My Vocabularies [TOEFL & GMAT] Flashcards
Everything I found on Toefl and GMAT practice test :) (247 cards)
1
Q
Derived
A
to receive or obtain from a source or origin (usually followed by from)
“A novel form of biodiesel is derived from an unusual feedstock”
2
Q
Interpretation
A
an explanation of the meaning of another’s artistic or creative work; an elucidation
“an interpretation of a poem”
3
Q
Constitution
A
the composition of something.
“the genetic constitution of a species”
a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.
“Those of us who worry about the constitution will face the precedent that this Government has established of being able to tinker with judges.”
4
Q
Legislation
A
the act of making or enacting laws.
“Inevitably, any legislation providing government health insurance will have consequences in these areas, too”
5
Q
Aspects
A
a way in which a thing may be viewed or regarded; interpretation; view
“Both aspects of a decision”
6
Q
Commission
A
An instuction, command, or duty given to a person or group of people.
“His commission to redesign the building”
Synonyms: Task, Employment, Job, Project, Mission, Assignment
A group of people officially charged with a paricular function.
“The United Nations High Commission for Refugees”
Synonyms: Committee, Board, Council
7
Q
Relevant
A
closely connected or appropriate to the matter at hand.
“The candidate’s experience is relevant to the job”
8
Q
Consequences
A
a result or effect of an action or condition.
“Many have been laid off from work as a consequence of the administration’s policies”
9
Q
Perceived
A
become aware or conscious of (something); come to realize or understand.
“His mouth fell open as he perceived the truth”
10
Q
Institute
A
a society or organization having a particular object or common factor, especially a scientific, educational, or social one.
“the Institute for Advanced Studies”
11
Q
Dominant
A
most important, powerful, or influential.
“They are now in an even more dominant position in the market”
12
Q
Deduction
A
the action of subtracting something.
“The dividend will be paid without deduction of tax”
13
Q
Reliance
A
dependence on or trust in someone or something.
“The farmer’s reliance on pesticides”
14
Q
Validity
A
the quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or cogency.
“One might question the validity of our data”
15
Q
Corresponding
A
similar in character, form, or function.
“We discussed our corresponding viewpoints”
16
Q
Circumstances
A
one’s state of financial or material welfare.
“The artists are living in reduced circumstances”
a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action.
“we wanted to marry but circumstances didn’t permit”
17
Q
Instance
A
an example or single occurrence of something.
“a serious instance of corruption”
18
Q
Considerable
A
rather large or great in size, distance, extent, etc.
“We took a considerable length of time to decide”
worthy of respect, attention, etc.; important; distinguished
“a considerable person”
19
Q
Contributions
A
a gift or payment to a common fund or collection.
“charitable contributions”
Synonyms: Donation, Gift, OFfering, Present
20
Q
Schemed
A
make plans, especially in a devious way or with intent to do something illegal or wrong.
“he schemed to bring about the collapse of the government”
a large-scale systematic plan or arrangement for attaining some particular object or putting a particular idea into effect.
“a clever marketing scheme”
21
Q
Emerged
A
move out of or away from something and come into view.
“Black ravens emerged from the fog”
22
Q
Hence
A
as a consequence; for this reason.
“a stiff breeze and hence a high windchill”
23
Q
Retain
A
continue to have (something); keep possession of.
“Built in 1830, the house retains many of its original features”
24
Q
Imposed
A
force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place.
“The decision was theirs and was not imposed on them by others”
take advantage of someone by demanding their attention or commitment.
“She realized that she had imposed on Miss Hatherby’s kindness”
25
**Ethnic**
of or relating to a population subgroup (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or cultural tradition.
"Leaders of **ethnic** communities"
"They are, instead, a subset of the country's citizens: those who belong to the **ethnic** Slav majority"
26
**Attributed**
regard something as being caused by (someone or something).
"He **attributed** the firm's success to the efforts of the managing director"
Sysnonyms: Ascribe to, Accredit to, Credit to
27
**Implication**
the conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated.
"The **implication** is that no one person at the bank is responsible"
28
**Resolution**
a firm decision to do or not to do something.
"She kept her **resolution** not to see Anne any more"
Synonyms: Intention, Decision, Intent, Aim, Plan, Commitment, Promise, Pledge
29
**Adequate**
satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.
"This office is perfectly **adequate** for my needs"
30
**Alter**
change or cause to change in character or composition, typically in a comparatively small but significant way.
"Eliot was persuaded to **alter** the passage"
31
**Precise**
marked by exactness and accuracy of expression or detail.
"**precise** directions"
32
**Pursued**
follow (someone or something) in order to catch or attack them.
"The officer **pursued** the van"
33
**Exposure**
the revelation of an identity or fact, especially one that is concealed or likely to arouse disapproval.
"She took her life for fear of **exposure** as a spy"
34
**Whereas**
in contrast or comparison with the fact that.
"you treat the matter lightly, **whereas** I myself was never more serious"
35
**Facilitate**
make (an action or process) easy or easier.
"Schools were located on the same campus to **facilitate** the sharing of resources"
36
**Amendment**
a minor change in a document.
"Had he been told about this, he would have made the necessary **amendments** to the sale documents to reflect that fact"
37
**Discretion**
the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation.
"It is up to local authorities to use their **discretion** in setting the charges"
38
**Subsidiary**
a company controlled by a holding company.
"Most public companies have a holding company and **subsidiaries**"
less important than but related or supplementary to.
"many environmentalists argue that the cause of animal rights is **subsidiary** to that of protecting the environment"
39
**Preceded**
```
come before (something) in time.
"a gun battle had **preceded** the explosions"
```
40
**Incentive**
a thing that motivates or encourages one to do something.
"There is no **incentive** for customers to conserve water"
41
**Inhibitions**
a feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to act in a relaxed and natural way.
"The children, at first shy, soon lost their **inhibitions**"
42
**Explicit**
stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt.
