My Lab and Mastering

Question 1

During pulmonary ventilation, air moves from:

Lower to higher pressure
Higher to lower volume
Higher to lower pressure
Lower to higher volume

Answer 1

Higher to lower pressure

Question 2

The pressure inside lung alveoli is called:

Atmospheric pressure
Intrapleural pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure
Interpulmonary pressure

Answer 2

Intrapulmonary pressure

Question 3

If the atmospheric pressure is 700 mm Hg, the intrapulmonary pressure that will result in inspiration is:

698 mm Hg
700 mm Hg
760 mm Hg
702 mm Hg

Answer 3

698 mm Hg

Question 4

The partial pressure of oxygen inside alveoli is:

45 mm Hg
40 mm Hg
760 mm Hg
104 mm Hg

Answer 4

104 mm Hg

Question 5

The Earth atmosphere contains gases such as nitrogen (78.6%), oxygen (20.9%), argon (0.9%), and carbon dioxide (0.04%). Which of these gases will have the highest partial pressure?

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Argon

Answer 5

Nitrogen

Question 6

Blood send to the tissue via the arterial systemic circulation is the same blood as:

Pulmonary arterial blood
Blood inside alveoli
Pulmonary venous blood
Hypoxygenated Arterial venous blood

Answer 6

Pulmonary venous blood

Question 7

Which of the following is one of the ways carbon dioxide is transported by blood?

It is converted to plasma.
It is converted to bicarbonate.
It is converted to hemoglobin.
It is converted to oxygen.

Answer 7

It is converted to bicarbonate.

Question 8

On the Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve below, oxygen partial pressure of 35 mm Hg corresponds to:

65% hemoglobin saturation
25% hemoglobin saturation
25% of hemoglobin unloaded its oxygen to tissues
75% of hemoglobin unloaded its oxygen to tissues

Answer 8

25% of hemoglobin unloaded its oxygen to tissues

Question 9

How many oxygen molecules can bind to each heme?

4
1
3
2

Answer 9

1

Question 10

Predict the possible effect of a carbon anhydrase inhibitor on the ability of blood to transport gases.

Blood will transport less oxygen.
Blood will transport more carbon dioxide.
Blood will transport more oxygen.
Blood will transport less carbon dioxide.

Answer 10

Blood will transport less carbon dioxide.

Question 11

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in tissues is:

100 mm Hg
45 mm Hg
104 mm Hg
40 mm Hg

Answer 11

45 mm Hg

Question 12

During tissue gas exchange, oxygen diffuses:

From tissue to blood
From alveoli to blood
From blood to alveoli
From blood to tissue

Answer 12

From blood to tissue

Question 13

During inhalation,

oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs.
air moves up the trachea.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
the diaphragm relaxes.
the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.

Answer 13

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

Question 14

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

Alveoli
Bronchioles
Bronchi
Nose
Trachea

Answer 14

Alveoli

Question 15

Which statement is correct?

As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated.

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries.

Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration.

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body’s cells.

Answer 15

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells

Question 16

After blood becomes oxygenated,

it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs.
it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body’s cells with oxygen.

Answer 16

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

Question 17

Hemoglobin

has five subunits.
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
is the site of cellular respiration.
is found in blood plasma.
uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells.

Answer 17

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

Question 18

_______ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the _______.

CO2 ; pulmonary capillaries
O2 ; pulmonary cavities
O2 ; alveoli
CO2 ; alveoli

Answer 18

CO2 ; alveoli

Question 19

Despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2 , why is there as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2 , ?

CO2 is a smaller molecule and diffuses faster than O2.
CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2.
The capillary walls are more permeable to CO2 than O2

Answer 19

CO2 is much more soluble in blood than O2.

Question 20

How would the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle?

The partial pressures of O2 and CO2 would remain unchanged.
The partial pressure of O2 would increase, and the partial pressure of CO2 would decrease.
The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase.

Answer 20

The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase.

Question 21

Which way would O2 and CO2 diffuse during internal respiration?

