Na Q Yaw Flashcards by Aeron Justine Aquino

A metabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones and energy is generally released.

Catabolism

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Classification of enzymes that catalyze oxidations and reductions.

Oxidoreductase

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Classification of nucleic acids that have five-membered and six-membered rings.

Purine

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Niacin is the chemical name of what Vitamin?

Vitamin B3

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These are regulatory enzymes that perfom the same function but have different combinations of subunits thus having different structures.

Isoenzymes

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An infectious agent consisting of a DNA or RNA molecule that is contained within a protein coating.

Virus

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The process by which the information in DNA strand is copied into an RNA molecule.

Transcription

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Enzyme in DNA replication that join together fragments of newly synthesized DNA to form a seamless strand.

DNA ligase

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A stage in translation that occurs when a stop codon is reached during protein synthesis.

Termination

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A molecule that is formed by joining a carbon of the monosaccharide with a nitrogen atom of the base.

Nucleoside

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A laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of
human DNA that are unique to individuals.

DNA fingerprinting

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A B vitamin that has no nitrogen rings.

Pantothenic acid

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It is the change in the nucleotide sequence in a molecule of DNA.

Mutation

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is a hormone that is released and signals the liver to produce glucose when blood glucose levels are low.

Glucagon

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A sequence of three nucleotides of RNA which is complementary to three bases in an MRNA molecule.

Anticodon

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The breakdown of proteins during digestion results in the release of amino acids, which can then enter glycolysis to be converted into ATP.

False

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4 molecules of net ATP are produced during glycolysis.

False

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Enzymes can only catalyze reactions in one direction.

False

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Nucleosides are composed of a sugar molecule, Nitrogen containing base, and phosphate.

False

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Point mutations involve changes to a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence.

True

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Viruses are considered living organisms because they can carry out metabolic processes independently.

False

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Oxidative phosphorylation involves the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain, which result in the production of ATP through chemiosmosis.

True

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Glycogen synthase catalyzes the elongation of the glycogen chain by incorporating glycosyl residues from UDP-glucose to the growing glycogen strand, forming a-1,6-glycosidic linkages.

False

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Ketone bodies are produced from the incomplete oxidation of fatty acids in the liver during prolonged fasting or low carbohydrate

True

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There is only one type of tRNA molecule for each amino acid, meaning that each tRNA can recognize and bind to multiple codons.

False

Enzyme-driven metabolic pathways can be made more efficient by?

( d. All of the above) - concentrating enzymes within specific cellular compartments - grouping enzymes into free-floating, multienzyme complexes - fixing enzymes into membranes so that they are adjacent to each other

Transcribe the following DNA sequence (non-template strand): 5'-ATGGCCGGTTATTAAGCA-3'

d. The mRNA would be 5'-AUGGCCGGUUAUUAAGCA-3'

Which of the following statements is(are) true? I. A redox reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves transfer of electrons between two species. II. An oxidizing agent causes an oxidation reaction by gaining electrons. III. Reduction reaction is loss of electrons. IV. Oxidation reaction is loss of electrons.

a. I only

What is the primary mechanism by how enzymes increase the rate of a reaction?

a. They lower the activation energy needed in the reaction.

It is a primary substrate utilized in gluconeogenesis which is generated during intense physical activity or during lack of oxygen.

a. Pyruvate

Number of ATP's produced during Citric Acid Cycle per glucose molecule.

a. 2

Coenzymes are

d. Organic cofactors

it is the process by which complex molecules such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down into smaller units that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.

d. Digestion

What inorganic ion(s) serve as a cofactor for alcohol dehydrogenase?

b. Zn

Which of the following is true for protein digestion? I. The digestion of proteins begin in the stomach, which secretes gastric juice- solution containing nitric acid and pepsinogen. II. Each enzymes have a specific amino-acid-R groups adjacent to the susceptible peptide bond III. The acid excreted by parietal cells used to kill bacteria and denature proteins IV. Two major enzyme systems responsible for degradation of unneeded proteins are ATP-dependent ubiquitive proteasome and ATP- independent degradative enzyme

a. I, II, and III

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is false? I. it consists of an ATP molecule connected to vitamin B6 molecule II. When NADH is reduced, it loses electrons and hydrogen ion to become NAD+ III. NAD is synthesized from simple compounds such as amino acids, tryptophan, and aspartic acid IV. The dynamic interconversion between INAD+ and NADH is central to varous metabolic pathways and cellular activities

a. I only

Enzymes are potent catalysts because they:

d. lower the activation energy for the reactions they catalyze.