"The speaker's intentions were not made **explicit**"
Sysnonyms: Clear, Plain, Straightforward, Easily Understanable, Precise
43
**Rational**
based on or in accordance with reason or logic.
"I'm sure there's a perfectly **rational** explanation"
44
**Initiative**
the ability to assess and initiate things independently.
"use your **initiative**, imagination, and common sense"
45
**Disposal**
the action or process of throwing away or getting rid of something.
"The **disposal** of radioactive waste"
46
**Paradigm**
a typical example or pattern of something; a model.
"There is a new **paradigm** for public art in this country"
a set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles.
English determiners form a **paradigm**: we can say “a book” or “his book” but not “a his book.”
47
**Extracted**
remove or take out, especially by effort or force.
"The decayed tooth will have to be **extracted**"
"He **extracted** a completely personal meaning from what was said"
48
**Advocated**
publicly recommend or support.
"They **advocated** an ethical foreign policy"
49
**Comprehensive**
complete; including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something.
"A **comprehensive** list of sources"
50
**Empirical**
based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.
"They provided considerable **empirical** evidence to support their argument"
51
**Quotation**
a group of words taken from a text or speech and repeated by someone other than the original author or speaker.
"a **quotation** from Mark Twain"
52
**Contrary**
opposite in nature, direction, or meaning.
"He ignored **contrary** advice and agreed on the deal"
53
**Termination**
the action of bringing something or coming to an end.
"The **termination** of a contract"
54
**Arbitrary**
based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.
"His mealtimes were entirely **arbitrary**"
Synonyms: Capricious, Whimsical, Random, Chance, Unpredictable
55
**Exploitation**
the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work.
"The **exploitation** of migrant workers"
56
**Predominantly**
mainly; for the most part.
"It is **predominantly** a coastal bird"
57
**Thereby**
by that means; as a result of that.
"students perform in hospitals, **thereby** gaining a deeper awareness of the therapeutic power of music"
58
**Implicit**
implied though not plainly expressed.
"Comments seen as **implicit** criticism of the policies"
Synonyms: Implied, Hinted at, Suggested, Unspoken
with no qualification or question; absolute.
"An **implicit** faith in God"
Synonyms: Absolute, Complete, Total, Wholehearted, Utter
59
**Conformity**
compliance with standards, rules, or laws.
"**Conformity** to regulations"
60
**Contemporary**
Living or occurring at the same time.
"The event was recorded by a **contemporary** historian"
Belonging to or occuring in the present
"The tension and complexities of our **contemporary** society"
Synonyms: Fashionable, Modish, Latest, Recent, Up to date
61
**Fluctuations**
an irregular rising and falling in number or amount; a variation.
"**Fluctuations** in the yearly values could be caused by a variety of factors"
62
**Commodity**
a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.
"Exports of primary **commodities** and the import of finished products are not favorable for any country"
63
**Practitioner**
a person actively engaged in an art, discipline, or profession, especially medicine.
"Patients are treated by skilled **practitioners**"
64
**Radical**
advocating or based on thorough or complete political or social reform; representing or supporting an extreme section of a political party.
"a **radical** American activist"
65
**Prospect**
the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring.
"There was no **prospect** of a reconciliation"
"For potential investors, the **prospect** of enjoying cheap beer is far more appealing"
Synonyms: Likelihood, Hope, Expectation, Anticipation
66
**Induced**
succeed in persuading or influencing (someone) to do something.
"The pickets **induced** many workers to stay away"
67
**Commenced**
begin; start.
"Next month the guild will hold its Christmas party **commencing** at 1pm"
68
**Ceases**
bring or come to an end.
"The hostilities had **ceased** and normal life was resumed"
69
**Incompatible**
(of two things) so opposed in character as to be incapable of existing together.
"Cleverness and femininity were seen as **incompatible**"
70
**Concurrent**
existing, happening, or done at the same time.
"There are three **concurrent** art fairs around the city"
71
**Integral**
necessary to make a whole complete; essential or fundamental.
"Games are an **integral** part of the school's curriculum"
72
**Confine**
keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits of (space, scope, quantity, or time).
"He does not **confine** his message to politics"
"He was **confined** to a wheelchair and told that he would never walk again"
73
**Distorted**
pulled or twisted out of shape; contorted.
"Then he took a few steps in her direction, his face **distorted** with rage"
74
**Analogous**
comparable in certain respects, typically in a way that makes clearer the nature of the things compared.
"They saw the relationship between a ruler and his subjects as **analogous** to that of father and children"
75
**Diminish**
make or become less.
"A tax whose purpose is to **diminish** spending"
76
**Mediation**
intervention in a dispute in order to resolve it; arbitration.
"The parties have sought **mediation** and it has failed"
"The other side has consistently refused **mediation** , the logical solution"
77
**Inherent**
existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute.
"Any form of mountaineering has its **inherent** dangers"
78
**Albeit**
although
"He was making progress, **albeit** rather slowly."
79
**Reluctant**
unwilling and hesitant; disinclined
"She seemed **reluctant** to discuss the matter"
80
**Persistent**
continuing to exist or endure over a prolonged period.
"**Persistent** rain will affect many areas"
81
**Integrity**
adherence to moral and ethical principles
"A gentleman of complete **integrity**"
the state of being whole, entire, or undiminished.
"An alliance with Britain would offer no guarantees with regard to territorial **integrity** of the Netherlands in Europe"
a sound, unimpaired, or perfect contition
"Like system backups, **integrity** checking is an important component of a larger plan"
82
**Levy**
impose (a tax, fee, or fine).
"A new tax could be **levied** on industry to pay for cleaning up contaminated land"
83
**Prescient**
having or showing knowledge of events before they take place.
"A **prescient** warning"
"That prediction looks even more **prescient** since the surge in oil prices"
84
**Commend**
praise formally or officially.
"He was **commended** by the judge for his courageous actions"
entrust someone or something to.
"I **commend** them to your care"
85
**Confound**
cause surprise or confusion in (someone), especially by acting against their expectations.
