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Intro. to Microbiology - Part 1 > Mycology - Fungi > Flashcards

Mycology - Fungi Flashcards

- introduction - general characteristics - subcellar structures - disease - classification

1
Q

Branch of biology dealing with fungi

A

Mycology

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2
Q

Organism

  • without chlorophyll
  • with nucleus
  • producing spores
  • reproduces sexually (perfect) or asexually (imperfect)
  • somatic structures have cell walls containing cellulose, chitin or both
A

Fungus

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3
Q

water molds

A

Oomycetes

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4
Q

algae

A

heterokonts

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5
Q

stramenopiles

A

heterokonts (algae)

oomycetes (water molds)

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6
Q

fruit mold

A

Botrytis cinerea

- botrys (grape) + itis (disease)

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7
Q

Huitlacoche

A 
Corn smut (origin: Mexico)
- caused by pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis
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8
Q

Chlorophyllum molybdites

A

common name:

  • false parasol
  • green-spored parasol
  • ‘vomiter’
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9
Q

Macrolepiota procera

A

common name:

  • The Edible Parasol Mushroom
  • Lepiota
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10
Q

Fungi used as biocontrol agents against insect pests

A

Entamopathogenic fungi

- White muscadine disease

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11
Q

Unique caterpillar-fungus fusion

A

Yarsagumba/ Yarsha Gumba

  • Ophiocordyceps sinensis
  • world’s most expensive biological resource
  • harvested btwn mid April-July
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12
Q

Beneficial effects of fungi

A
  • decomposition
  • biosynthetic factories
  • antibiotics
  • model organisms for biochemical/genetic studies
  • recombinant DNA technology
  • edible
  • nutritional supplements
  • flavour
  • important alkaloids
  • malaria control
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13
Q

harmful effects of fungi

A
  • destruction of commercial goods
  • animal/human diseases
  • toxins
  • plant diseases
  • spoilage
  • damage
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14
Q

honey fungus of species Armillaria ostoyae

A

largest living fungus in the world

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15
Q

general characteristics of fungi

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • non-photosynthetic
  • heterotrophic
  • general taxonomy is constantly in a state of flux
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16
Q

Heterotroph

A

organism that must ingest or absorb organic carbon in order to be able to produce energy & synthesize compounds to maintain its existence

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17
Q

eukaryotic organism

A

cells contain membrane bound cell organelles (nuclei, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, ER, lysosomes, etc.)

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18
Q

Rigid cell wall contains:

A
  • Glucan
  • Mannan
  • Chitin (no peptidoglycan)
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19
Q

Cell membrane contains:

A
  • sterols (ergosterol)

- 80S ribosomes

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20
Q

most common body structures:

A
  • multicellular filaments (molds)

- single cells (yeasts)

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21
Q

some species grow as either A or B or AB:

A

A: filaments
B: Yeasts
AB: both (dimorphic)

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22
Q

Reproduction types:

A
  • sexual (perfect)

- asexual (imperfect)

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23
Q

fungi produce spores: T/F

A

True

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24
Q

Fungal Organisms can grow in common media: T/F? If T, what temp? Name of media?

A

True; 20-25 C

- SabDex agar

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25
Q

Fungal Organisms can grow in blood agar: T/F? If T, what temp? What phase?

A

True; 37 C

- In yeast phase

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26
Q

Fungal can form in 2 types of colonies: T/F? If T, what types of colonies?

A
  1. Filamentous - mold

2. Yeast form - yeast

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27
Q

Mold: Macroscopic

A
  • growth rate
  • colony appearance
  • pigment
  • colony morphology
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28
Q

Mold: Microscopic

Vegetative mycelium

A
  • develops inside substrate

- provides support and absorbs nutrients

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29
Q

Reproductive mycelium

A

differentiation to support fruiting bodies, propagules

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30
Q

Mycelium

A

filamentous mass of hyphae

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31
Q

2 kinds of hyphae

A
  1. septate hypha

2. coenocytic hypha

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32
Q

septa (crosswalls)

A

divide hyphae into compartments but not into individual cells
- in some groups, nuclei/cytoplasm can flow through hole or pore in center of septa