Both O2 and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.
O2 would diffuse into the pulmonary capillaries and CO2 would diffuse into the alveoli.
O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.
O2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries, and CO2 would diffuse into the cells.

Answer 21

O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.

Question 22

Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange?

the molecular weight of the gas
partial pressure of the gases
available surface area
rate of blood flow through the tissue

Answer 22

the molecular weight of the gas

Question 23

Which statement is correct?

The greater the available surface area the lower the amount of gas exchange during internal respiration.
During external respiration, oxygen is unloaded from the blood.
During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2 when the partial pressure for O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same.

Answer 23

During external respiration, equilibrium is reached for O2 when the partial pressure for O2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli are the same.

Question 24

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle’s law?

The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas.
How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.
The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

Answer 24

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

Question 25

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? diaphragm and external intercostals internal intercostals and external oblique diaphragm and internal intercostals

Answer 25

diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 26

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? intrapulmonary pressure atmospheric pressure intrapleural pressure

Answer 26

intrapleural pressure

Question 27

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? acetylcholine (ACh) histamine epinephrine an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 27

epinephrine

Question 28

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? lungs will inflate lungs will collapse lung volume will stay the same

Answer 28

lungs will collapse

Question 29

Which of the following is one of the ways carbon dioxide is transported by blood? It is converted to oxygen. It is converted to bicarbonate. It is converted to plasma. It is converted to hemoglobin.

Answer 29

It is converted to bicarbonate.

Question 30

Predict the possible effect of a carbon anhydrase inhibitor on the ability of blood to transport gases. Blood will transport less carbon dioxide. Blood will transport more oxygen. Blood will transport less oxygen. Blood will transport more carbon dioxide.

Answer 30

Blood will transport less carbon dioxide.

Question 31

One hemoglobin can bind a maximum of ___ oxygen(s). 1 2 3 4

Answer 31

4

Question 32

According to the graph, hemoglobin is 25% saturated at PO2 of:

Answer 32

15 mm Hg. 25 mm Hg. 35 mm Hg. 100 mm Hg.

Question 33

As hemoglobin saturation decreases: the partial pressure of oxygen increases. the same amount of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin. more oxygen binds to hemoglobin. more oxygen is released from hemoglobin.

Answer 33

more oxygen is released from hemoglobin.

Question 34

What homeostatic disturbances would you expect to see with diseases of the respiratory system? Aldosterone levels blood pressures pH imbalance All the above are correct.

Answer 34

All the above are correct.

Question 35

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the respiratory system? assist with the flow of arterial blood produce speech and vocalizations maintain acid-base balance olfaction

Answer 35

assist with the flow of arterial blood

Question 36

Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the: upper respiratory tract. larynx. conducting zone. respiratory zone.

Answer 36

respiratory zone.

Question 37

Houses nasal conchae to enhance turbulence for filtering air alveoli bronchioles pharynx larynx bronchi trachea nasal cavity

Answer 37

nasal cavity

Question 38

Prevents food and liquid from entering the rest of the respiratory tract alveoli trachea pharynx bronchi larynx nasal cavity bronchioles

Answer 38

larynx

Question 39

The smallest airways of the bronchial tree pharynx nasal cavity larynx bronchioles alveoli bronchi trachea

Answer 39

bronchioles

Question 40

Simple squamous epithelium creates these air sacs nasal cavity pharynx larynx bronchioles trachea alveoli bronchi

Answer 40

alveoli

Question 41

Transports air from the larynx into the lower respiratory tract pharynx bronchi trachea bronchioles larynx alveoli nasal cavity

Answer 41

trachea

Question 42

The first branches of the trachea bronchi nasal cavity trachea larynx alveoli pharynx bronchioles

Answer 42

bronchi

Question 43

Carina is the last ring of this organ pharynx larynx alveoli nasal cavity bronchi trachea bronchioles

Answer 43

trachea

Question 44

Three regions are the naso-, oro-, and laryngo- alveoli pharynx bronchi larynx nasal cavity trachea bronchioles