Amylase has all of the following properties except:

b. It cleaves proteins into amino acids.

The concept of "induced fit" refers to the fact that:

d. substrate binding may induce a conformational change in the enzyme, which then brings catalytic groups into proper orientation.

What is not a property of glycogen in the body? I. It is stored in the liver and kidney II. is a branched chain polysaccharide made exelusively from β-D glycogenolysis. III. degradation of glycogen at well-fed state is called glycogenolysis IV. when the body is well-fed, glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin w/c promotes glycogen synthesis

b. land Il

A process by which fatty acids are broken down to produce energy.

a. beta-oxidation

Is a metabolic pathway that generates the greatest number of ATP molecule.

c. Oxidative phosphorylation

What unique ability does DNA have because it is double-stranded?

c. it can serve as a template for its own copying

Which of the following is a byproduct of the electron transport chain?

C. Water

The leading strand of a DNA molecule has the following sequence: 5'-CGCATGTAGCGA-3'

3'-GCGTACATCGCT-5'.

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

b. Helicase

Which of the following product of glycolysis of pyruvate that is formed under anaerobic conditions?

b. Lactate

A gene is:

c. a molecule within DNA

Nitrogen base are bonded to Carbon number? of the sugar portion of DNA.

c. 1

CMP stands for?

d. cytdine 5’-monophosphate

Which of the following statements are true for a nucleotide? I. A nucleoside + phosphate II. A Ribonucleotide contains the monosaccharide ribose. III. A deoxyribonucleotide contains the monosaccharide 2-deoxyribose. IV. A monosaccharide + base

b. I, II, and Ill

Which of the following product of glycolysis of pyruvate that is formed under aerobic conditions?

a. Acetyl CoA

Glucose is converted to pyruvate through glycolysis, and pyruvate must then be converted into acetyl-CoA in order to enter the citric acid cycle. What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA?

c. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Which of the following nucleotide is not part of the RNA?

d. TMP

The type of RNA which is the carrier of information from DNA to the ribosomes.

mRNA

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is correct?

b. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The following are nucleic acids that are derived from parent compound pyrimidine, except

b. guanine

Which of the following organs is primarily responsible for gluconeogenesis in humans?

b. Pancreas

A given substrate may be acted upon by a number of different enzymes, each of which uses same substrates and produces the same products. The individual members of a set enzymes sharing such characteristics are known as

a. Group-specific enzymes

An Okazaki fragment is

a. a segment of DNA that is an intermediate in the synthesis of the laggings strand during replication

The reverse chemical reaction of hydrolysis of ATP to form ADP.

c. Phosphorylation

which of the following is a function of RNA (ribosomal RNA)?

c. Forms part of the structure of ribosomes

Which of the classes of RNA molecules carries the amino acids that are added to the growing polypeptide chain?

b. tRNA

Albinism is a condition caused by a defect in metabolism leading to lack of melanin production. Which of the following amino acids is the cause of this defect?

b. Tyrosine

A type of mutation where a nucleotide is being replaced for another.

a. point mutation

During prolonged fasting or low-carbohydrate diets, ketone bodies serve as an alternative energy source primarily for:

b. Brain

The stage of catabolism where large molecules were hydrolyzed to breakdown into smaller units releasing energy.

d. Digestion

In what form does the product of glycolysis enter the TCA cycle?

b. Acetyl-CoA

The final product of the TCA cycle is:

d. Oxaloacetate

A tRNA is chemically modified so that the amino acid bound is different than the one specified by its anticodon. Which codon in the mRNA would the tRNA recognize: the one specified by its anticodon or the one that matches the modified amino acid it carries?

a. The anticodon will match the codon in mRNA.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the TCA cycle?

d. Oxidation of fatty acids

You have a drug that stops a cell from dividing. Which of the following processes would not be needed for cells treated with this drug to survive?

c. DNA replication

During intense exercise, muscle cells require high levels of ATP for energy. Which of the following statements regarding the TCA cycle in muscle cells during intense exercise is true?

b. The TCA cycle operates at an increased rate to meet the high demand for ATP, fueled by elevated levels of pyruvate from glycolysis.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the electron transport chain?

d. Pyruvate

Which of the following statements is false? a. A catalytic reaction may not occur at'a detectable rate even though it has a favora ble equilibrium. b. After a reaction, the enzyme involved becomes available to catalyze the reaction again. c. ForS → P, a catalyst sh fts the reaction equilibrium to the right d. Lowering the temperature of a reaction will lower the reaction rate.

c. For S → P, a catalyst shifts the reaction equilibrium to the right.

Na Q Yaw Flashcards

(75 cards)