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N&W last b4 final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the prevalence of overweight and obesity in USA

A

2/3 overweight

1/3 obese

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2
Q

how successfull are dieters

A

within 5 years of a weight loss program 95% regained all the lost weight

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3
Q

what diseases and abnormalities are closest associated with obesity

A

heart disease,hypertension,diabetes, kidney and gallbladder disease, arthritis, gout and many cancers

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4
Q

how does obesity affect children

A

causes pschosocial dysfunctioning, elevated blood lipids, hbp and impaired glucose tolerance

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5
Q

FActors associated with obesity

A

sedentary lifestyle, overconsumtion of food

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6
Q

How does a low fat fiber rich diet protect against obesity

A

fats have twice the amount of calories than carbs

fewer calories are consumed with high fiber diets

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7
Q

how does the caloric intake change a meal with added fat and sugar

A

it doubles

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8
Q

how have portion sizes changed over the past two decades

A

increased dramatically by at least 50-135 kcals

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9
Q

how important is excersize for weight management

A

keeps bmr up and burns off calories

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10
Q

How do the danish study and the pima indian study show the importance of genetics and lifestyle

A

danish study - genetics is important bmi correlated to biological parents not adoptive family environment not that important

pima indian study - half became white like and ate like bad and became obese half didnt and ate traditionally and dont have fatness problems

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11
Q

how are hormones like leptin and ghrelin involved in weight management

A

leptin(satiety hormones) is highest in obese individuals, they are leptin resistant
ghrelin -(appetite)

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12
Q

How do the Atkins diet, the south beach diet and other low carb diets compare to low fat doets in weight loss programs

A

fast weight loss, low sustainabilty

promote ketosis goes against conventional health wisdom

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13
Q

what is the mechanism by which low carb diets work

A

ketosis which causes drowsiness and headaches’

high fat and protien lenthens satiety

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14
Q

What are dangers of very low cal diets

A

loss of body protien snd potassium leads to heart failure, fatigue, light headedness, diarrhea

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15
Q

how effective are diet aids for weight loss such as fen-phen and ppa

A

starch blockers have proven to be ineffective
ppa causes stroke
fen-phen causes heart valve damage

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16
Q

Name some fat replaces commonly used today

A

modified starches, oatfiber, gums polydextrose can be used safe in moderation

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17
Q

of waht nutritional/ health value are fat replacers

A

better lipid levels, weight loss,blood clotting factors, oat fiber reduces systolic pressure

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18
Q

What good principles exist in dr phils keys to weight loss freeedom

A

high fiber and healthy fats, portion control, vigorous excersize 3 times a week

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19
Q

why is weight watcheres an effective program while slim fast plan isnt

A

focuses of lifestyle and is free of gimmicks

easy, individualized plan

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20
Q

Name some keys to success from people who have lost weight and kept it off as described by ann fletcher in thin for life

A

believe that you can become thin for life, take control with your life, dont look to others to help you , move it or lose it do go for it alone

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21
Q

Give some sensible, simple and practical ways to lose weight

A

set realistic goals, excersize is essential, dont eliminate fat,dont turn to food, do go it alone

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22
Q

what is the nest diet

A

low fat high fiber foods

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23
Q

what is the value of a support group for losing weight

A

accountability is essential

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24
Q

what is the national weight control registry for

A

people who have lost alot of weight and kept it off and the average weight loss is 66 lbs

