MYCO-VIRO Flashcards by alvin salazar

Most common cause of outbreaks of tinea capitis in children.

Main cause of endothrix

Trichophyton tonsurans

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Young child showing large circular erythematous scaly lesion with raised border on the nose

Microsporum gypseum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causative agent of Tinea Versicolor

Malassezia Furfur

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Spaghetti and meatballs apperance.
Hypopigmented spots on the ches and neck.
Causative agent?

Malassezia Furfur

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes black nodules on the hair shaft, Affects mainly the scalp hair. Causative agent?

Piedraia Hortae.

Black Piedra

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Forms Light coloured nodules on the hair of the beard, mustache and pubic hair. Afects the beard and Mustache hair.
Causative Agent?

Trichosporon Beigelii.

White Piedra

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Typical brown to black non-scaling macules on the palmar aspect of the hands. Causative agent?

Tinea Nigra

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pigeon Droppings, Eucalyptus strees.
Seen as encapsulated yeast cells on India Ink.
Opportunistic fungi

Cryptococcus Neoformans

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes Sporothricosis/ rose gardener’s disease.
Seen as Cigar-shaped budding yeast on specimens
Flowerette arrangement of conidia

Spororthrix schenckii

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Barrel-shaped arthroconidia

Coccidioides Immitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mariner Pilot’s wheel

Coccidioides Brasilienses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Broad-Based Budding yeast

Blastomyces Dermatitidis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dichotomously branching hyphae

Aspergillus Fumigatus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Associated with bird/ bat droppings
“Spelunker’s Disease”
resembles pulmonary TB in xray

Histoplasma Capsulatum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fungi used in making wine, bread and beer

saccharomyces cerevisiae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Filoviruses causing hemorrhagic fevers

Marburg virus, Ebola virus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Filivirus exported from the philippines causing fatal infections in monkeys

Reston Virus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Paralytic Poliomyelitis and aseptic meningitis

fecal-oral route

Poliovirus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Herpangina, Hand-foot-and mouth disease

Coxsackie A virus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pleurodynia (Bornholm Disease)

Myocarditis, Pericarditis

Coxsackie B

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Major cause of acute diarrhea, infantile gastroenteritis

Rotavirus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Group of rotavirus known to cause disease in humans

rotavirus A, B, and C

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sixth Disease, exanthem subitum, caused by human herpesvirus type 6

Roseola

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Clinical manifestations: erythema infectiosum, transient aplastic crisis, pure red cell aplasia, hydrops fetalis

Parvoviridae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Largest and most complex of viruses, manifests as rash

Poxviruses

More virulent poxvirus infections in human

Variola

Less virulent poxvirus infections in human

Vaccinia

He introduced vaccination with live cowpox virus in 1798

Edward Jenner

Control of smallpox by deliberated infection with mild forms of the disease

Variolation

The earliest physical evidnce of smallpox with pustular rash on the mummified body of?

Pharoah Ramses v

eosinophilic nuclear inclusions composed of nucleic acid and protein seen in cells infected with Herpes simplex virus, Varicella-zoster virus, and CMV

Cowdry A inclusions

inclusion bodies associated with polio, adenovirus

Cowdry B inclusions

inclusion bodies associated with Variola (small pox)

Guarnieri Bodies

inclusion bodies associated with Rubeola(measles)

Warthin finkeldey bodies

inclusion bodies associated with Rabies

Negri bodies

inclusion bodies associated with Molluscum contagiosum

Hendersen-petersen bodies

inclusion bodies associated with CMV

owl's eye bodies

Enumerated the Herpes viruses "CHEV"

CMV, HSV,EBV, VZV

A smear of an opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells. Used to assay for HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV

Tzanck Test

VZV route of transmission

respiratory droplet

reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus in sensory ganglia

Shingles | Herpes zoster

Appearance of shingle lesion

dewdrops on a rose petal

Most common intrauterine viral infection

cytomegalovirus

the tubular cells of the human kidney shed the virus for prolonged periods

Epstein-Barr virus

Causes infectious mononucleosis

Epstein-Barr virus

EBV heterophil antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBCs

monospot test

2 major influenza virus antigens

hemaglutinin(H) and Nueraminidase (N)