Answer 44

pharynx

Question 45

What sweeps foreign debris from the lower respiratory passages? gap junctions flagella microvilli cilia

Answer 45

cilia

Question 46

Which epithelium forms the alveoli? simple squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 46

simple squamous epithelium

Question 47

What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure? overinflation inhalation burst collapse

Answer 47

collapse

Question 48

Which of the following muscles is involved in normal quiet inspiration? abdominal muscles external intercostal muscles internal intercostal muscles parietal pleura

Answer 48

external intercostal muscles

Question 49

What statement best describes tidal volume? Tidal volume is the air exhaled after normal inspiration. Tidal volume is the air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration. Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing. Tidal volume is the air forcibly expelled after normal expiration.

Answer 49

Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.

Question 50

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood of pulmonary capillaries is approximately: 45 mm Hg. 50 mm Hg. 70 mm Hg. 35 mm Hg.

Answer 50

45 mm Hg.

Question 51

As hemoglobin saturation decreases: the partial pressure of oxygen increases. more oxygen is released from hemoglobin. the same amount of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin. more oxygen binds to hemoglobin.

Answer 51

more oxygen is released from hemoglobin.

Question 52

Which of the following will cause hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen? increase in blood pH decrease in temperature decrease in PCO2 increase in BPG

Answer 52

increase in BPG

Question 53

A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports: 4 molecules of oxygen. 8 molecules of oxygen. 2 molecules of oxygen. 1 molecule of oxygen.

Answer 53

4 molecules of oxygen.

Question 54

Respiratory acidosis results from: hypocapnia. hypoventilation. hyperventilation. hypoxia.

Answer 54

hypoventilation

Question 55

Which process of respiration relies on pressure gradients to move air in and out of the lungs? both pulmonary gas exchange and tissue gas exchange gas transport both gas transport and pulmonary ventilation pulmonary ventilation

Answer 55

pulmonary ventilation

Question 56

Central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to changes in __________. PCO2 PO2 hydrogen ion concentration hemoglobin concentration

Answer 56

PCO2

Question 57

What is typical of restrictive lung diseases? decreased efficiency of expiration increased vital capacity decreased alveolar surface tension decreased pulmonary compliance

Answer 57

decreased pulmonary compliance

Question 58

Which of the following diseases is characterized by loss of alveolar surface area __________. chronic bronchitis emphysema pulmonary embolism asthma

Answer 58

emphysema

Question 59

In what order does air inhaled through the nose travel, from superior to inferior? nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx

Answer 59

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 60

Gas exchange occurs in all of the following EXCEPT: alveolar ducts. terminal bronchioles. respiratory bronchioles. alveolar sacs.

Answer 60

terminal bronchioles.

Question 61

A patient is suffering from type II tracheomalacia, a rare disease in which the hyaline cartilage degenerates in the trachea. What consequences may this patient encounter? Difficulty in pushing food down into the stomach, as the trachea may impede the food from entering the stomach The collapse of the lungs The difficulty of inspiring air into the alveoli The decrease in lung compliance

Answer 61

The difficulty of inspiring air into the alveoli

Question 62

Compared to bronchi, bronchioles have __________. more mucus more smooth muscle more cartilage larger diameter

Answer 62

more smooth muscle

Question 63

What does Boyle's law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure? Pressure and volume will both increase as temperature and pressure increase. Pressure increases when volume decreases. Pressure and volume will both increase together or both decrease together. Pressure and volume will both decrease as temperature and pressure decrease.

Answer 63

Pressure increases when volume decreases

Question 64

What primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways? degree of alveolar surface tension diameter of the conducting zone passageways presence of surfactant elasticity of the lung tissues

Answer 64

diameter of the conducting zone passageways

Question 65

Alveolar surface tension determines lung compliance. True False

Answer 65

True

Question 66

There will be __________ carbon dioxide dissolved in water at a partial pressure of 45 mm Hg than at a partial pressure of 40 mm Hg. more less the same amount cannot be determined by the information given

Answer 66

more

Question 67

Which of the following determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? gas solubility in water partial pressure gradient molecular weight of the gas molecule temperature

Answer 67

partial pressure gradient

Question 68

The coupling of blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli is known as: Henry's law. Boyle's law. ventilation-perfusion matching. partial pressure.

