N339 Exam 2 Flashcards
(49 cards)
With healing, ______ are stimulated by a variety of growth factors. Healing begins 3-4 days after insult; mediated by __________ (type of cytokine), that are released by platelets and immune cells. GFs communicate with fibroblasts and _______ cells. Fibroblasts lay down collagen fibers that help rebuild the tissue. Providing the _____ ______ FRAMEWORK FOR HEALING. Endothelial cells grow into the new connective tissue to make _______.
fibroblasts growth factors endothelial CONNECTIVE TISSUE capillaries
fever, neutrophilia, lethargy, and muscle catabolism are all systematic manifestations of _______.
inflammation
Most systemic manifestations are elicited by ______ (three cytokines) and released by ______ and inflamed tissues.
IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α
macrophages
The 3 cytokines CAUSE LIVER TO MGR ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS (______ and ______) WHICH CAUSE AN INCREASE IN ______ PRODUCTION.
BRADYKININ AND COMPLEMENT
FIBRINOGEN
ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS AREN’T “acute inflammation”. They are phase related only and present they always indicate _______ INFLAMMATION.
SYSTEMIC
Acute phase proteins from the liver cause an increase in the level of ______ in the blood. Fibrinogen coats the RBCs and causes them to ______ more readily. This change in RBCs causes an increase in the _______ _____ ______, which is indicative of the presence of inflammation
fibrinogen
aggregate
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Previous exposure to ______ antigens is not required for the activation of innate immune defenses. ______ is an important aspect of innate immunity that involves localization of harmful agents and the bringing of _______ cells to the area. Classic manifestations of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of ____.
foreign
Inflammation
phagocytic
function
Inflammatory chemicals such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes are released from injured tissues, ______, macrophages, and neutrophils. These chemicals increase vascular _______ , vasodilate, and attract immune cells to the area (______).
mast cells
permeability
chemotaxis
______ migrate to the inflamed area, collect at the side of the vessel, and squeeze through into the tissue. Neutrophils arrive in large numbers in acute _______ infection and begin active phagocytosis. Neutrophils and macrophages produce_____ ______ agents to destroy and digest antigens.
Phagocytes
bacterial
proteolytic enzymes and oxidizing
With _____ inflammation, macrophages and lymphocytes predominate
chronic
Healing is mediated by ___________ released from platelets and immune cells that stimulate ______ to divide and manufacture extracellular matrix proteins. Endothelial cells respond to ______ growth factors by forming capillary networks.
growth factors
fibroblasts
angiogenic
Inflammatory exudate functions to transport immune cells, antibodies, and nutrients to the tissue and dilute the offending substances. ______ exudate is watery and low in protein; _____ exudate is thick, sticky, and high in protein; _______ exudate contains infective organisms, leukocytes, and cellular debris; and _______ exudate contains red blood cells.
Serous
fibrinous
purulent
hemorrhagic
______ manifestations of inflammation include fever, neutrophilia, lethargy, muscle ______, increased ________ proteins (CRP), and increased ____. These responses are attributable to the___, ____ and ____ released from macrophages and inflamed tissues.
Systemic catabolism acute phase ESR IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α
_________: immune system recognizes parts of our body as being foreign b/c of mutation on cells (identifies self tissue as foreign tissue due to some change).
Autoimmunity
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity?
Type I (Immediate, Atopic, Anaphylactic) Type II (Cytotoxic, Cytolytic) Type III (Immune Complex) Type IV (Delayed Hypersensitivity)
Deficient Immune ______ leaves us open to disease.
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Responses
Autoimmune diseases occur when ____ _____ is lost and reactions between self antigens and the immune system occur.
self tolerance
True or False:
Exact mechanism of autoimmune diseases is unknown
True
What are 3 Factors involved in autoimmunity?
Gender
Genetic Factors
Environmental Factors
Discuss Gender with regard to autoimmunity.
certain diseases are more dominant ex. SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
-estrogen may play role in autoimmune response.
Provide an example of a genetic factor to autoimmunity.
Ex. familial clustering with RA
What environmental factors influence autoimmunity?
extrinsic factors viruses, bacteria, antibiotics may trigger B-Cells to mfr autoantibodies.
________: pathogen w/ receptors that are almost identical to normal tissue ; can evade or trigger immune response.
ANTIGENIC OR MOLECULAR MIMICRY
____ _____: antigens that are hidden. Ex. Vasectomy triggers immune response. During embryological and fetal dvlpt, testes devlp separately, so sperm antigens aren’t available for tolerance, w/ vasectomy, have bleeding, antigens send msg to attack tissue.
SEQUESTERED ANTIGENS