"The inflation figure **confounded** economic analysts"
Synonyms: Amaze, Astonish, Dumbfound, Surprise, Stun
86
**Prominent**
important; famous.
"She was a **prominent** member of the city council"
87
**Malleable**
(of a metal or other material) able to be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking.
"Industrial and commercial fittings are made from galvanized steel, cast iron, or **malleable** steel"
88
**Contend**
struggle to surmount (a difficulty or danger).
"She had to **contend** with his uncertain temper"
Assert something as a position in an argument.
"He **contends** that the judge was wrong"
89
**Reconcile**
restore friendly relations between.
"She wanted to be **reconciled** with her father"
90
**Suffrage**
the right to vote in political elections.
"General elections with universal adult **suffrage** were held in April 1965, with several political parties represented"
91
**Assert**
state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully.
"The company **asserts** that the cuts will not affect development"
92
**Desolate**
(of a place) deserted of people and in a state of bleak and dismal emptiness.
"A treeless, **desolate** landscape"
"Although Herbert becomes **desolate**, he never despairs"
93
**Presumably**
used to convey that what is asserted is very likely though not known for certain.
"The Yakima Indians **presumably** came from Asia by way of the Bering Strait"
Synonyms: Expect, Assume, Suppose, Imagine
94
**Resurgence**
an increase or revival after a period of little activity, popularity, or occurrence.
"A **resurgence** of interest in religion"
Synonyms: Renewal, Revival, Recovery, Comeback, Resurrection, Reawakening
95
**Thorough**
complete with regard to every detail; not superficial or partial.
"Planners need a **thorough** understanding of the subject"
96
**Markedly**
to an extent that is clearly noticeable; significantly.
"New diagnoses have increased **markedly** since 1998"
97
**Pragmatic**
dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations.
"As I read history, most of the founders were sensible and **pragmatic** men rather than visionary idealists."
Synonyms: Practical, Matter of Fact, Sensible, Commonsensical
98
**Rigorous**
extremely thorough, exhaustive, or accurate.
"The **rigorous** testing of consumer products"
Synonyms: Meticulous, Conscientious, Punctilious, Careful, Diligent, Attentive
99
**Converge**
(of several people or things) come together from different directions so as eventually to meet.
"Sometimes Asian performance art and body art **converge** with developments in the West"
"The three lines **converge** in a single point, which presumably corresponds to the present moment"
100
**Artiticulate**
express (an idea or feeling) fluently and coherently.
"They were unable to **articulate** their emotions"
"Elementary-school children may more directly **articulate** their feelings of sadness or anger about a parent's departure"
Synonyms: Eloquent, Fluent, Persuasive, Lucid, Communicate, State
101
**Multivalent**
having or susceptible to many applications, interpretations, meanings, or values.
"Even in its own terms Islam is and has always been **multivalent**"
"In general, desorption of supported membranes is hard to control if **multivalent** interaction sites have to be broken"
102
**Debunk**
expose the falseness or hollowness of (a myth, idea, or belief).
"The magazine that **debunks** claims of the paranormal"
Synonyms: Explode, Deflate, Quash, Discredit, Disprove, Contradict, Controvert
103
**Benign**
gentle; kindly.
"Her face was calm and **benign**"
(of a disease) not harmful in effect: in particular, (of a tumor) not malignant.
"In actual fact, for the vast majority of cases, the childhood infectious diseases are **benign** and self-limiting"
104
**Deprive**
deny (a person or place) the possession or use of something.
"The city was **deprived** of its water supplies"
"You are **deprived** of love and affection from your family"
105
**Compel**
force or oblige (someone) to do something.
"A sense of duty **compelled** Harry to answer her questions"
"Liz suddenly felt a strange force **compelling** her to return to bed"
Synonyms: Force, Pressure, Push, Urge, Intimidate
106
**Vicinities**
the area near or surrounding a particular place.
"After 1660, vines were planted in Kursk, Tambov, and in the **vicinities** of Tula and Moscow."
Synonyms: Neighborhood, Surrounding, Area, Locality, District
107
**Urbane**
(of a person, especially a man) suave, courteous, and refined in manner.
"Cary Grant, you will remember, was the sophisticated, **urbane** Englishman"
"He replied **urbanely** , ‘I like to look out for the interests of my friends'"
Synonyms: Suave, Sophisticated, Worldly, Cultivated, Civilized, Culture
108
**Consensus**
general agreement.
"A **consensus** of opinion among judges"
109
**Counterpart**
a person or thing holding a position or performing a function that corresponds to that of another person or thing in another place.
"the minister held talks with his French **counterpart**"
Synonyms: Equivalent, Peer, Parallel
110
**Depict**
show or represent by a drawing, painting, or other art form.
