Myology Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
What do muscle tissues look like and what are they called?
A
- Cells of muscle are thread like
- Called muscle fibres
2
Q
What are the three kinds of muscular tissue?
A
- Skeletal muscle tissue
- Visceral muscle tissue
- Cardiac muscle tissue
3
Q
What are striations?
A
Striations are stripes or banded
4
Q
Is skeletal muscle tissue striated or non striated?
A
Striated or striated voluntary
5
Q
Is visceral muscle tissue striated or non striated?
A
Non striated involuntary or smooth
6
Q
Is cardiac muscle tissue striated or non striated?
A
Striated involuntary
7
Q
What nervous system controls skeletal muscle tissue?
A
Somatic voluntary
8
Q
What nervous system controls visceral muscle tissue?
A
Involuntary
9
Q
What nervous system controls cardiac muscle tissue?
A
Involuntary
10
Q
What are some descriptions of skeletal muscle tissue?
A
- Composes muscles attached to bones
- Many nuclei per cell
- Many cross striations of tissue
- Combines with connective tissue to cause movement
11
Q
What are some descriptions of visceral muscle tissue?
A
- Found in the walls of viscera (hollow internal organs)
- One nucleus per cell
- No cross striations, smooth appearance
12
Q
What are some examples of viscera?
A
- Stomach
- Intestines
- Blood vessels
13
Q
What are some descriptions of cardiac muscle tissue?
A
- Makes up walls of heart
- Cross striations and unique dark bands
- Nuclei - sometimes one or sometimes many
14
Q
What are muscle cells?
A
Movement specialists of the body; they make movement by contracting - getting shorter.
15
Q
How much of our body weight do muscles make up?
A
40 to 50% of body weight
16
Q
What do muscles have a lighter degree of than any other tissue cells?
A
Contractility - the ability to shorten, or to increase in tension or to contract
17
Q
How are skeletal muscles different from each other?
A
- Structure
- Size
- Shape
- Fibre Arrangement
18
Q
What are skeletal muscles?
A
Organs
19
Q
What are skeletal muscle organs composed of?
A
Bundles of skeletal muscle fibres that generally extend the length of the muscle.
20
Q
What do skeletal muscles mainly consist of?
A
- Skeletal muscle tissue
- Connective tissue
- Nervous tissue components
21
Q
What envelopes each muscle?
A
A fibrous connective sheath envelopes each muscle and extends into it as partitions between bundles of its fibres and between individual fibres.
22
Q
How is the connective sheath that envelopes each muscle helpful in anchoring muscle to bone?
A
These structures are continuous with the fibrous structures (tendons and aponeurosis) that attach muscles to bones or other structures. Muscles are therefore very firmly harnessed to the structures they pull on during contractions.
23
Q
What does the connective sheath look like and what is it attached too?
A
May be continuous with the fibrous tissue that extends from the muscle as a tendon a strong tough cord, continuous at its other end with fibrous covering of bone (periosteum)
24
Q
What is a tendon?
A
A cord of fibrous connective tissue attaches a muscle to a bone.
25
What is an aponeurosis?
A broad flat shell of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or other muscle.
26
Why are injuries to tendons and aponeurosis uncommon?
Occasionally tendons and aponeurosis are pulled away from the bones. However they are so strong and tough that they are not often torn, even by injuries forceful enough to break bones or tear muscles.
27
What do nerve cells transmit to skeletal muscles?
Impulses
28
What are muscles stimulated by for muscles to contract?
For muscles to contract they are stimulated through the nervous system by motor and sensory nerves.
29
What are nervous system disorders that affect skeletal muscles?
- M.S.
- Parkinsons
- Lou Gehrig's disease
30
If there are fewer muscle fibres supplied is movement more precise or less precise?
- Fewer fibres supplied - more precise movement (I.e. hand/finger movement)
- In contrast - large abdominal muscles do not produce precise movement with hundreds of muscle fibres that are stimulated.
31
What do muscles that are damaged or dislocated cause?
Pain
| May also cause immobility
32
What is a strain?
A strain is damage to the muscle or its tendon
33
What is a sprain?
A sprain is injury to a ligament
34
What is a ligament?
Any band of connective tissue connecting bones (bone to bone)
35
What are the functions of the muscular system?
1. Movement of the body - locomotion of its parts
2. Heat protection (catabolism in cells) - catabolism releases energy from nutrients. Active muscles generate large amounts of heat.
3. Posture - continued partial contraction of many skeletal muscles make sitting, standing etc. possible
36
What happens when a muscle contracts and shortens?
