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Mycology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main growth forms of fungi?

A

Hyphae (filamentous) and yeasts (unicellular)

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2
Q

What kind of nutrition do fungi use?

A

Heterotrophic (they absorb organic compounds)

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3
Q

What is the function of fungal spores?

A

Reproduction, dispersal, and survival

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4
Q

What fungal group forms arbuscular mycorrhizae with plant roots?

A

A: Glomeromycota

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5
Q

Which fungal phylum produces swimming spores called zoospores?

A

Chytridiomycota (and Blastocladiomycota)

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6
Q

Which fungal group is anaerobic and found in herbivore guts?

A

Neocallimastigomycota
Help id digestion of fibrous particles in the stomach of herbivores like sheep and cow.

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7
Q

What is a dikaryon?

A

A fungal cell with two genetically distinct nuclei

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8
Q

What is the largest group of fungi?

A

: Ascomycota

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9
Q

Name two types of spores in Ascomycota.

A

Asexual conidia and sexual ascospores

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10
Q

hat is the sexual spore-bearing structure in Basidiomycota?

A

Basidium

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11
Q

ive one example of a fungus from Basidiomycota

A

Amanita muscaria or Puccinia graminis

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12
Q

What are clamp connections used for?

A

To maintain the dikaryotic state in Basidiomycota

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13
Q

Which group includes obligate intracellular parasites like Nosema

A

Microsporidia

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14
Q

What makes Oomycetes different from true fungi?

A

Cellulose cell walls, not chitin; more related to algae

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15
Q

What is the name of the fungus that may be the largest living organism?

A

Armillaria gallica

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16
Q

What fungal group includes Penicillium and Saccharomyces

A

Ascomycota

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17
Q

: What structure produces spores externally in Ascomycota?

A

Conidiophore (for conidia)

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18
Q

What kind of reproduction do glomeromycota mostly use?

A

Asexual with glomerulospores

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19
Q

Name fungi is an obligate anaerobe and found in herbivore guts?

A

Neocallimastix

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20
Q

Which structure is responsible for sexual reproduction in Zygomycota (now Zoopagomycota)?

A

Zygospore

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21
Q

Which fungus causes wheat rust disease?

A

Puccinia graminis

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22
Q

Which fungal division produces spores inside asci during sexual reproduction?

A

Ascomycota
Two compatible hyphae meet and fuse

Form a dikaryotic cell (two nuclei, not fused)

Eventually nuclei fuse and form ascus

Meiosis creates 4–8 ascospores

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23
Q

What is the Spitzenkörper?

A

A dynamic vesicle-organizing center at the fungal hyphal tip, directing cell wall deposition and tip growth.

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24
Q

What model explains how vesicles control hyphal shape and growth?

A

The Vesicle Supply Centre (VSC) model.