Answer 68

ventilation-perfusion matching.

Question 69

Each of the following factors affects the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange EXCEPT: diameter of an alveolus. surface area of the respiratory membrane. partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries. thickness of the respiratory membrane.

Answer 69

diameter of an alveolus.

Question 70

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form: nitric acid. carbonic acid. hydrochloric acid. carbaminohemoglobin.

Answer 70

carbonic acid.

Question 71

An increase in blood PCO2 will cause __________. decrease in blood PO2 hypoventilation decrease in blood hydrogen ion concentration decrease in blood pH

Answer 71

decrease in blood pH

Question 72

The neurons that control the basic rhythm for breathing are located in the __________. pons DRG RPG VRG

Answer 72

RPG

Question 73

Cigarette smoke destroys the cilia of the respiratory epithelium. Why would this create a cough seen with chronic bronchitis? Cilia makes the mucus less viscous and must be relied upon coughing to loosen up the thick mucus. Mucus is no longer carried down into the alveolar space, so it must be coughed up. Coughing will allow mucus to expel, whereas the cilia could have increased surface area to absorb excess mucus buildup. Coughing decreases the diameter of the respiratory tract, thus allowing air pressure to expel out the mucus.

Answer 73

Coughing decreases the diameter of the respiratory tract, thus allowing air pressure to expel out the mucus.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?Considering the role of the chemoreceptor in the regulation of the respiration rate, the most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is: partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in venous blood. partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in arterial blood. partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in pulmonary capillaries. partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in systemic capillaries.

Answer 74

partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in arterial blood.

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract? pharynx trachea nose larynx

Answer 75

trachea

Question 76

What is part of the respiratory zone? nasal cavity alveoli nose trachea

Answer 76

alveoli

Question 77

The process of respiration that moves air into and out of the lungs is: pulmonary ventilation. pulmonary gas exchange. tissue gas exchange. gas transport.

Answer 77

pulmonary ventilation.

Question 78

Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the: upper respiratory tract. larynx. respiratory zone. conducting zone.

Answer 78

respiratory zone.

Question 79

Houses nasal conchae to enhance turbulence for filtering air alveoli nasal cavity pharynx bronchi bronchioles trachea larynx

Answer 79

nasal cavity

Question 80

Prevents food and liquid from entering the rest of the respiratory tract pharynx trachea larynx bronchioles nasal cavity alveoli bronchi

Answer 80

larynx

Question 81

The smallest airways of the bronchial tree alveoli trachea nasal cavity larynx bronchioles pharynx bronchi

Answer 81

bronchioles

Question 82

Simple squamous epithelium creates these air sacs bronchi larynx nasal cavity alveoli pharynx bronchioles trachea

Answer 82

alveoli

Question 83

Transports air from the larynx into the lower respiratory tract nasal cavity bronchioles alveoli pharynx trachea bronchi larynx

Answer 83

trachea

Question 84

The first branches of the trachea trachea bronchioles larynx bronchi nasal cavity alveoli pharynx

Answer 84

bronchi

Question 85

Carina is the last ring of this organ trachea bronchioles nasal cavity alveoli bronchi pharynx larynx

Answer 85

trachea

Question 86

Three regions are the naso-, oro-, and laryngo- pharynx alveoli nasal cavity larynx bronchi bronchioles trachea

Answer 86

pharynx

Question 87

What is the advantage of breathing through the nose rather than the mouth? The nose provides a site for initial gas exchange. The nose provides a more direct route over which air will travel. The nose is a less turbulent environment than the mouth. The nose warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air.

Answer 87

The nose warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air.

