Mycology

Question 1

are yeast or mold made up of differentiated tissue

Answer 1

mold

Question 2

are all the cells of yeast or mold reproducible

Answer 2

yeast

Question 3

fungi can be classified as __ or ___

Answer 3

yeast or mold

Question 4

yeast reproduce through what method

Answer 4

binary fission

Question 5

fungi use what type of respiration

Answer 5

aerobic

Question 6

what is the function of hyphae

Answer 6

help disperse gametes of mold

Question 7

hyphae are found in what organism

Answer 7

mold

Question 8

what is found in fungi that acts similar to cholesterol, it which is helps stabilize the plasma membrane

Answer 8

ergosterol

Question 9

what 2 components make up the fungal cell envelope

Answer 9

beta-glucans
mannoproteins

Question 10

what is the effect of fungi having lots of mannose

Answer 10

mannose activates the mannose binding lectin pathway of complement

Question 11

what are pseudohyphae

Answer 11

structures similar to hyphae but they are able to reproduce

Question 12

in what organism will you find pseudohyphae
in what organism will you find hyphae

Answer 12

pseudo- yeast
hyphae- mold

Question 13

what is the structure of septate hyphae

Answer 13

distinct walls between cells of mold

Question 14

another name for a fungal spore is __

Answer 14

canidia

Question 15

bacterial spores are very durable and are not easily killed. how does this relate to fungal spore

Answer 15

fungal are easily killed

Question 16

what is the function of yeast showing bright colors

Answer 16

protection against ROS and UV light

Question 17

when looking at a culture of fungi (mold) where would there be the highest concentration of canidia (spores), why

Answer 17

darker/bright pigmented areas
spores contain reproductive cells that would need protection against ROS/UV light

Question 18

Pityriasis (tinea) versicolor, caused by __, causes __

Answer 18

malassezia furfur
benign skin color changes

Question 19

tinea negra, caused by __, causes __

Answer 19

hortaea weneckii
benign skin darkening

Question 20

black piedra, caused, by ___, causes __

Answer 20

piedra hortae
dandruff

Question 21

onychomycosis, caused by __ and __, causes __

Answer 21

trichophyton rubrum
trichophyton mentagrophytes
nail fungal infection

Question 22

how do superficial mycoses differ from cutaneous mycoses

Answer 22

superficial= benign
cutaneous= itch/burn in response to inflammation

Question 23

what is a mycetoma

Answer 23

granulomatous inflammation beneath subcutaneous region to bone

Question 24

what is a eumycetoma

Answer 24

granulomatous fungal growth that disperses granules when squeezed

Question 25

what is the most common mycetoma

Answer 25

madurella

Question 26

subcutaneous mycoses are often due to what 3 possibilities

Answer 26

-decreased profusion of blood to the area (ex: diabetic foot) -continued exposure -immunocompromised

Question 27

what are endemic mycoses

Answer 27

fungal infections habitually present in a geographic area

Question 28

why do fungi represent geographic areas

Answer 28

fungi live in soil so different areas have different soil types that allow for growth

Question 29

what characterizes a primary pathogenic fungi

Answer 29

fungi able to cause disseminated disease in a healthy human

Question 30

what does it mean to say all primary pathogens are dimorphic

Answer 30

they can switch between being a yeast or a mold depending on the temperature

Question 31

what growth media is used exclusively for fungi

Answer 31

sabouraud dextrose agar

Question 32

dimorphic fungi grow as yeasts at __C and mold at __C

Answer 32

yeast at 37C mold at 25C

Question 33

what are the 2 main stains used to visualize fungi

Answer 33

sliver Calcoflour white

Question 34

when using the calcoflour white stain to detect yeasts and molds, the fluorescent dye binds to __ in the fungal cell wall, making the fungi appear bright white

Answer 34

chitin

Question 35

what fungi have yeast that are barrel shaped arthrospores connected by hyphae of mold

Answer 35

coccidiodes

Question 36

what fungi have yeasts that can reproduce and form spherules (balls of yeast)