## Footnote
"THe four-metre wide painting **depicts** a typical Lowry scene of Victorian life in a northern cotton town"
"Factorty workers are **depicted as** work-shy and devious company directors as unscrupulous"
Synonyms: Portray, Represent, Picture, Illustrate
111
**Impeccable**
in accordance with the highest standards of propriety; faultless
## Footnote
"I have chosen it because of the **impeccable** reputation of the journalists concerned"
"The piano and string arrangements are uniformly excellent and **impeccably** recorded"
Synonyms: Flawless, Faultless, Spotless
112
**Monetary**
relating to money or currency
## Footnote
"Documents with little or no **monetary** value"
"The company wants an injunction and is currently investigating **monetary** damages
Synonyms: Money, Financial, Fiscal
113
**Coincidence**
a remarkable concurrence of events or circumstances without appearent causal connection
## Footnote
"By **coincidence**, he lived in my same building where i had just bought an apartment"
"It's no **coincidence** that this new burst of innovation has occured in the free nations"
Synonyms: Accident, Co-occurrence
114
**Shortcoming**
a fault or failure to meet a certain standard, typically in a person's character, a plan, or a system
## Footnote
"Unless we are prepared to accept our **shortcomings**, we will never improve our condition"
"The internet is showing real **shortcomings**, as users increase and applications diversify"
Synonyms: Defect, Fault, Flaw, Imperfection
115
**Conflate**
combine (text, idea, etc) into on
## Footnote
"The urban crisis **conflates** a number of different economic and social issues"
"She **conflates** ideas associated with the French revolution with contemporary American life"
Synonyms: Mix, Blend, Fuse, Unite, Integrate
116
**Sparse**
thinly dispersed or scattered
## Footnote
"I only use an eyebrow pencil to fill in my **sparse** eyebrows"
"At an average height of 5,000 metres above sea level, Tibet is **sparsely** populated"
117
**Subtle**
so delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe
## Footnote
"The change are so **subtle** that they are difficult to apprehend and you cannot be certain that this is the case"
"They would prefer more **subtle** methods of signaling unhappiness with a stock"
Synonyms: Fine
118
**Deteriorate**
become progressively worse
## Footnote
"Relations between the countries had **deteriorated** sharply"
"Eyesight **deteriorates** with age, making it difficult to focus on small print"
Synonyms: Decline
119
**Thrive**
grow or develop well or vigorously
## Footnote
"Barn owls **thrive** in and around human settlements in villages, towns and cities"
"The fanatics who buy into the al-Qaeda ideology **thrive** on anger and hate"
Synonyms: expand
120
**Herbivores**
an animal that feeds on plant
## Footnote
"The natural world requires a balance of carnivores, omnivores and **herbivores**"
121
**Latter**
occurring nearer to the end of something than to the beginning
## Footnote
"The **latter** half of 1989"
"THe Russians could advance into either Germany or Austria - they chose the **latter** option"
122
**Suburbs**
an outlying district of a city, especially a residential one
## Footnote
"The subjects come from a variety of backgrounds from inner city ghettoes to upmarket **suburbs**"
"We did much better in the inner city than in the **suburbs** and the countryside"
123
**Recreational**
relating to activity done for enjoyment when one is not working
## Footnote
"Initially, children had no access to **recreational** facilities, not even balls"
"For the last forty years, attiudes towards **recreational** drug use have steadily been relaxing"
124
**Inadvertent**
not resulting from deliberate planning
## Footnote
"An **inadvertent** administrative error occurred that resulted in an overpayment"
Synonyms: Unintentional
125
**Compelling**
evoking interest in a powerfully irresistible way
## Footnote
"Their secret courage has inspired a **compelling** new movie"
"The arguments are constructive with **compelling** evidence to support the claims"
Synonyms: Captivating
126
**Terrestrial**
relating to the earth
## Footnote
"Increased ultraviolet radiation may disrupt **terrestrial** ecosystems"
"Ranunculus repens is a **terrestrial** plant that thrives in damp habitats"
127
**Controversy**
disagreement, typically when prolonged, public, and heated
## Footnote
"He sometimes caused **controversy** because of his forceful views"
"The announcement ended a protracted **controversy**"
Synonyms: Dispute
128
**Vertebrates**
an animal possess a backbone or spinal column (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes)
## Footnote
"The limbs of tetrapod **vertebrates** evolved from fins, with the digits as a novel feature"
129
**Excrete**
(of a living organism) separate and expel as waste
## Footnote
"Excess bicarbonate is **excreted** by the kidney"
"When it drinks seawater, the animal **excretes** salt though the tears, which are simply a concentrated salt solution"
Synonyms: Expel, Discharge
130
**Renal**
relating to the kidneys
## Footnote
"The number of people who develop and stage **renal** failure and require **renal** replacement therapy is ever increasing"
131
**Prefigure**
be an early version of (something)
## Footnote
"Indeed, the **prefigurative** approach embraced by Kovel is an essential step forward"
"Some panels clearly **prefigure** his style in later comic like Sin City"
132
**Temperance**
moderation or self-restraint in action or statement
## Footnote
"Dietary **temperance** was a way to health"
133
**Enlist**
```
to enter in some cause, enterprise, etc;
to secure (a person, service) for some cause, enterprise, etc
```
## Footnote
"They plan to **enlist** the support and cooperation of scientific organizations around the world"
"He **enlists** the help of local police in a search for the thieves"
"In 1914 Gaudier **enlisted** in the French army and he was killed in action"
134
**Devise**
plan or invent a comples procedure, system, or mechanism by careful thought.