Avian flu: influenza A virus subtype

H5N1

Swine flu: influenza A virus subtype

H1N1

3 C's of measles

couch, coryza, conjunctivitis

clustered, white lesions on the buccal mucosa (opposite the upper 1st & 2nd molars) and are pathognomonic for measles

Koplik spots

2 complications of measles virus

SSPE and giant cell pneumonia

Results from a persistent infection with altered measles virus harbored intracellularly in the CNS for many years usually (7-10) years

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)

Hallmark of SSPE, resulting from extension of the inflammatory process site to deeper structures in the brain including the basal ganglia

Massive myoclonus

inclusion bodies of SSPE?

Cowdry A bodies

Pathognomonic microscopic finding for measles. Resulting from fusion of infected cells with up to 100 nuclei

Warthin-Finkeldy Giant Cells

Vitamin A recommended dosage for: children >1 year? 6months to 1 year? < 6months?

Capsule: single dose of 200,000 IU for children >1 year, 100, 000 IU for 6 months to 1 year, 50,000 iU for infants < 6months

cause of common cold, RNA virus

Rhinovirus

Viral disease of the CNS transmitted by infected secretions, usually saliva. Bullet shaped.

Rabies virus

2 epidemiologic forms of rabies

1. urban rabies (dogs and cats) | 2. sylvatic rabies (bats, skunks, foxes, raccoons mongooses, wolves

inclusion bodies seen on rabies?

negri bodies

4 stages of rabies infection

1. non-specific syndrome 2. acute encephalitis 3. brainstem dysfunction 4. death or recovery

Hepatitis infection that is usually asymptomatic

Hep A

Hepatitis infection that is bloodborne

Hep B

Hepatitis infection that is associated with carcinoma, cirrhosis, and carrier state

Hep C

Hepatitis infection that is dependednt on HBV

Hep D

Hepatitis infection that is usually enteric, and seen on expectant mothers

Hep E

Hepatitis infection that is transmitted by fecal-oral route

Hep A and E

Synthesis of dsDNA form RNA

reverse transcriptase

HIV screening test

ELISA

HIV Confirmatory test

western blot

HIV indicator of active viral replication

P24 antigen

HIV marker of disease progression

HIV viral load

HIV monitoring of immune status

CD4 T-cell count

HIV detection of actively dividing virus

HIV viral load

HIV useful in determining when to initiate prophylaxis and treatment

CD4 T-cell count

most sensitive test for dx of acute HIV before seroconversion

HIV viral load

Detects anti gp-120 antibodies on HIV

ELISA

Presents before anti gp-120 antibodies on HIV

p24 antigen

bacterial opportunistic infections in AIDS

TB, M. avium

viral opportunistic infections in AIDS

HSV, VZV, CMV, PML(JC virus)

fungal opportunistic infections in AIDS

candida albicans, cryptococcal meningititis, Histoplasmosis, Pneumocytstis pneumonia

protozoan opportunistic infections in AIDS

toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis

classification of staph and strep

3 Cs: catalase, coagulase, gram positive cocci

Group A streptococci, b Hemolytic

S. pyogenes

Group B streptococci, b hemolytic common in babies vaginal normal flora

S. agalactiae

Alpha hemolytic, gram (+) cocci

S. pneumonia

Encapsulated organisms:

(Strep Klb HaPN Cry) 1. S. pneumonia 2. K. pneumoniae 3. H. influenzae 4. P. aeruginosa 5. N. meningitidis 6. C. neoformans

primarily responsible for the beta hemolysis seen on the surface of a blood agar plate

Streptolysin S

S. pyogenes diagnosis by? | recent throat infection, recent skin infection

ASO- recent thorat infection | DNAse- recent skin infection

scarlet fever diagnostic test

Dick's test

Fiery-red rash

erysipelas

s. pyogenes: abrupt onset of sore throat, fever and tender anterior cervical lymph nodes

pharyngitis

s. pyogenes: blanching sandpaper rah, circumoral pallor, strawbery tongue

scarlet fever

s. pyogenes: honey crusted lesions

impetigo

streptococcoal cause of dental caries

Streptococcus Mutans

Strep mutans produces a dextransducrase that forms an insoluble polymer of glucose known as?