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33
Q

Filamentous structures - BODY

A

thallus and consists of hyphae

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34
Q

hyphae

A

long filaments of cells joined together

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35
Q

vegetative hyphae

A

obtain nutrients

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36
Q

aerial hyphae

A

bear reproductive structures

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37
Q

Yeast structure

A
  • non filamentous, unicellular fungi
  • spherical or oval
  • reproduce by budding
  • when buds fail to detach called: pseudohyphae
  • e.g. Candida albicans
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38
Q

Candidiasis

A
  • common normal flora of gut in animals
  • usually commensal organism
  • can become pathogenic during immunosuppression
39
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A
  • change from mycelial form (@room temp) to yeast (@37 C)
  • regulated by:
    • temp
    • Co2 concentration
    • pH
    • levels of cysteine or other sulfahydryl- containing compounds
40
Q

Fungal Repro: Sexual (Perfect)

A
  • demonstrated in only few fungi

- fusion of 2 haploid nuclei followed by MEIOTIC division of diploid nucleus

41
Q

Fungal Repro: Asexual (imperfect)

A
  • very effective

- division of nuclei by MITOSIS and subsequent cell division by individual fungus

42
Q

3 Mechanisms of Asexual Fungal Repro

A
  1. Sporulation: followed by germination of spores
    - e.g. Aspergillus and Penicillium
  2. Fragmentation of hyphae
    - e.g. Coccidioides immitis
  3. Budding of yeast cells
    - e.g. Candida and Cryptococcus
43
Q

Except for dimorphic fungi and dermatophytes (pathogens), fungi rarely cause disease in healthy, immunocompetent animals. T/F?

A

True

44
Q

Pathogenic fungi

A
  • cause ringworm and more
  • Common Mycoses
    • Blastomycosis
    • Histoplasmosis
45
Q

Opportunistic fungi

A

seldom cause disease with exception of immunocompromised individuals

46
Q

Factors which may predispose to fungal invasion of tissues

A
  • immunosuppression
  • prolonged antibiotic therapy
  • immunological defects
  • immaturity, aging, malnutrition
  • exposure to heavy challenge of fungal spores
  • traumatized tissue
  • persistant moisture on skin surface
  • neoplastic condition
47
Q

Deep mycoses

A

Systemic mycoses

48
Q

cutaneous mycoses

A
  • superficial (on skin, hair, nails)
    • keratinized outermost layers
  • cutaneous (within skin, hair, nails)
    • keratinized layers
  • subcutaneous (beneath skin)
    • dermis, SQ tissues, muscle, fascia, bone
49
Q

fungal diseases classified according to 2 things:

A
  1. mode of entry into the host

2. degree of tissue involvement

50
Q

Cutaneous mycoses (dermatophytoses)

A

epidermal layers: evoke immune response caused by dermatophytes
- e.g. Trychophytum, Microsporum, Epidermophyton

51
Q

Dermatomycoses

A

skin diseases due to other fungi like Candida

52
Q

Superficial

A

outer skin layer: no immune response

- caused mostly by yeast

53
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses

A

chronic infection of subnormal tissues

54
Q

Deep/Systemic Mycoses

A

mostly originating in lung by inhalation caused by virulent dimorphic fungi
- e.g. Coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis

55
Q

Superficial Infection

A

Tinea Versicolor

56
Q

Immunity to Fungal infections

A
  • cell-mediated

- antibodies produced (with exception of superficial dermatophyte infections)

57
Q

Granulomatous

A

lesions that resemble mycobacteriosis and other diseases caused by facultative intracellular bacteria

58
Q

Disease: Ringworm

A
  • aka dermatophyte infections/dermatophytoses
  • causative fungus: microsporum spp, trichophyton spp.
  • affects: all domestic animals & man
59
Q

Disease: Aspergillosis

A
  • causative fungus: Aspergilluss spp.