## Footnote
"Riley **devised** a system for making a piece of music based on 53 small melodic cells"
"We have found the report useful in **devising** the guidelines"
135
**Conceive**
form or devise (a plan or idea) in the mind
## Footnote
"The dam project was originally **conceived** in 1977"
"The landowner instantly **conceives** a dislike of the dog and demands that she be gotten rid of"
Synonyms: Think up
136
**Allude**
suggest or call attention to indirectly; hint at
## Footnote
"She had a way of **alluding** to Jean but never saying her name"
"Vampires in particular were a great excuse for Victorian writers to **allude** to sexuality, which they could not mention in any other way"
Synonyms: Refer to
137
**Outmoded**
old-fashioned
## Footnote
"Many organizations fail to disband **outmoded** process"
"It would have forced us to re-vamp our **outmoded** taxation system"
Synonyms: Outdated
138
**Deem**
regard or consider in a specified way
## Footnote
"The event was **deemed** a great success"
"The notice states that the country council **deems** the building to be unsage"
139
**Speculation**
the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidenc
## Footnote
"The profitability of the trade has given rise to **speculation** that money from wildlife is financing terrorist activities"
"There has been widespread **speculation** that he plans to quit"
140
**Divulge**
make known (private or sensitive information)
## Footnote
"I am too much of a gentleman to **divulge**"
"These firms are not allowed to **divulge** any information without either your permission or that of a spouse"
Synonyms: Disclose, Reveal
141
**Stringent**
strict, precis, and exacting
## Footnote
"California's air pollution guidelines are **stringent**"
"Their produce must be processed under the most **stringent** conditions by well-trained staff"
Synonyms: Rigid, Firm
142
**Commensurate**
corresponding in size or degree; in proportion
## Footnote
"Salary will be **commensurate** with experience"
"The sample size is **commensurate** with related studies reported in the literature"
Synonyms: Equivalent
143
**Incur**
become subject to (something unwelcome or unpleasant) as a result of one's own actions
## Footnote
"The colleges concerned have to **incur** extra expense and inconvenience"
"You will unfortunately **incur** interest charges if you do not pay this tax on time"
"He is pitched off, **incurring** a painful knee injury that puts paid to his cycling the following day"
144
**Violate**
break or fail to comply with a rule
## Footnote
"They **violated** the terms of a ceasefire"
"All three husbands had been drunk when they **violated** their wives"
145
**Engrave**
cut or carve (a text or design) on the surface of a hard object
## Footnote
"My name was **engraved** on the ring"
"For a more elegant look, these **engraved** glasses will do the trick"
146
**Tenet**
a principle or belief of a religion or philosophy
## Footnote
"He outlines brilliantly the basic **tenets** of Conservatism"
"One of the **tenets** of Christianity is forgiveness"
Synonyms: Doctrine
147
**Deliberate**
done consciously and intentionally
## Footnote
"A **deliberate** attempt to provoke conflict"
148
**Grievances**
cause for complaint or protest, especially unfair treatment
## Footnote
"Students who took part in the protest over the poor educational facilities at this campus, aired their **grievances** with the Waterford News & Star"
Synonyms : Injustice
149
**Underwent**
experience or be subjected to (something, typically unpleasant)
## Footnote
"The baby **underwent** a life-saving brain operation"
Synonyms: Experience, Undertake
150
**Dismiss**
order or allow to leave
## Footnote
"She **dismissed** the taxi at the corner of the road"
Synonyms: Send away
151
**Clerical**
(of a job or person) relating to work in an office, especially routine documentation and administrative tasks
## Footnote
"Temps are always needed for **clerical** work"
Synonyms: Office
152
**Accrete**
grow by accumulation
## Footnote
"The gas will cool and then **accrete** to the galaxy's core"
"Even busy surgeons may take a long time to **accrete** enough performance data to allow valid comparison with their peers"
153
**Saline**
containing or impregnated with salt
## Footnote
"Wine from vineyards with **saline** soils may contain elevated levels of salt"
"Sediments from this locality yield a mixed freshwater and **saline** fauna"
154
**Consummate**
showing a high degree of skill and flair; complete or perfect
## Footnote
"She dressed with **consummate** elegance"
"The web began to be used to promote and **consummate** business and consumer transactions"
Synonyms: Supreme
155
**Profess**
claim openly but often falsely that one has (quality or feeling)
## Footnote
"He had **professed** his love for her"
Synonyms: Declare, Announce, Proclaim
156
**Divest**
deprive (someone) of power, rights, or possessions
## Footnote
"Man are unlikely to be **divested** of power without a struggle"
"It was time to retire, so he began to **divest** himself of his businesses"
Synonyms: Derive of, Strip of
157
**Expend**
spend or use up
## Footnote
"He was too weak to move very much, **expending** any energy he had trying to breathe"
"Winning is all for the chess player, who **expends** enormous energy in each game he plays"
Synonyms: Spend, Pay out
158
**Derivative**
imitative of the work of another person
## Footnote
"The hull is a new design rather than a **derivative** of an older system"
"Her name was a **derivative** of the frence word for 'friend'"
Synonyms: Imitative, Unoriginal
159
**Dislodge**
knock or force out of position
## Footnote
"The hoofs of their horses **dislodged** loose stones"
"Government opponents failed to **dislodge** the prime minister"
Synonyms: Remove
160
**Locomotion**
movement or the ability to move from one place to another
## Footnote
"Higher-level control of **locomotion** seems to be more important for humans that for cats"
"These life forms most likely have sppendages for the purpose of **locomotion**"
Synonyms: Movement, Travel
161
**Emancipate**
set free, especially from legal, social, or political restrictions
## Footnote
"Slaves were **emancipated** in 1863, but more than a century passed before the Voting Rights Act became law"
Synonyms: Liberate
162
**Segregation**
the action of setting something apart from other
## Footnote
"The importance of the relationship between racial **segregation** and poverty"
Synonyms: Separatism
163
**Chores**
a routine task, especially a household one
## Footnote
"Many months passed and the guru and his disciples peacefully went about their routine **chores**"
"More people that ever before have someone to do their household **chores** for them"
164
**Hoary**
ancient or venerable
## Footnote
"The endangered Hawaiian **hoary** bat also roosts there"
"To argue that the legal ownership of firearms by the citizens are a source for criminals is a **hoary** old story that has been disproved over hundreds of years"
165
**Purview**
Scope of concerns of something
## Footnote
"Every human action takes place within the **purview** of moral judgment"
"It is not within the **purview** of the legal system to help us grieve"
166