Glucan

Golden yellow colonies? | this phenomenon is due to presence of what substance?

staphylococcus aureus, | staphyloxanthin

staph aureaus component that inhibits complement fixation and phagocytosis

Protein A

staph aureus component, superantigens that cause polyclonal t-cell activation

TSST-1( Toxic shock syndrome toxin)

staph aureus toxin causing staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

exfoliatin

staph aureus toxin causing food poisoning

enterotoxins

pneumatocoeles of s. aureus is due to what substance?

Panton Valentin leukocidin

most severe form of SSSS

Ritter's Disease

cause of osteomyelitis in general population

S. aureus

cause of osteomyelitis in sexually active

n. gonorheae

cause of osteomyelitis in drug users

p. aeruginosa

cause of osteomyelitis in sickle cell anemia

salmonella sp.

endocarditis in IV drug abusers commonly involves the?

trucuspid valve

Major cause of subacute endocarditis?

s. viridans

Major cause of acute endocarditis?

s, aureus

Major cause of endocarditis in drug abusers?

s. aureus

Major cause of endocarditis in prosthetic valves?

s. epidermidis

Bordetella pertussis culture medium

Bordet-Gengou medium, Regan-Lowe Medium

acute tracheobronchitis

whooping cough

stages of whooping cough

Catarrhal(1-2 weeks) Paroxysmal(2-4 weeks) Convalescence(>4wks)

chineses character appearance on microscopy

corynebacterium diphteriae

granules produced by corynebacterium?

volutin granules,

intracellular granules present in many species of bacteria, which possess a strong affinity for nuclear stains

babes ernst

granular cell inclusion that stains a color different from that of the dye used

metachromatic

medium/ agar used to culture corynebacterium

Loeffler's coagulated medium

presents with sorethorat with pseudomembrane, bullneck, myocarditis, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, and muscle paralysis

Diphtheria

2 organisms which inactivates Elongation factor (EF-2) by ADP ribosylation

C. diptheriae | P, aeruginosa

Round terminal spores which gives cells a "drumstick" or "tennis racket" appearance

Clostridium tetani

Clostridium tetani blocks the release of these 2 inhibitory neurotransmitters

glycine | gamma-amino butyric acid

spinal inhibitory motor neuron cell

renshaw cell

innervation most sensitive to the c. tetani toxin

Masseter

first manifestation of c. tetani infection

trismus

manifestation of c. tetani in neonates

poor suck

ooisoning with this substance also produces Risus Sardonicus

strychnine poisoning

a grinning expression produced by spasm of the facial muscles; seen in tetanus and certain types of poisoning

Risus Sardonicus

DOC for tetanus

Metronidazole

phospholipase produced by Clostridium perfringens

Lecithinase

toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens and is responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis

alpha toxin

Presents with skin crepitations with gangrenous wound

clostrium perfringens

management of c. perfringens

hyperbaric oxygen

blocks nueromuscular transmission by blocking the release of acetylcholine from motor nerve endings

Clostridium Botulinum

can contain spores of c. botulinum and should not be fed to babies less than 1 year of age

Honey

hospital or nursing home acquired clostridium infection

clostridium difficile

medications associated with clostridium difficile infection

clindamycin, ampicillin, cephalsporins

causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis (PMC)

clostridium difficile

most common manifestation of c. difficile infection

diarrhea

DOC for c. difficile infection

metronidazole (mild) | vancomycin (mod to severe)

responsible for virulence of MTB

cord factor- | trehalose dimycolate

causes serpentine growth in vitro

cord factor- trehalose dimycolate

DNA strip test that allows simultaneous molecular identification of TB and resistance to Rifampicin and INH

Line Probe Assay

responsible for caseous necrosis of MTB

Phosphatides

MTB in spine/bones on lower thoracic(chidren)/ upper lumbar vertebrae(adult)

Pott's disease

provides a definitive diagnosis for active tuberculosis used to monitor pts on treatment confirms cure at end of tx