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25
What is the typical hyphal growth rate in Neurospora?
About 40 µm per minute.
26
What are the main cell wall components in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota?
Chitin, β-1,3 and β-1,6 glucans, and mannoproteins.
27
Which fungal group has cellulose in its walls instead of chitin?
A: Oomycetes.
28
What is the difference between thallic and blastic conidiogenesis?
Thallic involves transformation of a hyphal cell into a conidium; blastic involves budding of a new spore.
29
Name one fungus that shows thallic conidiogenesis.
Coccidioides immitis.
30
Name two fungi with blastic conidiogenesis.
A: Aspergillus and Penicillium.
31
What is the function of fungal spores?
Dispersal and/or survival under harsh conditions.
32
What are characteristics of dormant spores?
: Thick walls, low water, high lipid/glycogen content, and metabolic inactivity
33
What are two types of dormancy in spores?
Constitutive(with time aging) and exogenously imposed dormancy
34
Which fungi produce aflatoxins?
: Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus.
35
What is the health risk associated with aflatoxins?
: Liver cancer due to DNA damage after long-term exposure.
36
Which fungi can grow at stomach pH (as low as 2)?
Aspergillus and Penicillium.
37
Which fungus resists radiation due to melanin?
Exophiala dermatitidis.
38
What is an arbuscular mycorrhiza?
A fungus that penetrates root cells to form mutualistic relationships.
39
Q: What do fungal volatiles do in ecosystems?
Repel aphids and attract their predators.
40
What is a necrotrophic fungus?
One that kills host tissue and feeds on the dead matter.
41
Give an example of a biotrophic fungus.
Puccinia graminis (wheat stem rust).
42
What is the ploidy of most model fungi?
Haploid.
43
What percent of plant material do fungi recycle?
About 70%.
44
Name a fungus important in white rot decomposition.
Trametes versicolor.
45
What does the term “blastic conidiogenesis” refer to?
Conidia form by swelling before septation
46
The main growth form of yeast is:
Blastospores
47
Which genus includes the model fungus used in bread and alcohol fermentation?
Saccharomyces
48
Fungi that kill and feed on dead plant tissue are called:
Necrotrophs
49
Which of the following species is known for forming clamp connections in its hyphae? . Aspergillus fumigatus B. Puccinia graminis C. Saccharomyces cerevisiae D. Amanita muscaria
D. Amanita muscaria
50
Which type of fungal reproduction results in increased genetic diversity? A. Binary fission B. Asexual spore formation C. Budding D. Sexual reproduction
. Sexual reproduction
51
What fungus causes cryptococcosis
Cryptococcus neoformans (opportunistic pathogen). It is a systemic fungal disease.
52
What is the main clinical presentation of cryptococcosis?
Meningitis (also pulmonary and cutaneous disease)
53
What test is highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing cryptococcosis?
A: Cryptococcal antigen test
54
hich population is mainly affected by cryptococcosis?
People living with HIV, especially with low CD4 counts
55
Which group of fungi causes mucormycosis?
Mucorales (e.g., Rhizopus) opportunistic pathogen camucoromycosis is a systemic fungal disease.
56
What is the most common form of mucormycosis?
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis
57
What are common symptoms of rhinocerebral mucormycosis?
Black necrotic lesions on upper palate and nose, potential invasion of brain and eye
58
What is the main risk factor for mucormycosis?
Poorly controlled diabetes, high dose steroids, or immunocompromised status
59
What does "thermal dimorphism" mean in fungi?
The ability of fungi to switch between mould form in the environment and yeast form in the human body due to temperature changes
60
Give an example of a dimorphic fungal pathogen.
Histoplasma capsulatum
61
Name examples of pathogenic yeasts.
Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia
62
: Name examples of pathogenic moulds.
Aspergillus, dermatophytes (Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton), Fusarium
63
Give examples of superficial fungal diseases.
Candidosis, Dermatophytosis (Tinea, Ringworm), Malassezia-associated diseases (Pityriasis versicolor, seborrhoeic dermatitis)
64
What fungi cause dermatophytosis?
Dermatophytes: Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton
65
: What are common treatments for dermatophytosis?
Topical antifungals for mild cases; systemic (terbinafine, itraconazole, griseofulvin) for severe/nail/scalp infections
66
What are subcutaneous fungal diseases?
Mycetoma, Chromoblastomycosis, Sporotrichosis
67
How does mycetoma develop?
Traumatic implantation of environmental fungi into subcutaneous tissue, slow and chronic disease
68
Name some true systemic fungal pathogens.
Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides
69
Name some opportunistic systemic fungal pathogens.
Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Mucorales (mucormycosis)
70
: What is invasive candidosis?
Bloodstream infection caused by Candida species, can affect multiple organs, mainly in ICU and immunocompromised patients
71
What causes histoplasmosis and how is it transmitted?
Histoplasma capsulatum, inhaled spores associated with bats and birds
72
What fungi cause cryptococcosis?
Cryptococcus neoformans
73
The hyphae of fungi:
forms an interwoven mass: the mycelium. bear asexual spores on sporophores may aggregate to form tissues
74
Nmae systemic fungal infections
aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis
75
Paracoccidioidomycosis:
It is a systemic fungal infection caused by dimorphic organism and is more prevelant in males than females.
76
True Pathogens (Systemic Mycoses)
Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces spp.,Coccidioides spp.,Paracoccidioides spp.
77
Histoplasma capsulatum
: Dimorphic fungus, inhaled spores from bat/bird droppings, pulmonary and disseminated disease
78
Blastomyces spp.
Dimorphic, endemic to North America, affects lungs and skin
79
Coccidioides spp.
Features: Dimorphic, endemic to Southwestern USA, respiratory illnes
80
Paracoccidioides spp.
Dimorphic, endemic to South and Central America, chronic granulomatous disease
81
Superficial & Subcutaneous Mycoses
Dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton) Disease: Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) Features: Moulds growing on keratinized tissues (skin, nails, hair), contagious Malassezia spp. Disease: Pityriasis versicolor, seborrhoeic dermatitis Features: Lipophilic yeasts, superficial skin infections Sporothrix spp. Disease: Sporotrichosis Features: Subcutaneous infection after trauma (e.g., rose thorn), nodular lesions
82
Environmental & Emerging Pathogens
Fusarium spp. Disease: Opportunistic infections (keratitis, onychomycosis, disseminated) Features: Environmental mould, resistant to many antifungals Alternaria spp. Disease: Environmental mould infections, occasionally opportunistic Features: Found in soil and plants, rare human infections in immunocompromised

Immunology (8 decks)

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