One of its attachments usually remains fixed, and other one moves.
37
What is origin?
Origin is the term applied to the more fixed attachment; anchor of the muscle.
38
What is insertion?
Insertion applies to the more moveable attachment; movable section of muscle.
39
How does insertion usually move during contraction?
Insertion usually moves forward toward the origin during contraction.
40
In giving massage, what is the direction of pressure?
From insertion to origin.
41
How is the origin of muscle different than insertion?
The origin of muscle is almost always a different bone or tissue than its insertion.
42
What does the muscular system need in order to maintain the vital functions of muscles?
A balance of care
43
What are the things muscles need as a balance of care?
- Fluid
- Nutrition
- Rest
- Exercise
- Oxygen
- Age
44
Explain why you need to drink water before, after and during exercise.
1. Before exercise to avoid dehydration
2. During exercise due to loss via sweating
3. During exercise to help body cool down
4. After because it helps to "flush out" waste products produced in muscles as a result of energy production.
45
What are the foods necessary for muscle function?
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
- Proteins
- Vitamins
46
Why do muscles need carbohydrates?
Needed to produce energy
47
Why do muscles need protein?
Helps body to build muscle
48
Why do muscles need fats?
They provide a source of energy
49
What vitamins do muscles need?
Vitamins A, C, & E help muscles use oxygen and detoxify free radicals.
B Vitamins are essential for production of energy.
50
Why do muscles need rest?
Muscles require adequate resting time to compensate for the levels of activity they undertake.
51
Why do muscles need exercise?
Provides the body muscles with the means to develop increased levels of power, strength. speed, endurance and flexibility.
52
Why do muscles need oxygen?
Muscles need a good supply of oxygen to activate energy.
53
What happens to muscles as we age?
Muscles weaken with age and lack of activity.
54
What do weakened muscles and a lack of activity contribute to?
The formation of lines, wrinkles and dropped contours as weakened muscles are less able to resist the pull of gravity.
55
What is anatomical position?
Posture with face and toes directed forward, palms forward and heels and toes together.
56
Define anterior.
Near to front of body
57
Define posterior.
Near to back of the body
58
Define superior.
Above
59
Define inferior.
Below
60
Define medial.
Toward medial plane of the body
61
Define lateral.
Farther away from the median plane
62
Define volar.
Palm of hand.
63
Define plantar.
Sole of foot
64
Define proximal.
Nearer to point of origin.
65
Define distal.
Father from point of origin.
66
Define superficial.
Nearer to the surface.
67
Define deep.
Farther from the surface.
68
Define ipsilateral.
Same side.
69
Define contralateral.
Opposite side.
70
Define unilateral.
One side only.
71
Define bilateral.
Both sides.
72
Define flexion.
(Bending): Reduction of the angle between bone of body parts.
73
Define extension.
(Straighten): Increasing the angle between bones of body parts.
74
Define abduction.
Movement away from the median plane.
75
Define adduction.
Movement toward median plane.
76
Define reposition.
Return to the anatomical position.
77
Define elevation.
Movement superiorly (up).
78
Define depression.
Movement interiorly (down).
79
Define rotation.
Movement around the long axis of the body.
80
Define inversion of the foot.
Turning the sole toward the median plane or facing each other.
81
Define eversion of the foot.
Soles facing away from each other.
82
Define supination.
Lateral rotation of forearm.
83
Define pronate.
Medial rotation of forearm or foot.
84
Define prone.
Lying face down.
85
Define supine.
Lying face up.
86
Define side lying.
Lying on left or right side.
87
Describe the occipitofrontalis.
Broad muscle; parts connected by aponeurosis.
Two parts
1) Occipitalis
2) Frontalis
88
What is the function of the occipitofrontalis?
Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead horizontally. (Expression of concentration or surprise)
89
Describe the orbiculares oculi.
A circular muscle surrounding the eye.
90
What is the function of the orbiculares oculi?
Closes the eye
| Contributes to fine lines that first appear at eyes (i.e. crows feet)
91
Describe the corrugator.
Situated between the eyebrows.
92
What is the function of the corrugator?
Wrinkles forehead vertically.
| Draws eyebrows down and in.
93
Describe the procerus.
Covers bridge of nose (assists frontal muscle)
94
What is the function of the procerus?
Wrinkles skin over bridge of nose.
95
Describe the masseter.
Situated in the cheek.
96
What is the function of the masseter?
Closes jaw or mouth
Clenches teeth
Chewing
97
Describe the temporalis.
Situated at the side of the head.
98
What is the function of the temporalis?