Question 88

What is the function of the goblet cells? secrete mucus detect odors maintain acid-base balance produce speech

Answer 88

secrete mucus

Question 89

The majority of the nasal cavity is lined with: simple cuboidal epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. transitional epithelium.

Answer 89

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Question 90

Which epithelium forms the alveoli? pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium

Answer 90

simple squamous epithelium

Question 91

What reduces friction around the lungs as they expand and contract? mucus surfactant pleural fluid synovial fluid

Answer 91

pleural fluid

Question 92

What does Boyle's law state about pressure and volume at a constant temperature and a constant pressure? Pressure and volume will both increase as temperature and pressure increase. Pressure and volume will both decrease as temperature and pressure decrease. Pressure increases when volume decreases. Pressure and volume will both increase together or both decrease together.

Answer 92

Pressure increases when volume decreases.

Question 93

What part of the following description is INCORRECT? Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to increased volume in the thoracic cavity and the lungs. The increase in volume leads to an increase in intrapulmonary pressure causing air to move into the lungs. Increased volume and decreased pressure cause air to leave the lungs, rather than enter the lungs. The relaxation, not contraction, of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to inhalation. The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to a decrease in volume, not an increase in volume. Increases in volume lead to a decrease in pressure, not an increase in pressure.

Answer 93

Increases in volume lead to a decrease in pressure, not an increase in pressure.

Question 94

What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure? burst collapse overinflation inhalation

Answer 94

collapse

Question 95

Predict what happens to air movement when atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg, intrapulmonary pressure is 758 mm Hg, and intrapleural pressure is 754 mm Hg. inhalation exhalation no air movement atelectasis

Answer 95

inhalation

Question 96

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is: greater than atmospheric pressure. less than intrapleural pressure. equal to atmospheric pressure. less than atmospheric pressure.

Answer 96

greater than atmospheric pressure.

Question 97

Which of the following is a factor on which expiration depends? decrease in intrapulmonary pressure increase in lung volume recoil of elastic tissue in the lungs contraction of expiratory muscles

Answer 97

recoil of elastic tissue in the lungs

Question 98

Surfactant helps prevent atelectasis by humidifying air before it enters the alveoli. True False

Answer 98

False

Question 99

Which law states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure? Dalton's law Henry's law Boyle's law Charles' law

Answer 99

Dalton's law

Question 100

Which of the following determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? partial pressure gradient molecular weight of the gas molecule gas solubility in water temperature

Answer 100

partial pressure gradient

Question 101

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood of pulmonary capillaries is approximately: 50 mm Hg. 45 mm Hg. 35 mm Hg. 70 mm Hg.

Answer 101

45 mm Hg.

Question 102

The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in a pulmonary capillary is about 40 mm Hg. Determine the partial pressure that will promote movement of oxygen into the pulmonary capillary from air in the alveolus. 35 mm Hg 18 mm Hg 104 mm Hg 40 mm Hg

Answer 102

104 mm Hg

Question 103

How is most oxygen transported in the blood? as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma as carbonic acid in the plasma bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 103

bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

Question 104

A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports: 8 molecules of oxygen. 4 molecules of oxygen. 1 molecule of oxygen. 2 molecules of oxyge

Answer 104

4 molecules of oxygen.

Question 105

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases with: increased body temperature. increased hydrogen ion concentration. decreased BPG (2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate). increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Answer 105

decreased BPG (2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate).

Question 106

What would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues? decreased temperature decreased pH decreased levels of BPG (2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate) decreased levels of PCO2

Answer 106

decreased pH

Question 107

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported: as carbaminohemoglobin. as carbonic acid. dissolved in plasma. as the bicarbonate ion.

Answer 107

as the bicarbonate ion.

Question 108

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form: carbonic acid. hydrochloric acid. carbaminohemoglobin. nitric acid.

Answer 108

carbonic acid.

Question 109

What is NOT true of the effects of hypoventilation? partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood increases blood pH decreases hydrogen ion concentration in the blood decreases carbonic acid concentration in the blood increases

Answer 109

hydrogen ion concentration in the blood decreases