**Beckon**
mak a gesture with the hand, arm, or head to encourage someone to come nearer or follow
## Footnote
"Miranda **beckoned** to Adam"
167
**Perpetuate**
make something continue indefinitely
## Footnote
"The effect of its rate rise will be to **perpetuate** global economic imbalances"
"Every year, parents continue to **perpetuate** the myth of Santa Claus"
Synonyms: Keep Going, Preserve
168
**Citation**
a quotation from or reference to a book, or author, especially in a scholarly work
## Footnote
"Recognition through **citation** is one of the principal rewards in science"
"The full **citation** of the award is printed following this list of prizes"
Synonyms: Quotation
169
**Juxtapose**
place or deal with close together for contrasting effect
## Footnote
"Black-and white photos of slums were starkly **juxtaposed** with color images"
"She divides their stories into helpfully labeled chapters that **juxtapose** their stories at each stage"
Synonyms: Compare
170
**Procreate**
(of people or animals) produce young; reproduce
## Footnote
"Even animals have their mates, although some just **procreate** and leave"
171
**Childbearing**
the process of giving birth to children
## Footnote
"Women of **childbearing** age should take folic acid daily"
"All participants of **childbearing** potential were required to use birth control"
172
**Conventional**
based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed
## Footnote
"a **conventional** morality had dictated behavior"
"The air force ended the Cold War with a substantial stockpile of **conventional** weapons"
Synonyms: Traditional
173
**Primordial**
existing at or from the beginning of time
## Footnote
"Water access is so **primordial**, the United Nations already recognizes it as a fundamental human right"
"That verse describes the initial conditions of **primordial** Earth: its surface was dark, covered with water, empty of life, and unfit for life"
Synonyms: Prehistolic, First
174
**Consortiums**
an association, typically of several business companies
## Footnote
"The evaluations will be undertaken by **consortia** of acaemic criminologists"
"For the first time, we're seeing **consortiums** of competitors come together to work toward eliminating complexity"
Synonyms: Alliance
175
**Esteem**
respect and admiration, typically for a person
## Footnote
"He was held in high **esteem** by colleagues"
"At least in the short term, he says, Washington reporters enjoyed a surge in public **esteem** as they covered the crisis"
Synonyms: Acclaim
176
**Contigent**
Subject to change
"The **contingent** nature of the job"
dependent on
"Resolution of the conflict was **contingent** on the signing of a ceasefire agreement"
a group of people united by some common feature
"A **contigent** of Japanese buinessman attending a conference"
177
**Abdicate**
renounce
## Footnote
"In 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm **abdicated** as German emperor"
"If we **abdicate** our roles as adults, it will be media and peers that educate our kids"
178
**Harness**
to bring under conditions for effective use; gain control over for aparticular end
## Footnote
"He will have made a machine that can **harness** the energy of the ocean's tides"
"Once in place they will **harness** the wind's energy and produce enough electricity to power over 500 homes"
Synonyms: Utilize
179
**Reap**
cut or gather (a crop or harvast)
## Footnote
"Large numbers of men were employed to **reap** the harvest"
"The company is poised to **reap** the benefits of this investment"
180
**Confer**
have discussions; exchange opinions
"The officials were **conferring** with allies"
Grant or bestow (a title, degree, benefit, or right)
"The ceremony in which SFU will **confer** the honorary degrees, will be held on the last day of the Dalai Lama's visit"
181
**Ordinance**
a piece of legislation enacted by a municipal authority
## Footnote
"A city **ordinance** banned smoking in nearly all types of restaurants"
Synonyms : Rule
182
**Marginally**
to only a limited extent; slightly
## Footnote
"For the first quarter, both teams were all over the place, and for the last they were only **marginally** more composed"
"They may be **marginally** different because they can still hold the traditonal ideals"
183
**Spate**
a large number of similar thing or events appearing or occurring in quick succession
## Footnote
"Of the sudden **spate** of mother-daughter movies only one contains any real surprises"
"A **spate** of viruses could force carriers to beef up their customer support staffs, which would drive up prices for all users"
Synonyms : Flood
184
**Mishap**
An unlucky accident
## Footnote
"The learning curve was steep, and there were occasional **mishaps**"
"The event passed without **mishap**"
185
**Underwrite**
sign and accept liability under (an insureance policy), thus guaranteeng payment in case loss or damage occurs.
## Footnote
"Some are insureance policies, **underwritten** by insurers; whereas others are written as service contracts in order to avoid insurance premium tax"
"The foundation agreed to **underwrite** a trial seminar, which was duly planned for the following summer"
Synonyms : Guarantee
186
**Squeeze**
an act of pressing something with one's finger
"Kate **squeezed** his hand affectionately"
manage to get into or through a narrow or restricted space
"I'd thought here was my chance to **squeeze** some money from Sullivan"
"I managed to **squeeze** through and get down the stairs"
187
**Unwieldy**
difficult to carry or move because of its size, shape, or weight
## Footnote
"The first mechanical clocks were large and **unwieldy**"
"He soon realise that big organisations are **unwieldy**"
Synonyms: Cumbersome
188
**Swell**
become larger in size, typically as a result of an accumulation of fluid
## Footnote
"Her bruised knee was already **swelling** up"
Synonyms: Expand
189
**Alleviate**
make problem less severe
## Footnote
"He couldn't prevent her pain, only **alleviate** it"
Synonyms: Reduce
190
**Residue**
a small amount of something tha remains after the main part has gone or been taken or used.
## Footnote
"Even when canned vegetables are rinsed small amounts of the **residue** remain"
"The **residue** of the estate was divided equally among the cousins"
Synonyms: Remainder
191
**Rinse**
wash with clean water to remove soap, dirt, or impurities
## Footnote
"I gave my hands a quick **rinse**"
"After a quick **rinse** in the sink, he stuck the dirty dishes in the dishwasher"
192
**Cumbersome**
large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry or use; unwieldy
## Footnote
"Now, tax saving is set to become a less **cumbersome** process"
"Considering the wealth of knowledge, one can forgive the fact that the book is huge and **cumbersome** to carry around"
193
**Disparity**
a great difference
## Footnote
"Income and standards of living **disparities** in different regions of the country have become a growing problem"
"His shots do help demonstrate the **disparity** between different films"
Synonyms: Discrepancy, Inconsistency
194
**Accrue**
be received by someone in regular or increasing amounts over time
## Footnote
"Significant saving could **accrue** from reduced personnel costs, a sizable contributor to operation and support costs."
Synonyms: Result from
195
**Vicious**
deliberately cruel or violent
## Footnote
"I would like to warn cat owners about a **vicious** dog in the Long Ditton area"
"As aggressive as enemy soldiers in the 'Great War', the flu proved a **vicious** killer"
Synonyms: Brutal, Ferocious
196
**Subscriber**
a person who receives a publication regularly by paying in advance
## Footnote
"I have been a **subscriber** to your magazine for many years"
"The complete list of topics is available for **subscribers** at www.InfoPOEMs.com"
Synonyms: (Regular) Reader, Member
197
**Mandate**
an official order or commission to do something
## Footnote
"The Human Rights Commission has the **mandate** to receive and investigate allegations of discrimination"
"Current Army requirements **mandate** change in order to move into the future"
Synonyms: Instruction, Directive
198
**Acreage**
an area of land, typically when used for agricultural purposes, but not necessarily measured in acres
## Footnote
"When our planted **acreage** had increased to about 7 acres we began looking for our own farm"
"Eastern thornless blackberries have increased in price and **acreage** in Ohio in recent years"
Synonyms: Land area
199
**Expenditure**
the action of spending funds
## Footnote
"The company spent less than 20 percent of capital **expenditure** on advertising and marketing"
"Work is the **expenditure** of energy"
Synonyms: Spending, Paying out
200
**Impair**
weaken or damage something (especially a human faculty or function)
## Footnote
"A noisy job could permanently **impair** their hearing"
Synonyms: Harm, Diminish
201
**Tenure**
give (someone) a permanent post
## Footnote
"Harris' **tenure** as Ontario Premier has seen many successes, but has not been without controversy"
"He was subsequently promoted to the rank of associate progessor and granted **tenure**"
202
**Kinship**
blood relationship
## Footnote
"He does not feel a **kinship** with the countries of his forebears"
"Patterns of traditional **kinship** still shape the social conventions of family life"
203
**Debt**
something, typically money, that is owed or due
## Footnote
"I owe a tremendous **debt** of gratitude to those past winners who have truly inspired me"
"We own them a **debt** of thanks"
204
**Collateral**
something pledged as security for repayment of a loan, to be forfeited in the event of a default
"Those who do not want to sell the land to the government are free to do what they want with it, such as using the land as **collateral** for bank loans
additional but subordinate; secondary
"To ensure the proper result with little or no unintended **collateral** effects, we need greater precision with speed"
205
**Amnesty**
grant an official pardon to
## Footnote
"The new law granted **amnesty** to those who illegally left the country"
"The month-long **amnesty** is being held to encourage people to hand in any illegally held firearms and ammunition without fear of prosecution"
206
**Oversight**
an unintentional failure to notice or do something
"He said his failure to pay for the tickets was an **oversight**"
the action of overseeing something
"The need was not for more case management, but for **oversight** of existing agencies"
207
**Delinquent**
showing a tendency to commit crime, particularly minor crime
## Footnote
"The loan officer agreed to extend the **delinquent**'s due date and offered him an additional $250,000 to get through the rough times"
"As that happens, you'll see more companies trolling through tax records, looking for **delinquent** homeowners to exploit"
Synonyms: Lawbreaking, Criminal, Errant
208
**Depart**
leave, typically in order to start a journey
## Footnote
"They **departed** for Germany"
"In the former case the bank was held liable because it had **departed from** the very stringent practice prescribed in its own manual"
Synonyms: Leave
209
**Elucidate**
Make (something) clear, explain
## Footnote
"Live-actoin movies **elucidate** concepts such as cloning, vaccination and forensics"
"Having grabbed the attention he then used the interview to **elucidate** the argument"
Synonym : illuminate
210
**Underlie**
lie or be situated under (something)
## Footnote
"Perhaps that is the conflict that **underlies** his and my shared anger"
"The rock **underlying** the ruins was limestone and, as a result, the soil was thin and dry"
211
**Incline**
have a tendency to do something
"She's **inclined** to gossip with complete strangers"
a slpoe, especially on a road or railway
"The road climbs a long **incline** through a forest"
212
**Arbitrate**
reach an authoritative judgment or settlement
## Footnote
"The board has the power to **arbitrate** in disputes"
"It set up a commission to **arbitrate** border tensions"
Synonyms: Adjudicate, Judge
213
**Panel**
a small group of people brought together to discuss, investigate, or dicide on a particular matter
## Footnote
"We assembled a **panel** of experts"
"I wait to hear the first **panel** of potential jurors being called to a courtroom"
Synonyms: Group, Team, Committee
214
**Immutable**
unchanging over time or unable to be changed
## Footnote
"An **immutable** fact"
"In nature nothing is **immutable** and change is the rule not the exception"
Synonyms: Fixed, Rigid, Permanent
215
**Posthumous**
occurring, awarded, or appearing after the death of the originator
## Footnote
"He was awarded a **posthumous** Military Cross"
"Her renown grew steadily after that, a large, **posthumous** retrospective of her work appearing at the Modern in 1972"
216
**Sedentary**
tending to spend much time seated; somewhat inactive
## Footnote
"Bad eating habits and **sedentary** lifestyle play a role in the onset of diabetes"
"The fish that were **sedentary** during the summer inhabited the deepest holes of the river"
217
**Propel**
drive, push, or cause to move in a particular direction
## Footnote
"The boat is **propelled** by using a very long paddle"
"I use the last amount of my remaining strength to **propel** myself upward"
218
**Displace**
take over the place, position, or role of (someone or something)
## Footnote
"In the northern states of India, Hindi has largely **displaced** English"
"It was unsettling that a newbie to the school could **displace** him so easily"
Synonyms: Dislodge, Replace
219
**Quarry**
extract (stone or other materials)
## Footnote
"It is clear that Wilfred's builders made no effort to **quarry** fresh stone for this edifice"
220
**Aggregate**
form or group into a class or cluster
## Footnote
"The butterflies **aggregate** in dense groups"
"THe **aggregate** amout of these claims was approximately $5,165,000"
221
**Bilateral**
having or relating to two sides; affecting both sides
## Footnote
"Both governments are hailing this **bilateral** agreement as an alternative to the WTO"
"The two sides held **bilateral** talks on the sidelines but failed to make any progress"
222
**Extensive**
covering or affecting a large area
## Footnote
"The action group undertook an **extensive** survey which was completed in five days"
"The second bedroom features a door to the garden and **extensive** built-in wardrobes"
Synonyms: Large-scale
223
**Chronicles**
a factual written account of important or historical events in the order of their occurrence
## Footnote
"His work **chronicles** 20th-century displacement and migration"
"Through photographs each family constructs a portrait **chronicle** of itself"
Synonyms: Recod
224
**Dispense**
distribute or provide (a service or information) to a number of people
## Footnote
"The machines **dispense** a range of drinks"
"We look to the media to **dispense** information to help us make our choices"
Synonyms: Hand out, Distribute
225
**Proprietary**
relating to an ownership
## Footnote
"There is no **proprietary** right over flowing waters"
"Acknowledging the need for corporate support of research, he worried that **proprietary** interests are hindering science in important ways"
Synonyms: Copyrighted
226
**Entail**
involve (something) as a nescessary or inevitable part or consequence
## Footnote
"A situation that **entails** considerable risks"
"The new system of logistic support for the Navy will inevitably **entail** considerable changes in the organizational and staff structure of bases and depots"
Synonyms: Necessitate, Require, Involve
227
**Inconsiderate**
thoughtlessly causing hurt or inconvenience to others.
