can differentiate into any type of cell apart from placental cells
found in embryos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are multipotent stem cells?
And are they embryonic/adult?

A

can differentiate into a limited type of cell
-found in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are unipotent stem cells?

A

can differentiate into one type of cell

17
Q

What are the 4 sources of stem cells?

A

-embryonic
-umbilical cord
-placental
-adult

18
Q

How do stem cells become specialised?

A

-when replicating, they only transcribe and translate certain parts of their DNA
-only certain genes are expressed
-proteins produced
-determine cell structure / processes

19
Q

What are cardiomyocytes?

A

heart muscle cells

20
Q

What does iPS stand for?

A

induced pluripotent cells

21
Q

What is iPS?

A

when specialised adult body cells (unipotent) are made to express certain transcription factors
Which makes the cells pluripotent

22
Q

What could stem cells be used for in medicine?

A

-spinal cord injuries (nerve cells)
-heart disease (heart tissue)
-organ transplants

23
Q

What is the rate of transcription controlled by?

A

transcription factors

24
Q

What type of biological molecules are transcription factors?

A

proteins

25
Q

What are the 2 types of transcription factor?

A

activator
repressor

26
Q

What is the promoter region?

A

-a short section of DNA
-at the start of a gene
-that the RNA polymerase binds to

27
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for synthesising mRNA from DNA ?

A

RNA polymerase

28
Q

How do activators work?

A

-moves from cytoplasm to nucleus
-binds to the promoter region
-RNA polymerase binds to activator, binding it to DNA strand
-gene is transcribed

29
Q

How do repressors work?

A

-moves from cytoplasm to nucleus
-binds to promoter region
-prevent RNA polymerase from binding
-stopping transcription

30
Q

What type of hormone is oestrogen?

A

steroid hormone

31
Q

What does oestrogen have to form to act as a TF?

A

forms an oestrogen oestrogen receptor complex

32
Q

What happens when an OORC is formed?

A

-the complex changes shape
-becomes an active TF (activator)
-can now enter the nucleus

33
Q

What is the definition of epigenetics?

A

Heritable changes in gene function without changes to base sequence of DNA
(Changes may due to lifestyle, stress, diet)

A2 Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions