Mycology and Virology (Block 3)

Question 1

Who first discovered proof of viral infections in animals?
a) Louis Pasteur
b) Dimiti Ivanosky
c) Wendell Stanley
d) Loeffler and Frosch

Answer 1

D) Loeffler and Frosch

Question 2

Who first discovered viruses?
a) Louis Pasteur
b) Dimitri Ivanosky
c) Wendell Stanley
d) Loeffler and Frosch

Answer 2

b) Dimitri Ivanosky disocered the first virus in tobacco plants

Question 3

True or False
Viruses are opportunistic intracellular parasites

Answer 3

False
They are obligate intracellular parasites

Question 4

Mimivirus and Medusavirus are considered what type of virus?

Answer 4

Giant Viruses

Question 5

Most viruses have one capside except:
a) Retrovirus
b) Medusavirus
c) Reovirus
d) Influenza

Answer 5

c) Reoviruses have double layered capsids

Question 6

What structure of the virus functions as protection, antigenic sites and attachments to host cells?
a) Envelope
b) Capsid
c) Capsomeres
d) Viral genome

Answer 6

b) Capsid

Question 7

What virus structure facilitates entry into host cell and helps virus adapt to evade the immune system?
a) Capsomer
b) Nucleocapsid
c) RNA transport
d) Envelope

Answer 7

d) Envelope

Question 8

What is the extracellular infective form of a virus?
a) Virion
b) Viremia
c) Viroid
d) All of the above

Answer 8

a) Virion

Question 9

Small, circular RNA molecule that lacks a protein coat - only infects plants.
a) Virion
b) Viroid
c) Virium
d) Virus

Answer 9

b) Viroid

Question 10

Which of the following is not a type of capsid symmetry?
a) Linear
b) Icosahedral
c) Helical
d) Complex
e) All of the above are true

Answer 10

a) Linear

Question 11

In animal viruses, _______ nucleocapsids are always enclosed within a ________ envelope

Answer 11

Helical, Lipoprotein

Question 12

True or False
In animal viruses, naked helical nucleocapsids are common

Answer 12

False
–> Common in plant viruses

Question 13

What aggregate to form capsomers which are either hexons or pentons?
a) Capsomeres
b) Protomeres
c) Helical capsids
d) Capsids

Answer 13

b) Protomeres

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT true of DNA viruses?
a) Very stable
b) Usually double stranded
c) Accurate replication w/ larger genomes
d) All of the above are true

Answer 14

d) All of the above are true

Question 15

Which of the following is true of RNA viruses?
a) Less stable than DNA viruses
b) Typically a mixture of ds and ss
c) Error-prone replication
d) All of the above are true

Answer 15

d) All of the above are true

Question 16

If there is no transcription needed and the strand is directly translated to proteins, what type of sense strand is this?
a) Negative sense
b) double stranded
c) Positive sense
d) anti-sense

Answer 16

c) Positive sense - genetic material has the same polarity as the viral mRNA so transcription is not needed

Question 17

Which replication of single stranded RNA happens more quickly and why?
a) Positive Sense
b) Negative Sense
c) Both occur at the same speed

Answer 17

a) Positive is much faster because there is no transcription step

Question 18

What is the purpose of the Baltimore Classification?
a) Clusters viruses into 7 groups
b) Based on replication strategy of RNA
c) Based on genome architecture
d) All of the above

Answer 18

d) All of the above

Question 19

Influenza and Norovirus are both pathogens that can survive harsh environments. Because of this the main route of transmission is:
a) Direct
b) Airborne
c) Indirect contact
d) Doplets

Answer 19

c) Indirect

Question 20

HIV, Ebola, and Herpesvirus survive best within the body and are transmitted via what route?
a) Direct
b) Airborne
c) Indirect contact
d) Doplets

Answer 20

a) Direct

Question 21

Ebola can be transmitted via direct contact but also via _______ which do not survive long outside of the host.
a) Fecal Oral
b) Airborne
c) Indirect contact
d) Doplets

Answer 21

d) Droplets

Question 22

The following can be transmitted via airborne transmission except:
a) Influenza
b) Tuberculosis
c) HIV
d) None of the above

Answer 22

C) HIV - requires direct contact

Question 23

A cow is presenting with ocular and nasal discharge. Upon arrival, you notice that the cattle are closely housed with sheep and goats. What is a possible cause for the cow’s symptom if we are worried about cross-species contamination?
a) Ebola
b) Malingnant Catarrhal Fever
c) Bovine encephalitis
d) Bovine Respiratory Virus