Direct sputum smear microscopy

"skip lesions", cobblestone appearance on colon

TB of colon

Diease that develops in a previously uninfected person

primary tuberculosis

used ti screen asymptomatic, with TB exposure

PPD

standard test for diagnosing pulmonary tb in our country

sputum AFB

most common initial presentation of pulmonary TB

weight loss

most frequently involved extrapulmonary site of TB

lymph nodes

best initial test for TB

CXR

The most specific test for TB

sputum culture

Delayed hypersensitivity skin test to assay TB, cell mediated immunity to tubercle bacillus

Tuberculin skin test, | mantoux test

positive skin test for TB has induration greater than? | for immunocompromised patients?

>10mm for immunocompetent, | >5mm for immunocompromised

natural resistance assoc macrophage protein(NRAM) Genetic protein for MAI

BEG GENE

3 main properties of anti TB drugs

bactericidal activity sterilizing activity prevents resistance

first line anti TB drugs

``` isoniazid(INH) Rifampicin ethambutol pyrazinamide(PZA) streptomycin ``` think (IRES)

second line anti TB drugs

``` (4Cplay Para Ka Of AmE) Cycloserine Capreomycin ciprofloxacin clofazimine para-amino salicylic acid kanamycin Ofloxacin amikacin ethionamide ```

it is recommended to prevent peripheral neuropathies of isoniazid

Pyridoxine(vit b6)

gold standard diagnosis of PTB

Acidfast smear and culture

treatment regimen of PTB

minimum of 6 months duration | INH EMB and RIF

side effect of isoniazid?

peripheral neuropathy

side effect of rifampicin

orange discoloration to body fluids

side effect of ethambutol | dose

retrobulbar neuritis, red green color blindness | >25mg/kg/d

side effect of pyrazinamide

hepatotoxicity

side effect of streptomycin

ototoxicity

other name of leprosy

Hansen's disease

Only bacterium to invade peripheral nerves

mycobacterium leprae

where does M. leprae replicate primarily?

cool tissues of the skin and extremities

at what temperature does M. leprae proliferate best?

32°C to 34 °C

How is M. Leprae cultured?

in the footpads of mice and armadillos

M. leprae: cell-mediated immunity is manifested by delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to dermal injections of a bacterial extract called

lepromin

response to these cells determines whether an individual has m. leprae is tuberculoid or lepromatous leprosy

helper t-lymphocytes

AFB: absent or few in number positive lepromin skin test CD4+helper t lympocyte predominate

tuberculoid leprosy (TT, BT)

Midpoint of the spectrum most unstable form "punched out" or "swiss cheese" appearance

borderline leprosy (BB)

AKA anergic leprosy, AFB: numerous negative lepromin test cd8+t lymphocytes predominate

Polar lepromatous leprosy

facial presentation resulting from progressive bacillary proliferation, thickening of dermis, thrown into fods

Leonine facies

hairloss on eyebrows from leprosy

madarosis

mc nerve trunk involvement in type 1 lepra reactions

ulnar nerve

type 1 lepra reactions

1. inflammation within skin lesions 2. appearance of new skin lesions 3. neuritis 4. fever

type 2 lepra reactions

1. crops of painful erythematous papules that resolve spontaneously 2. malaise 3. fever

aka diffuse lepromatosis

Latapi lepromatosis/ Lucio's phenomenon

established treatment of leprosy

(CaRD) Clofazimine Rifampin Dapsone

AIDS defining Mycobacterium infection

Mycobaccterium Avium Intracellulare(MAI)

