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Bot Med III Final > Nagel > Flashcards

Nagel Flashcards

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1
Q

what are native extracts?

A

the primary soluble portion of phytochemical removed from the herb by a
liquid solvent and or
heat and or
pressure
- used to draw multiple types of compounds out of herb tissue matrix and into solution

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2
Q

what is the herb product continuum and who created it?

A

most complex to least complex as well as
highest bioactive constituent availability to least
least additives to most additives present

herb > native extracts (complex fractions) > simplified fractions (extract sub-fraction) > isolated constituents (purified compounds)

Dr. Brinker

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3
Q

what are simplified fractions

A

isolated constituents
standardized extracts
volatile oils

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4
Q

what are the basic parts of creating an herbal formula (Hollywood method)

A

leading actor - primary medicinal herb
supporting actor - co-primary herb, secondary medicinal herbs
Behind the scenes case - supporting background herbs
director - activator/harmonizer

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5
Q

What are things to consider for compatibility of tincture making?

A 
polarity
pH
solubility
precipitation
temp
solvent used
solvent percent

needs to taste good, be conscientious of how many herbs added, need one clear goal.

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6
Q

How are alkaloids precipitated?

A

by tannins
alkaloids are more water soluble at acidic pH
oil soluble at alkaline pH

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7
Q

when do mucilages and polysaccharids fall out of solution?

A

at >25% alcohol

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8
Q

what is the basic tincture method of preparation?

A

made according to the

HERB WEIGHT:VOLUME

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9
Q

what is menstruum?

A

liquid solvent that you use to extract plant constituents from an herb
most often alcohol or glycerin, water extracts are less effective

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10
Q

When in doubt, what alcohol percentage is generally accepted as ok for tinctures?

A

45%

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11
Q

what alcohol percentage should be used for the following agents: polysaccharide, alkaloid, glycosides, tannins, resins and essential oils?

A 
polysaccharide - water infusion/decoction
glycosides - 60-85% alc and water
tannins - 60-85%
alkaloid - 75-95% alcohol
resins and essential oils - 85-95%
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12
Q

what is maceration, what is it good for?

A

softening or breaking into pieces using liquid
best for mucilages (water)

benefit? cheap, easy
not so awesome - takes a long time

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13
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of tinctures?

A

ADV - constituents efficiently extracted with minimal processing, alcohol preserves, readily absorbed, convenient and versatile

DISADV - contain alcohol (health/religious concerns, compliance issues, COST issues

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14
Q

What are “at risk” herbs according the United States Plant Savers? (19 total)

A
  • American Ginseng - Panax quinquefolius
  • Black Cohosh - Actaea racemosa (Cimicifuga)
  • Bloodroot - Sanguinaria canadensis
  • Blue Cohosh - Caulophyllum thalictroides
  • Echinacea - Echinacea spp.
  • Eyebright - Euphrasia spp.
  • False UnicornRoot - Chamaelirium luteum
  • Goldenseal - Hydrastis canadensis
  • Lady’s Slipper Orchid - Cypripedium spp.
  • Lomatium - Lomatium dissectum (Debatable according to Micheal Pilarski)
  • Osha - Ligusticum porteri, L. spp.
  • Peyote - Lophophora williamsii
  • Slippery Elm - Ulmus rubra
  • Sundew - Drosera spp.
  • Trillium, Beth Root -Trillium spp.
  • True Unicorn - Aletris farinosa
  • Venus’ Fly Trap - Dionaea muscipula
  • Virginina Snakeroot - Aristolochia serpentaria
  • Wild Yam - Dioscorea villosa, D. spp.

A lot of them are Appelacian herbs

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15
Q

What is the effect of sugar on cardiovascular health?

A

Sugar is a hepatotoxin

Fructose promotes metabolic syndrome

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16
Q

Trigonella does what for cardiovascular health?

A

soluble fibers - both water and alcohol soluble

GOOD FOR LIPIDS

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17
Q

What is the active constituent in fresh garlic? What if it’s aged 5 mins

A

fresh - allicin - antimicrobial

aged - water-sol sulfur compounds

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18
Q

What is cardiotonic herb activity?

A

herbs with beneficial action on heart muscle and blood vessels, NO CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

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19
Q

What is “circulatory stimulant” activity?

A

improves blood flow and warms

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20
Q

what is peripheral vasodilator activity?

A

dilates peripheral blood vessels, improves circulation

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21
Q

a hypotensive action of an herb means

A

it decreases blood pressure!

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22
Q

What are the commonly used herbs for lipid disorders?

A 
allium (garlic)
guggul (commiphora mukul)
cynara (artichoke)
TRIGONELLA (fenugreek - Nagel fave)
monascus (red rice yeast)
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23
Q

What are the commonly used herbs for hypertension?

A 
crataegus
tilia
beta vulagris (beets)
ginkgo
allium
ocimum
olive leaf
melissa
leonurus
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24
Q

which herbs are diuretics?