## Footnote
"It's **inconsiderate** of her to go away without telling us"
"Play the songs so loud that it is **inconsiderate** to my neighbours"
Synonyms: Insensitive, Unsympathetic
228
**Preceptor**
a teacher or instructor
## Footnote
"Ideally, the **preceptor** fosters an open learning environment"
"Many career centers facilitate establishment of internships and **preceptorships**"
229
**Condolence**
an expression of sympathy, especially on the occasopn of a death.
## Footnote
"This was a tragic event and we offer them our sincere **condolences**"
"Midgley sent his **condolences** and sympathy to the family of the dead infant"
230
**Dismount**
remove (something) from its support
## Footnote
"We have to **dismount** the pump"
"Scouts are able to **dismount** all of the surveillance equipment form the vehicle for use in an observation post or for training"
alight from a horse, bicycle, or other thing that one is riding
"The plane landed and we began to **dismount** the plane"
"If this is happens to you, **dismount** your bike and walk throuhg the area to avoid the risk of falls"
231
**Snatch**
quickly seize (something) in a rude or eager way
## Footnote
"She **snatched** a cookie from the plate"
"The chance to **snatch** victory in the end was lost by Carlow Town as a shot for goal went narrowly wide"
Synonyms: Grab, Seize
232
**Deafen**
cause (someone) to lose the power of hearing permanently or temporarily
## Footnote
"We were **deafened** by the explosion"
233
**Indulge**
allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of
## Footnote
"A luxury service used to **indulge** the chief executive"
"I love movies where the plot is just driven on dialogue, so this move **indulged** me"
234
**Sluggish**
slow-moving or inactive
## Footnote
"The flow in the Ilam Stream has tended to become very **sluggish** in dry seasons"
"The prolonged **sluggish** economy has slowed the agency's debt restructuring talks with the companies with which it holds the loans"
235
**Permeable**
allowing liquids or gases to pass through it.
## Footnote
"A frog's skin is **permeable** to water"
"Latex gloves are **permeable** to chemicals, so nitrile gloves are your best choice"
236
**Intersperse**
scatter among or between other things; place here and there
## Footnote
"The games are **interspersed** with recorded stories and songs"
"The green shapes were **interspersed** with a smaller number of blue shapes"
237
**Overshadow**
appear much more prominent or important than.
## Footnote
"Unintended negative consequences can be so significant as to **overshadow** the positive benefits of a plan"
"So engaging was she that she **overshadowed** the male lead"
238
**Replenish**
# fill (something) up again
"The school library was **replenished** every couple of years when boxes of second-hand books arrived"
"He **replenished** Justin's glass with mineral water"
"All creatures need sleep to **replenish** their energies"
fill (something) up again.
he replenished Justin's glass with mineral water
all creatures need sleep to replenish their energies
The school library was replenished every couple of years when boxes of second-hand books collected by students in Ireland arrived.
239
**Opt**
Make a choice from a range of possibilities
"Consumers will **opt** for low-priced goods"
"Fewer students than ever are **opting** to study maths at a higher level"
Synonyms: Choose, Select
240
**Persecute**
subject (someone) to hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of their race or political religious beliefs
## Footnote
"His followers were **persecuted** by the authorities"
"The Jews - among other minorities - were **persecuted** by the Nazis"
Synonyms: Oppress, Abuse
241
**Devoid**
entirely lacking or free from
## Footnote
"Lisa kept her voice **devoid** of emotion"
"Near the Gulf of Mexico is a giant dead zone **devoid** of fish and other aqutic life"
242
**Substantiate**
provide evidence to support or prove the truth of
## Footnote
"Scientific tests at the American trials found no evidence to **substantiate** claims of improved performace"
"This utilitarian consideration is arguably unfair and disrespectful of persons, and needs further factual **substantiation**"
243
**Preference**
a greater liking for one alternative over another or others
## Footnote
"He chose a clck in **preference** to a watch"
"The researchers also believe there is a genetic correlation between a **preference** for alcohol and a taste for sweets"
Synonyms: Favorite, Priority
244
**Garner**
gather or collect (especially information or approval)
## Footnote
"The police struggled to **garner** sufficient evidence"
"The film was given a special screening at this year's Cannes Film Festival, **garnering** much praise"
245
**Reside**
have one's permanent home in a particular place
## Footnote
"People who work in the city actually **reside** in neighboring towns"
"The paintings now **reside** on the walls of a restaurant"
"Copyright will **reside** with the author"
246
**Liken**
point out the resemblance of someone or something to
## Footnote
"They **likened** the reigning emperor to a god"
"She **likens** her piees to miniature abstract paintings - each one is an individual"
Synonyms: Equate, Compare
247
**Delusion**
an idiosyncratic belief or impression that is firmly maintained despite being contradicted by what is generally accepted as reality or rational argument, typically a symptom of mental disorder
## Footnote
"The **delusion** of being watched"
"If they don't think their health care plan isn't going to be an issue, they're **delusional**"
Synonyms: Misconception, Misunderstanding