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25
what sort of diet do NWCR members follow
they eat breakfast weigh weekly and excersize daily
26
why is iron deficiency a world wide problem
iron deficency caused by malaria, hookworm infestation, HIV/AIDS, bilharziasis and other parasitic infestations
27
Why are women more likely to have iron deficiency
women store less than .5 grams of iron and puberty menustration causes more losses
28
main functions of iron in the body
oxygen carrying capacity in rbc and myoglobin | cellular energy
29
how do iron losses occur
intestinal tract, sweating , menstral flow
30
what stages of the life cycle are most vulnerable iron deficency
women of child-bearing age, adolescents, bottle fed infanra and children less than 3 years old
31
how does does the measurement of serum ferritin tell us about the iron stores in a person
it is the equillibrium with the body's stores 1ug/l is 10 mg of iron iron depletion is <120 mg
32
What is observed in third stage iron deficiency?
iron deficiency erythropoesis
33
what are the major causes of iron deficiency
poor absorption of iron through diet blood loss rapid growth premature birth
34
what are the clinical signs of iron deficiency
pale color of mucus membranes, tongue and fingernails, fatigue, listlessness, shortness of breath,diffuculty concetration
35
what are the consequences of iron deficiency
``` decreased capacity for work and decreased athletic performance impaired ability to produce body heat imparired intellectual performance greater risk of premature delivery impaired immune function increased risk of lead poisoning ```
36
Describe the absorption pattern of the different forms of iron in plant and animal food
heme 15-35 | non heme- 5-10
37
name the major facilitatorsr and inhibitors of non heme iron
75 mg of vit c,meat,citric,malic,tartic acids increases non heme iron phytates,polyphenolics,coffee,tannis in tea inhibit
38
What are good plant sources of iron
legumes, grains and pasta, oatmeal, soybeans , limabeans
39
Are vegetarians at a greater risk of anemia | Vegans?
yes and no they have lower levels of vit b12, reduced iron stores lower serum ferritin levels hemoglobin and serum iron levels are similar to onmivores same for vegans who follow heathy diets
40
how can we best prevent iron deficiency
fortificationm, higher vit c intake, use of birth control, breastfeeding,
41
Can you get too much iron
yes high iron intake associated with higher risk of heart disease
42
How much water so we need everyday
depends on body size, ambient temp, physical activity and and water content of food 2. 85 q women 3. 9 for men
43
why is the lack of water a problem for mental and physical performance and general health
affects alertness, ability to concentrate, coordination and short term memory
44
what substances contaminate ground water
industrial wastes,agricultural run-off, chlorine, nitratres underground water has become
45
how does water impact heart health
water intake of 5 or more glases compared to two glassses greatly reduced the risk of fatal heart attack
46
what problems may exist chlorination of community water?
increased risk of bladder,colon,rectum cancer | may increase blood cholesterol
47
how do we get exposure to lead in food and water
lead service pipes, brass faucets and copper pipres, leaving food in opened cans, chilli candies from mexico
48
what are the concerns regarding lead ingestion
affects growth | raises bp, causes strokem heart attack in adults
49
how can we cut the level of lead we ingest
run the tap for 2 min if not been used in 6 hrs dont drink warm or hot water out the the tap avoid softened water install a special filter
50
what 2 concerns result from high nitrates in water
blue baby syndrome | colon cancer
51
what problems result form ingesting water contaminated with protozoans
gi complaints, naseau , diarrhea, and flu like symptoms
52
is bottled water safer than tap water
yes mostly nor highly regulated to may not be
53
What different kinds of bottled water do we have
natural water- not modified sparkling water - added carbon dioxide spring water - natural water from spring purified water - demineralized water club soda- carbonated witrh mineral and salts mineral water - added minerals to improve
54
what 3 facts are often missing on the label of bottled water
source of water purificated methods chemical pollutants is bottle
55
do enhanced water have any advantage for the consumer
no they contain handful of vitamins and sugar but no advantage except hydration
56
what can the consumer do to improve their water supply
buy filter, water distiller and reverese osmosis filter
57
why are there antibiotic residues in milk
cows are given antibiotics and residues are in the milk allergic reactions some may cause cancer bacteria becomes drug resistant
58
why have we seen a rapid increase in gastro intestinal illnesses causes by eating fresh produce over the past decade
imports from the third world
59
how common are food bourne illness in the us
90 mill cases of illness occur in the US
60
Who are most vulnerable to the effects of food bourne illnesses
people with compromised immune systems like the elderly or immature kids, preggos, cancer patients, hiv ppl
61
outbreaks of food bourne illnessess cause fatalities
``` e coli salmonella camplyobacter colstridium perfringes retrovirus listeria monocycogens toxoplasma gonoli 500 deaths annually ```
62
what changes in the eating habits of americans
beef consumption canged to fish and poultry chicken demand increase demand less processed more convenience foods
63
How effective is the screening and inspecting of precessed chickens nowadays
the industry monitors itself which is bad | over one half of all poultry is contaminated with salmonella
64
why is listeria monocytogenes considered a virulent and dangerous microoganism
causes meningitits, miscarriges, perinatal septicemia,
65
give examples of major outbreaks of listerosis
1985 jalisico brand mexican style cheese | bil mar foods 35 million products
66
what caused the recents outbreak of bovine (BSE) or mad cow disease
feeding brains and spinal cords of sheep to cattle
67
Why are prions so dangerous
self replicating protein, kill nerve cells , nearly impossible to destroy
68
What is cjd
creutzfeld jakob disease- human equivalent of mad cow disease
69
describe various problems that may arise with seafood
mercury ciguatera poisoning paralytic
70
Why is e coli infection feared so much
10 bacteria can produce a illness | acid tolerant causes stroke, seizure and kidney damage
71
Why is salmonella enteriditis a real concern
caused many deaths, drug resistant, they should be cooked more than 5 mins boiling for 5 poach for 7
72
why do we have food recalla these days
problems with food handling, insufficient inspections | imported food
73
how safe are pesticides for the consumer
pesticides account for 72% of poisonings and 63% of fatalites
74
name 3 main long term effects of pesticides on the health of farm workers
cancer neurotoxic effects reproductive disorders
75
what ways can we reduce our exposure to pesticides
eat variety of foods wash peel fruit buy organic
76
what qualifies as organic and gets usda seal
``` grown w/o synthetic fertilizerm pestices or sewage sludge not irradiated not gmo no antibiotics or growth hormones phytochemicals ```
77
what are the pros and cons of using organic foods
avoid chemicals more phytochemicals cons expensive
78
are food additives safe and necessary
yea they prevent food from spoiling. seperation, flavor enhancers, anti caking
79
Are there concers with GM foods
yes can increase resistance to antibiotic, produce allergic reactions animals fed gmos revealed stunted growth, impaired immune systems, liver and kidney diseases, increased death rated
80
How safe is microwaving
can leech heat suscpetos into food toluene, benzene, xylene
81
what concerns have been expressed about aluminum exposure
causes senile dementia parkinsonism dementia dialylsis demnitia
82
what are the major sources of aluminum in our diet
cake mixes, frozen doughs, processed cheeses, pickles
83
how safe is food in general
not safe eat nothing ever! | dont eat meat, wash veggies, eat organic,dont eat contaminated foods

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