Answer 23

b) Malignant Catarrhal fever

Question 24

Which of the following statements if FALSE:
a) Viruses can survive off of their own energy
b) The viral genome contains only a few genes
c) Genes encode for structure components
d) All of the above are true

Answer 24

a) Viruses can NOT make their own energy or proteins

Question 25

True or False Membrane fusion is ONLY seen in enveloped viruses

Answer 25

True

Question 26

True or False Endocytosis is only for naked viruses

Answer 26

FALSE - Direct Penetration is only for naked viruses, endocytosis can occur in naked OR enveloped viruses

Question 27

Which of the following statements about direct penetration is FALSE a) Viral genome injection into host cell's cytoplasm after attachment b) Restricted to viruses that only need genome for infection ( + Sense) c) It is pore-mediated d) All of the above are true

Answer 27

d) All of the above are true

Question 28

During what step do virions have loss of infectivity? a) Replication b) Uncoating c) Maturation d) Penetration

Answer 28

b) Uncoating

Question 29

What enzyme is responsible for transcription (DNA to RNA)? a) RNA polymerase b) Reverse transcriptase c) Ribosomal enzymes d) RNA Dependent RNA polymerase e) DNA polymerase

Answer 29

a) RNA polymerase

Question 30

What enzyme is responsible for DNA replication? a) RNA polymerase b) Reverse transcriptase c) Ribosomal enzymes d) RNA Dependent RNA polymerase e) DNA polymerase

Answer 30

e) DNA polymerase

Question 31

What enzyme is responsible for RNA replication? a) RNA polymerase b) Reverse transcriptase c) Ribosomal enzymes d) RNA Dependent RNA polymerase e) DNA polymerase

Answer 31

d) RNA dependent RNA polymerase

Question 32

What enzyme is responsible for translation (RNA to protein)? a) RNA polymerase b) Reverse transcriptase c) Ribosomal enzymes d) RNA Dependent RNA polymerase e) DNA polymerase

Answer 32

c) Ribosomal enzymes

Question 33

Typically DNA viruses undergo mRNA synthesis and replication in the nucleus using host cell's DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. What is the exception?

Answer 33

Pox Viruses - they are too large to synthesize in the nucleus

Question 34

RNA viruses undergo mRNA synthesis and replication in the cytoplasm. What are the two exceptions?

Answer 34

Retroviruses and Influenza viruses - They are RNA viruses but synthesize and replicate in the nucleus

Question 35

True or False Assembly and maturation ONLY occur in the nucleus

Answer 35

False It occurs in the nucleus, cytoplasm and/or host cell membrane

Question 36

The following are examples of mechanisms of release/shedding, EXCEPT: a) Budding b) Exocytosis c) Cell lysis d) Endocytosis e) All of the above are examples

Answer 36

d) Endocytosis

Question 37

True or false Enveloped virions typically replicate/shed via budding

Answer 37

True

Question 38

True or False Naked virions replicate/shed via lysis of host cells

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Most _________ require cell lysis to be released from the infected cell.

Answer 39

Bacteriophages

Question 40

What type of life cycle is pictured

Answer 40

DNA virus

Question 41

What type of life cycle is pictured

Answer 41

RNA viruses

Question 42

What type of life cycle is pictured

Answer 42

Pox viruses

Question 43

What type of life cycle is pictured

Answer 43

Bacteriophages

Question 44

What type of life cycle is pictured

Answer 44

Influenza

Question 45

What type of life cycle is pictured?

Answer 45

Retrovirus

Question 46

During this phase of the viral growth curve, the infectivity of the virus disappears as the virus uncoats and replicates. a) Eclipse b) Latent period c) Maturation d) None - it never disappears

Answer 46

a) Eclipse

Question 47

Replication of viral nucleic acid and protein occurs during what phase? a) Eclipse b) Latent period c) Maturation d) Assembly

Answer 47

b) Latent period

Question 48

What term refers to the spread of viruses via the bloodstream? a) Virulence b) Viremia c) Viroid d) Virus

Answer 48

b) Viremia

Question 49

Direct inoculation of virus into a host's bloodstream and no replication at the site of entry, for example via contaminated syringes or insect bites, refer to what type of viremia? a) Active b) Primary c) Secondary d) Passive

Answer 49

d) Passive