myers unit 1 vocab

Question 1

what is critical thinking?

Answer 1

a form of problem-solving thinking; doesn’t blindly accept arguments and conclusions

Question 2

what is empiricism?

Answer 2

the theory that knowledge comes from experience

Question 3

what is stucturalism?

Answer 3

used introspection to find the structure of the mind; by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener

Question 4

what is introspection?

Answer 4

a process of looking inward to determine structure of the brain

Question 5

what is functionalism?

Answer 5

a theory of how the mind and behavioral processes function and enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish; by James, influenced by Darwin

Question 6

what is humanistic psychology?

Answer 6

a psychological perspective that focuses on looking at the individual and concept such as free will, self-efficacy (belief in oneself capacity), and self-actualization (full potential)(Maslow’s hierarchy); influential people such as Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Question 7

what is cognitive psychology?

Answer 7

a perspective of psychology that focuses on how people think; interactions of thinking, emotion, creativity, etc; influential people such as Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura

Question 8

what is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 8

is the study of the interaction between brain activity and cognitive tasks

Question 9

what is psychology?

Answer 9

study of the human mind and its functions, most notably of behavior

Question 10

what is the nature-nurture debate?

Answer 10

the question of whether characteristics are formed by our nature (genetics) or nurture (environment/experience)

Question 11

what is natural selection?

Answer 11

that certain characteristics and innate behaviors enhance the survival and changes of reproducing those characteristic to future generations

Question 12

what is evolutionary psychology?

Answer 12

the study of the evolution of behavior and cognitive processes over time

Question 13

what are behavior genetics?

Answer 13

study of how genetics variation affects psychological phenotypes (traits)

Question 14

what is culture?

Answer 14

the values, beliefs, language, traditions, and several others behaviors that have been passed throughout generations

Question 15

what is positive psychology?

Answer 15

focuses on wellbeing and the creation of a satisfying lifestyle

Question 16

what is the biopsychosocial approach?

Answer 16

includes the biological, psychological, and social factors into understanding humans

Question 17

what is behavioral psychology?

Answer 17

the study of the connection between our minds and our actions/behavior

Question 18

what is psychodynamic psychology?

Answer 18

the study of the interaction between the unconscious and conscious minds

Question 19

what is social-cultural psychology?

Answer 19

study of groups, cultures, values and expectations influence on ones behavior

Question 20

what is the testing effect?

Answer 20

suggests that long term memory is increased when learning involves retrieving prior information from memory

Question 21

what is the SQ3R method?

Answer 21

reading comprehension method; survey, question, read, recite, review

Question 22

what is psychometrics?

Answer 22

the study of psychology involved in measuring, assessing, testing, etc.

Question 23

what is basic research?

Answer 23

study that increases the knowledge and understanding of psychology

Question 24

what is developmental psychology?

Answer 24

the study of human growth from birth to death (womb to tomb)

Question 25

what is educational psychology?

Answer 25

studies the education setting, learning methods, cognitive development, and aptitude assessments of children

Question 26

what is personality psychology?

Answer 26

study of traits and patterns that influence a person’s cognition (thinking) and behavior

Question 27

what is social psychology?

Answer 27

studies the social interaction origins and effects on the individual

Question 28

what is applied research?

Answer 28

studies of solving problems and creating new technologies; applying research to real-world situations

Question 29

what is industrial-organization (I/O) psychology?

Answer 29

study of psychological solutions to problems in work settings and other organizations

Question 30

what is human factor psychology?

Answer 30

applied research that applies human abilities, behaviors, limitations, and processes to create designs

Question 31

what is counseling psychology

Answer 31

psychology field that aims to help humans overcome mental health challenges and to improve their quality of life

Question 32

what is clinical psychology?

Answer 32

focuses on and addresses the behavioral and mental issues that individuals across a lifespan

Question 33

what is psychiatry?

Answer 33

medical field that studies, diagnoses, and treats mental illnesses

Question 34

what is community psychology?

Answer 34

focuses on how individuals relate to their communities and the reciprocal effect (mirroring positive or negative actions of others) of communities on individuals

Question 35

who was wilhelm wundt?

Answer 35

created the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879; founder of experimental psychology; father of psychology; opener of modern psychology

Question 36

who was g. stanley hall?

Answer 36

first president of the APA; first person in the US to earn a Ph.D. in psychology; coined “adolescence”; developer of genetic psychology; published “Adolescence: Its Psychology…”; another of wundt’s students

Question 37

who was edward titchener?

Answer 37

founder of structuralism along wundt; was his student

Question 38

who was william james?

Answer 38

established the school of functionalism; influenced by Darwin’s theories and ideas

Question 39

who was charles darwin?

Answer 39

the theory of evolution implemented into intelligence, of the mind, and expressions of emotion

Question 40

who was mary whiton calkins?

Answer 40

first female president of the APA, established the first psychology laboratory at an all women’s college, denied her earned psychology Ph.D. by Harvard in 1903

Question 41

who was margaret floy washburn?

Answer 41

second female president of the APA, developed a motor theory of consciousness, “The Animal Mind”

Question 42

who was john b. watson?

Answer 42

Little Albert experiment; classical conditioning; shifted psychological focus from mind to behavior; behaviorist

Question 43

who was b.f. skinner?

Answer 43

operant conditioning; schedules of reinforcement; behaviorist

Question 44

who was sigmund freud?

Answer 44

founded psychoanalysis (aims to treat mental issues by studying the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind); psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital)

Question 45

who was carl rogers?

Answer 45

unconditional positive regard; client centered psychotherapy; one of the founders of humanistic psychology

Question 46

who was abraham maslow?

Answer 46

maslow’s hierarchy of needs; father of humanistic psychology

Question 47

what was ivan pavlov?

Answer 47

developed a theory of classical condition; studies behavior of dogs with food, bell, and salivation; UR, US, CR, CS

Question 48

who was jean piaget?

Answer 48

research on children’s cognitive development; sensorimotor intelligence, preparational thinking, concrete operational thinking, and formal operational thinking

Question 49

who was dorothea dix?

Answer 49

played a role in the improvement of hospitals for the mentally ill; during the early 19th century during the period of reform (prison and asylum movements)