MYOLOGY OF THE BACK

Question 1

Which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer one of the true back?

Answer 1

trapezius, latissimus dorsi

Question 2

Which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer two of the true back?

Answer 2

rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

Question 3

Which muscles attaching to the transverse processes represent layer two of the true back?

Answer 3

levator scapulae

Question 4

The trapezius is innervated by what nerve?

Answer 4

the spinal accessory nerve

Question 5

What forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius?

Answer 5

C1-C5 cord levels contribute to the spinal root of the spinal accessory nerve

Question 6

The latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve?

Answer 6

the thoracodorsal nerve

Question 7

What forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi?

Answer 7

ventral rami from C6-C8

Question 8

Which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal sacpular nerve?

Answer 8

levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

Question 9

What forms the dorsal scapular nerve?

Answer 9

the ventral ramus of C5

Question 10

The levator scapulae is innervated by what nerves?

Answer 10

the dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C3. C4 ventral rami

Question 11

The rhomboid major is innervated by what nerves?

Answer 11

the dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus

Question 12

The rhomboid minor is innervated by what nerves?

Answer 12

the dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus

Question 13

What muscles lie beneath the trapezius in the neck?

Answer 13

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

Question 14

What does the word “splenius” mean?

Answer 14

it is the greek word for bandage

Question 15

What part of the vertebra forms the osseous origin for the splenius muscles?

Answer 15

the spinous process

Question 16

What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?

Answer 16

dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5)

Question 17

Spenius cervicis will attach to what locations on the spine?

Answer 17

lateral mass of C1 and posterior tubercle of transverse process on C1-C4

Question 18

What is the innervation of the splenius cervicis?

Answer 18

dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-C7 cord levels)

Question 19

Which muscles represent the fourth layer of the true back?

Answer 19

the erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles

Question 20

Which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?

Answer 20

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Question 21

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum?

Answer 21

spinous processes of T11-T12, L1-L5, median sacral crest, lateral sacral crest

Question 22

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum?

Answer 22

costal angles of the lower 6-9 (lol) ribs (rib6-rib12 or rib3-rib12)

Question 23

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?

Answer 23

dorsal rami of lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves

Question 24

Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion?

Answer 24

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum

Question 25

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis thoracics?

Answer 25

none

Question 26

What osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?

Answer 26

transverse process of C7

Question 27

Which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates and inserts on ribs?

Answer 27

iliocostalis thoracis

Question 28

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis thoracis?

Answer 28

dorsal rami of upper 6 throacic spinal nerves (T1-T6 cord levels)

Question 29

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis cervicis?

Answer 29

none

Question 30

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?

Answer 30

dorsal rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)

Question 31

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis?

Answer 31

accessory process an transverse processes of L1-L5. spinous processes of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3

Question 32

Which erector spinae muscle is attached to the accessory process?

Answer 32

longissimus thoracis

Question 33

What is the inneration of the longissimus thoracis?

Answer 33

dorsal rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T12, L1-L5)

Question 34

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?

Answer 34

accessory process and medial part of transverse process of L1-L5

Question 35

What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?

Answer 35

posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) of the inominate bone

Question 36

Which subdivision of the longissimus muscle apppears to have a reversal of origin - insertion?

Answer 36

longissimus thoracis pars lumborum

Question 37

What is the innervation of the longissimus capitis?

Answer 37

dorsal rami of C1-C3 or C4 spinal nerves, (C1-C3 or C4 cord levels)

Question 38

Which erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?

Answer 38

longissimus cervicis and longissimus capitis

Question 39

What is the innervation of the spinalis thoracis?

Answer 39

dorsal rami of all thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves

Question 40

What is the innervation of the spinalis cervicis?

Answer 40

dorsal rami of all cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8 cord levels)

Question 41

What is the innervation of the spinalis capitis?

Answer 41

dorsal rami of lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves

Question 42

Which muscles are identified as trasnversospinalis muscle?

Answer 42

semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators

Question 43

Based on the name of this group (transversospinalis) what is the origin - insertion of the transversospinalis?

Answer 43

transverse process origin, spinous process insertion

Question 44

How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?

Answer 44

as many as nine vertebrae

Question 45

What segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracis?

Answer 45

T12

Question 46

What is the innervation of the semispinalis thoracics?

Answer 46

dorsal rami of T1-T6 spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T6)

Question 47

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?

Answer 47

transverse tubercles of T1-T5 or T6 and articular processes of C4-C7

Question 48

What is the innervation of the semispinalis cervicis?

Answer 48

dorsal rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves (Cord levels C6-C8)

Question 49

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?

Answer 49

transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7 and articular processes of C4-C6

Question 50

What is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis?

Answer 50

dorsal rami of C1-C6 spinal nerves (cord levels C1-C6)

Question 51

The biventer cervicis is formed by the fusion of what muscles?

Answer 51

semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis

Question 52

What regional subdivisions are now identified with multifidis muscles?

Answer 52

lumbar multifidis, thoracic multifidis, and cervical multifidis

Question 53

Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine

Answer 53

multifidis

Question 54

What is the innervation of the classic multifidis?

Answer 54

dorsal rami of C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5 and S1 spinal nerves (cord levels C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5 and S1)

Question 55

Contraction of multifidis cervicis will result in what movements?