Closes jaw
Clenches teeth
Retracts lower jaw
99
Describe the levator labii superioris.
Between masseter (cheek muscle) and nose.
100
What is the function of the levator labii superioris?
Raises upper lip
| Dilates nostrils
101
Describe the depressor labii inferioris.
Situated between the triangular and mentalis muscles.
102
What is the function of the depressor labii inferioris?
Draws lower lip downward.
103
Describe the buccinator.
Between upper and lower jaws.
| Flat muscles of cheeks.
104
What is the function of the buccinator?
Permits smiling and blowing as in playing a trumpet or whistling.
Chewing
105
Describe the mentalis.
Tip of chin.
106
What is the function of the mentalis?
Raises and protrudes lower lip as in doubt or displeasure.
107
Describe the orbiculares oris.
A circular flat band of muscle surrounding the mouth forming its shape during use.
108
What is the function of the orbiculares oris?
Closes and puckers lips, as in kissing or whistling.
109
Describe the risorius.
Situated in the lower cheek area and attached to corners of mouth.
110
What is the function of the risorius?
Retractes angle of mouth, as in grinning.
| Helps buccinator with smiling.
111
Describe the zygomaticus.
Covering the zygomatic bones and attached to the muscles of the mouth.
112
What is the function of the zygomaticus?
Responsible for lifting the mouth and cheeks as we laugh.
113
Describe the platysma.
Broad muscle extending from chest and shoulder muscle, to side of chin.
114
What is the function of the platysma?
Depresses lower jaw and covers mouth, as in pouting/sadness
| Contributes to necklace lines on the neck.
115
Describe the stereo-cleido mastoid.
Extends from temporal bone down to sides of neck.
116
What is the function of the stereo-cleido mastoid?
Flexes (bens) head (prayer muscle) forward.
| Rotates head from side to side.
117
Describe the trapezius.
A large triangular muscle covering the back of the neck and upper back.
118
What is the function of the trapezius?
Raises shoulder and pulls it back.
| Moves head to either side.
119
Describe the deltoid.
Large, thick, triangular shaped muscle covers shoulder and top of arm.
120
What is the function of the deltoid?
Assists in the movement at the shoulder joint, lifting the arms up, back and forwards.
121
Describe the bicep bracchii.
Front/inner part of upper arm
122
What is the function of the bicep bracchii?
Assists in the movement of the forearm, turns palms of hands out and bends elbow.
123
Describe the tricep bracchii.
Posterior upper arm.
124
What is the function of the tricep bracchii?
Extension of arm at elbow.
125
Describe the latissimus dorsi.
Large, flat muscle of the back. Extends to sides, partly covered by trapezius.
126
What is the function of the latissimus doors?
Rotates trunk and stabilizes back. Aids in extending shoulders, climbing.
127
How are the muscles in the forearm divided?
The forearm is divided into anterior & posterior muscle groups.
128
What are the muscle groups in the forearm responsible for?
Movement of forearm and forearm muscles, initiates movement in wrists, hands and fingers.
129
Do fingers have muscles?
No.
130
What are extrinsic muscles responsible for?
Extrinsic muscles are external to hand and activate stronger movements.
131
What are intrinsic muscles responsible for?
Intrinsic muscles are located in the hand (not fingers) and controls finer movements.
132
Describe the gluteus Maximus.
Largest muscle of the body.
| Located posterior in buttock.
133
What is the function of the gluteus Maximus?
Extension and rotation of thigh, hip joint.
| Keeps body upright, walking, running.
134
Describe the quadriceps
Four individual muscles that form the main bulk of anterior thigh.
135
What are the four individual muscles in the quadriceps?
- Vastus lateralis
- Vastus intermedius
- Vastus medialis
- Rectus femoris
136
What is the function of the quadriceps?
These muscles work together to stand, walk, jump, squat, flex hip, stabilize knee (palella)
137
Describe the sartorius.
Longest muscle in the body. Extends from front hip to inner tibia.
138
What is the function of the sartorius?
Helps to stabilize pelvis, rotate hip, flex at knee, sitting crossed legged.
139
Describe the gastrocnemius.
Posterior muscles of the lower leg, consists of 2 large bellies and 2 heads.
140
What is the function of the gastrocnemius?
Moves lower leg, flexes foot and angle joints for running and jumping.
141
Describe the soleus.
Posterior lower leg, works with gastrocnemius.
142
What is the function of the soleus?
Aids in running, walking, and dancing along with gastrocnemius muscles. The relaxing and contracting of this muscle aids in venous return of blood to heart.
143
Where are the muscles that control movement in the feet located?
Located in lower calf.