Hallmark of MAI infections in patients with HIV

abundant acid-fast bacilli within macrophages

number one mycobacterium causing death in HIV

m. avium inrtracellulare

Causes fish tank granuloma

m. marinum

soitary cervical lymph nodes in kids

m. scrofulaceum

fast growing mycobacterium spp

m. fortuitum

acid fast, photochromogen(little or no pigment when grown in the dark but becomes highly pigmented when grown in light) mycobacterium spp

m. marinum | m. kansasii

cornerstone diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis

Lumbar puncture: CSF leukocye: up to 1000/uL CSF glucose <40mg/dL CSF protein 1-8g/L

gold standard diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis

culture

Major cause of meningitis in newborn

s. agalactiae

Major cause of meningitis in children

h. influenzae

Major cause of meningitis in young adults

n. meningitidis

Major cause of meningitis in elderly

s. pneumonia

Major cause of meningitis in AIDS patients

c. neoformans

diseases caused by H. Influenzae

``` think (haEMOPhilus) Epiglottitis Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia ```

Greenish metallic sheen on culture media

H. Influenzae

2 growth factors required by H. Influenze

X hematin | V- NAD

most important virulence factor of H. Influenzae

type B capsule

a phenomenon in which h. influenzae grows near s. aureus on blood agar

satellite phenomenon

K antigen

capsular antigen

O antigen

somatic AG

H antigen

Flagellar antigen

virulence factor in neonatal sepsis and meningitis

K1 capsule endotoxin

most common cause of UTI

e. coli

causative strain for traveler's diarrhea

ETEC

2nd Most common cause of neonatal meningitis

E. COLI

aka Traveler's diarrhea

Montezuma's revenge

Hemolytic uremic syndrome causative agent

EHEC

Hemolytic uremic syndrome triad

think (ART/RAT) anemia thrombocytopenia renal failure

Hemolytic uremic syndrome toxin

verotoxin (Shiga-LIKE)

Hemolytic uremic syndrome most common serotype

E. COLI 0157:H7

Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated food

undercooked beef (hamburger)

Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated plant

Spinach

Hemolytic uremic syndrome on spinach serotype

E. Coli EHEC 0104:H2

special serotype of E. Coli associated with outbreaks of infantile diarrhea among nursery patients

enteropathogenic E. Coli (EPEC)

Causative agent of honeymoon cystitis

E. COLI

Motile rods, with peritrichous flagella

salmonella

s. typhi and s. paratryphi serotypes which use man as hosts

serotypes A B C

s. typhi reservoir

gallbladder

typhoid fever is seen on which samples on 1st 2nd and 3rd week

1st week:blood 2nd: urine 3rd: stools think(BUS)

typhoid fever diagnostic tests

widal test | typhidot

typhoid fever physical findings

``` fever, ab pain rash(rose spots) hepatosplenomegally epistaxis relative bradycardia at peak of high fever ```

typhoid fever tx

choramphenicol | chloromycetin

typhoid meningitis tx

ceftriaxone 2grams iv q 12 hours

gram(-) curved bacilli, oxidase(+), single polar flagella

vibrio

culture media for vibrios

TCBS- Thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose agar

rice watery stool

vibrio cholerae

v. cholera toxin causing pandemic

v. cholera 01- el tor

vibrio, hemolysin, gastroenteritis, seafoods

v. parahemolyticus

strain causing vibrio cellulitis

vibrio vulnificus

proteus antigens that cross-react withvarious strains of rickettsiae

OX-19, OX-2, OX-K

Proteus spp type of motility

swarming motility

Proteus spp type of flagella

peritrichous

Proteus spp pathogenic factor

urease production

Proteus spp type of renal stone

stag horn renal stone | magnesium-ammonium phosphate

pseudomonas pigments:

pyocyanin(blue-green) | fluorescein(green-yellow, fluorescent)

pseudomonas culture media

King's A and B media

characteristic smell of pseudomonas culture

grape like

yellow-gren pigment that fluoresces under UV light, detects early infection in burn patient

pyoverdin

colors the pus in wound blue, damages cilia and mucosal clls of the respiratory tract

pyocyanin

pseudomonas type of skin lesion characterized by vesicles or blisters which rapidly evolve into pustules and necrotic ulcers with undermined tender erythematous border.

icthyma gangrenosum

causative agent: hot tub folliculitis, burn patients, icthyma gangrenosum

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

most common causative agent for Otitis externa

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

most common cause of pneumonia in ICU patients, ventilator associated, and cystic fibrosis

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa DOC

Ceftazidime

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa coverage PO antibiotic

ciprofloxacin

Greenish metalic sheen

E. Coli

MYCO-VIRO Flashcards

(255 cards)