Answer 36

coccidiodes

Question 37

what are 4 virulence factors of coccidiodes

Answer 37

secrete SOW glycoprotein produce urease to neutralize phagolysosome pH proteinase cleaves IgG, IgA, and collagen receptor binds to mammalian estradiol and progesterone

Question 38

what fungi causes valley fever

Answer 38

coccidiodes

Question 39

what 3 populations are at greatest risk for valley fever caused by coccidiodes

Answer 39

pregnant/recently pregnant women pacific islanders african descent

Question 40

what fungi appears as glassy with septate hyphae mold

Answer 40

blastomyces

Question 41

where are blastomyces found

Answer 41

extracellular

Question 42

what type of budding does blastomyces perform

Answer 42

broad budding

Question 43

what yeast can cause slow spreading, elevated blue/purple painless warts

Answer 43

blastomyces

Question 44

what glycoprotein does blastomyces shed

Answer 44

BAD1

Question 45

BAD1 (secretes by blastomyces) and SOW glycoproteins (secreted by coccidiodes) have what 3 functions

Answer 45

distract macrophages promote Th2 response (Th1 is needed) soak up Ab and complement

Question 46

what fungi have yeast found in or outside alveolar macrophages

Answer 46

paracoccidiodes

Question 47

what type of budding do paracoccidiodes do

Answer 47

pilot wheel (parent cell with daughter buds that have their own buds)

Question 48

what fungi can cause disseminated disease >40 years after initial infection, leading to painful periorbital, mucosal, and cutaneous lesions

Answer 48

paracoccidiodes

Question 49

__ growth is promoted by estrogen __ growth is inhibited by estrogen

Answer 49

coccidiodes promoted paracoccidiodes inhibited

Question 50

what are 2 virulence factors that paracoccidiodes has

Answer 50

alpha glucan instead of beta glucan in their cell walls prevents killing by neutrophils/macrophages glycoprotein 43 allows for adherence to the basement membrane and promotes a Th2 response

Question 51

what fungi mold form macroconidia and microconidia

Answer 51

histoplasmosis

Question 52

where do histoplasmosis fungi grow

Answer 52

alveolar macrophages

Question 53

what is the soil requirement needed for histoplasmosis to grow

Answer 53

soil rich in nitrates (nitrates are high in bird feces)

Question 54

what fungi infection can lead to ulcers of the oral mucosa/tongue, cutaneous ulcers, and can also cross the blood brain barrier leading to meningitis

Answer 54

histoplasmosis

Question 55

where is paracoccidiodes found

Answer 55

rainforest/lowland farms of central and south america

Question 56

what fungi grows inside alveolar macrophages

Answer 56

paracoccidiodes

Question 57

what yeast multiplies inside or outside alveolar macrophages

Answer 57

paracoccidiodes

Question 58

what are the 3 virulence factors of paracoccidiodes

Answer 58

alpha glucan in cell wall prevents killing by neutrophils glycoprotein 43 allow for adherence to host basement membrane drive Th2 response (we need Th1)

Question 59

what yeast growth is inhibited by estrogen

Answer 59

paracoccidiodes

Question 60

what yeast can cause painful periorbital, mucosal, and cutaneous lesions after a latency of up to 40 years after initial infection

Answer 60

paracoccidiodes

Question 61

what is the appearance of paracoccidioides yeast

Answer 61

pilot wheel (mother cell budding producing more buds)

Question 62

how is sporotrichosis acquired

Answer 62

wound infection

Question 63

sporotrix is most common in people who are working with __

Answer 63

garden soil

Question 64

what yeast starts as a single lesion but can spread along lymph channels

Answer 64

sporothrix

Question 65

potassium iodide can be used to treat what yeast infection

Answer 65

sporothrix

Question 66

what is the appearance of sporothrix

Answer 66

narrow stalk with petal looking spores

Question 67

are candida yeasts or molds

Answer 67

yeasts

Question 68

what yeasts can form pseudohyphae from germ tubes

Answer 68

candida albicans

Question 69

what yeast can be visualized with gram stain

Answer 69

c. albicans

Question 70

what type of budding does candida albicans perform

Answer 70

budding from pseudohyphae

Question 71

what yeast forms a germ tube

Answer 71

c. albicans