Answer 55

alters the zygapophyseal capsular ligament response to load distribution determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain and is a significant contributor to postural control of the head and neck

Question 56

Which subdivision of multifidis may demonstrate a reversal of origin - insertion?

Answer 56

multifidis lumoborum

Question 57

Contraction of multifidis lumborum will result in what movements?

Answer 57

lateral flexion and rotation of the lumbar spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement

Question 58

which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin - insertion?

Answer 58

iliocostalis lumborum par lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum, and multifidis lumborum

Question 59

What will replace muscles spanning one or two segmental levels in the cervicals and lumbars?

Answer 59

deep layers of the multifidis

Question 60

Which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?

Answer 60

obliquus capitis inferior

Question 61

Which nerve will innervate all suboccipital muscles

Answer 61

the dorsal ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve

Question 62

What is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?

Answer 62

C2 spinous process and lamina

Question 63

What is the insertion of the obliquus capitis inferior?

Answer 63

transverse process of C1

Question 64

Contraction of obliquus capitis inferior will result in what movement?

Answer 64

turns the face to the side

Question 65

An increase in the density of muscle spindles is most apparent in which suboccipital muscle?

Answer 65

obliquus capitis inferior

Question 66

Suboccipital muscle feedback relays to what additional locations in the brain?

Answer 66

extraocular nuclei of origin, primary visual cortex and vestibular nuclei

Question 67

What is the result of communication between suboccipital muscles, visual centers and vestibular centers?

Answer 67

coordination of head and eye position

Question 68

What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group?

Answer 68

postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints

Question 69

Which suboccipital muscles are known to attach to dura mater?

Answer 69

rectus capitis posterior major, recuts capitis posterior minor and obliquus capitis inferior

Question 70

Interspinalis is paired in which regions of the spine?

Answer 70

cervical and lumbar regions

Question 71

Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?

Answer 71

acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

Question 72

INtertransversarii are paired in which region (s) of the spine?

Answer 72

cervical and lumbar regions

Question 73

Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves?

Answer 73

intertransversarii

Question 74

Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?

Answer 74

acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

Question 75

What is the origin of the longus colli?

Answer 75

vertebral bodies of C5-C6, T1-T3 and anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C5

Question 76

What will innervate the longus colli?

Answer 76

ventral rami of C2-C6 or C7 spinal nerves

Question 77

What is the insertion of the longus capitis?

Answer 77

basilar part of the occipital bone

Question 78

What will innervate the longus capitis?

Answer 78

the ventral rami of C1-C3 spinal nerves

Question 79

What is the origin of the rectus capitis anterior?

Answer 79

lateral mass and costal element of the transverse process of C1

Question 80

What will innervate the rectus capitis anterior?

Answer 80

ventral rami of C1-C2 spinal nerves

Question 81

What is the insertion of the rectus capitis lateralis?

Answer 81

jugular process of the occipital bone

Question 82

What will innervate the rectus capitis lateralis?

Answer 82

jugular process of the occipital bone

Question 83

What will innervate the rectus capitis lateralis?

Answer 83

the ventral rami of C1-C2 spinal nerves

Question 84

What is the insertion of the anterior scalene?

Answer 84

ridge and anterior scalene tubercle of the first rib

Question 85

What will innervate the anterior scalene?

Answer 85

the ventral rami of C2-C6 spinal nerves

Question 86

What is the insertion of the middle scalene?

Answer 86

between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib

Question 87

Contraction of middle scalene will result in what movements/

Answer 87

laterally flex the neck; elevate the first rib

Question 88

What will innervate the middle scalene?

Answer 88

the ventral rami of C3-C8 spinal nerves

Question 89

What will innervate the posterior scalene?

Answer 89

the ventral rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves

Question 90

The quadratus lumborum is implicated in the formation of which ligament?

Answer 90

the iliolumbar ligament

Question 91

What osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an origin to the quadratus lumborum?

Answer 91

transverse process of L5

Question 92

What will innervate the quadratus lumborum?

Answer 92

the ventral rami of T12 and L1-L3 or L4 spinal nerves

Question 93

What is the origin of the posas major?

Answer 93

vertebral bodies T12, L1-L5, S1 and transverse processes of L1-L5

Question 94

What will innervate the posas major?

Answer 94

primarily the ventral rami of L2 and L3, may include ventral rami of L1 and L4 spinal nerves

Question 95

What is the origin of the psoas minor?

Answer 95

vertebral bodies T12, L1

Question 96

What will innervate the posas minor?

Answer 96

the ventral ramus of L1 spinal nerve

Question 97

What will innervate the iliacus?

Answer 97

the femoral nerve, primarily the ventral rami of L2 and L3

Question 98

What will innervate the levator costarum brevis?

Answer 98

the dorsal rami of T1-T12 spinal nerves

Question 99

What will innervate the levator costarum longus?

Answer 99

the dorsal rami of the lower thoracic spinal nerves

Question 100

What will innervate the serratus posterior superior?

Answer 100

the ventral rami of T2-T5 spinal nerves...intercostal nerves

Question 101

What will innervate the serratus posterior inferior?

Answer 101

the ventral rami of T9-T11, the intercostal nerves and the ventral ramus of T12, the subcostal nerve