- affects: cattle, horse, poultry

60
Q

Disease: Candidiasis

A
  • causative fungus: Candida albicans

- affects: avian spp, dogs, cats, man, pigs

61
Q

Disease: Blastomycosis

A
  • causative fungus: Bastomyces dermatidis

- affects: dogs, humans, cats, horses, and occasionally other animals

62
Q

Dermatophytes (cutaneous mycoses)

A
  • molds capable of parasitizing only keratinized epidermal structures
  • aka dermatophytosis or ringworm
  • zoonotic
  • causative agents: microsporum
    trichophyton
    epidermophyton
63
Q

Anthropophilic dermatophytes

A

human reservoir

64
Q

Zoophilic dermatophytes

A

animal reservoir

65
Q

Geophilic dermatophytes

A

soil reservoir

66
Q

Ringworm

A
  • superficial dermatophyte infection

- caused by fungus: Trichophyton rubrum in humans

67
Q

Pathology: Initial phase

A

subclinical or mild host response

68
Q

Pathology: Later phase

A

more pronounced inflammatory response

69
Q

Dermatophytosis in Cattle

A

T. verrucosum

70
Q

Dermatophytosis in Horses

A

T. equinum

71
Q

Dermatophytosis in Pigs

A

M. nanum

72
Q

Dermatophytosis in Poultry

A

M. gallinae

- Avian ringworm or favus

73
Q

Opportunistic mycosis

A
  • Candida albicans: Candidiasis
  • Cryptococcus neoformans: Cryptococcosis
  • Aspergillus sp.: Aspergillosis
74
Q

Candidiasis

A
  • caused by C. albicans and other Candida spp.
  • most common opportunistic fungal infection
  • superficial or deep
75
Q

Superficial candidiasis

A
  • may involve epidermal and mucosal surfaces
76
Q

Deep (visceral) candidiasis major portals of entry

A

alimentary tract and intravascular catheters

77
Q

Deep (visceral) candidiasis major organ sites involved

A

kidneys, liver, spleen, brain, eyes, heart and other tissues

78
Q

Deep (visceral) candidiasis risk factors and predispositions

A
  • long term courses of broad spectrum antibiotics
  • cytotoxic chemotherapy
  • cortiosteroids
  • vascular catheters
79
Q

Tx Antifungal agent

A

drug that selectively eliminates fungal pathogens from a host with minimal toxicity to the host

  • inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis
  • inhibit synthesis of glucans in cell wall
80
Q

Amphotericin B

A

binds with ergosterol: a component of fungal cell membranes -> forms pores that cause cell leakage and cell death

81
Q

Polyene Antifungal Drugs

A

Amphotericin, nystatin and pimaricin interact with sterols (ergosterol) in cell membrane

82
Q

Azole Antifungal Drugs

A

Fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole inhibit cytochrome P450 dependent enzymes involved in biosynthesis of ergosterol

83
Q

Allylamine and Morpholine Antifungal Drugs

A

Allylamines (naftifine, terbinafine) inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis

84
Q

Antimetabolite Antifungal Drugs

A

5-fluorocytosine acts as an inhibitor of both DNA/RNA synthesis

85
Q

Mycotoxins

A
  • toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi
  • structurally diverse
  • not essential to fungal growth
  • produced periodically under fungal stress
86
Q

one fungi/mold species may produce many different mycotoxins. T/F?

A

True

87
Q

Several species may produce the same mycotoxin. T/F?

A

True

88
Q

Type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus spp.

A

Aflatoxins

89
Q

Claviceps purpurea

mycotoxicosis?

A
  • Yes
  • rye mold
  • produces ergot (alkaloid) -> ergotism (convulsive, gangrenous)
90
Q

Aspergillus

mycotoxicosis?

A
  • Yes
  • produces aflatoxin
  • grows in many plant materials
  • low levels of toxin – carcinogenic (leads to aflatoxicosis)
91
Q

Amanita phalloides

mycotoxicosis?

A
  • Yes

- poisonous mushroom/toadstools

92
Q

Equine Leukoencephalomalacia (ELAM)

A
  • moldy corn toxicosis/poisoning
  • mycotoxin disease of CNS
  • most common mycotoxin-related syndrome in horses
  • toxin produced by fungus Fusarium moniliforme
93
Q

Porcine Pulmonary Edema Syndrome

A

Fumonisin toxicity

Intro. to Microbiology - Part 1 (11 decks)

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