A 
sildago
uva-ursi
equisetum
galium
juniperus
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25
why is beta vulgaris (beet) useful in hypertension?
vasodilation powerful NO stimulator, lowers BP and DJD contains nitrates
26
What are the genius and energetic keys to Crataegus?
Rasaceae (rose family) | energetics: balance, profound strength and openness, doorway to the underworld.
27
What is important about dosing and toxicity of Rauwolfia?
LOW DOSE - small to moderate only. USED for snake bites Side effects - nasal congestion, larger doses treat psychosis, can cause Parkinson's like symptoms - WARNING when treating mental depression
28
what is monascus purpureus and what is it used for?
Red Rice Yeast - mold species decreases cholesterol - fermented food in china, statin producing. doesn't treat underlying problem, but gets people off statins
29
what is cynara scolymus and what is it used for?
artichoke leaf | - very bitter, caffeic acid derivative (cyanarin)
30
what is commiphora mukul and what is it used for?
GUGGUL resin, used for hyperlipidemia - GREAT FIRST AID remedy on CUTS - forms bandage on wound
31
what is trigonella foenum and what is it used for?
fenugreek | used for lipid problems, high soluble fiber, manages both types of DM as well
32
what is allium sativum and what is it used for?
garlic! allin - very volatile and potent, when crushed garlic it degrades after 20-30 minutes take with food and fats
33
what is crataegus monogyna and what does it do?
Hawthorne - it's a tonic herb used for HTN (no cardiac glycosides) CONTRAINDICATED IF ON HYPOTENSIVE MEDS
34
what is viscum album
mistletoe | - sedative, hypotensive (decreases BP), vasodilator
35
what is rauwolfia serpentina and what does it do?
Indian Snakeroot - LOW DOSE HERB - hypotensive, one of the BEST hypotensive herbs - sedative, tranquilizer contains reserpine
36
what are the three types of dosing?
drop/low - 1-5 gtts western - moderate amts 30-60 gtts european - higher pharmaceutical amounts - 5 ml tid
37
what are the important naturopathic concerns regarding toxic botanicals?
high quality is important good supplier request assayed levels of potent compounds when compounding, considering interactions Toxicity is ALWAYS about dosing small window of error
38
With solanaceous alkaloids (deadly nightshades) - what are the important signs of overdosing and toxicity?
``` mydriasis (pupil dilation) inc intra-ocular pressure reduction in all bodily secretions inhibit vagus nerve - tachycardia inc CO and BL reduce tone in sm mm - vasodilation bronchial dilation diplopia fibrillation ```
39
what are the important steps for treating overdose with toxic botanicals
- contact emergency services, poison control - CPR - minimize absorption of toxin (induce vomit within 1 hour of ingestion) - IE - ipecac syrup - gastric lavage with or without charcoal (30-50g in water slurry) - precipitations of alkaloidal toxins with tannins: black tea, coffee, uva ursi, oak bark (aconite, bell, datura, hyos)
40
LOBELIA - tell me some good things about this for treating overdose of toxic herbs?
``` VOMITING for blocked nerve energy helps in 1-3 days for asthma, smoking cessation safer for tobacco users because lobelia targets nicotinic receptors, in smokers, these are stimulated more - can increase dose for smokers ```
41
One dram equals..
60 gtts
42
1 oz is how many gtts?
480 gtts
43
on average 45% tincture has how many gtts per average water drop?
2.4 gtts
44
lobelia inflata dosing?
PUKEWEED Most useful low dose herb - toxicity, vomit, weakness, stupor, tremors, pinpoint pupils DOSING emetic dose - 1tsp dry herb in 1 glass cold water tincture 1:8 60% EtOH dried, 1.6 ml tid
45
what is the general rule for formulas with lobelia?
no more than 10% lobelia in any formula - seeds are more active. - green plant tincture and vinegar used more for asthma
46
aconitum nap. is what and what does it do?
wolfsbane - based on fear of death, great restlessness - used at first signs of death one of the most TOXIC small amt stimulates, large amt depresses then kills
47
gelsemium sempervirens is what and what is it used for?
low-dose toxic herb | used for HTN
48
atropa belladonna is used for what?
it's a narcotic, sedative, respiratory spasmolytic, anodyne used to treat GI disturbances must give physostigmine 2mg IV to treat toxicity
49
bryonia alba is what and what is it used for?
homeopathically and herbal ANTI-HTN diaphoretic contains curcurbitacins which relax smooth muscle
50
what is veratrum virde and what is it used for?
low dose herb - used for HTN energetics are masturbation and pinpoint pupils part of the lily family acts similar to aconite, full pulse, cough, HA, wt in epigastrium, rapid heart, convulsive conditions
51
Which herbs are botanical analgesics?
salicylate containing herbs
52
which are the anti-inflammatory analgesics, in other words - what herbal categories exist for pain relief?
non-salicylate containing in general hypnotic/spasmodic analgesis - sm muscle and relaxing, antispasmodic topical centrally acting (CNS)/ low dose herbs- opiod and non-opiod
53
What is salix used for?
willow - does not affect platelets, can thin blood, salicin - pain relief! constituent - salicin not acetylated until it hits digestion - circulates through the system
54
what are the best herbs for topical pain relief - how are they used?
Arnica - homeopathically, herbal - low dose tincture Wintergreen - oil, salicylate, absorbed in bloodstream, kidney problems, tiger balm, issue sources Capsicum inhibits substance P, hot at beginning, but cools. potential SE - other membranes affected
55
which berry has anti cancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic properties?
Black raspberry! | 50 g freeze dried for cancer
56
which herb is anti-inflammatory, anti-gout, as effective as an NSAID - but you have to take long term for a positive effect?
tart cherry
57
tell me something about salix spp? what is it? what is it good for?
Willow - contains salicylate (salicin) - bitter more analgesic than aspirin, fewer side effects GREAT at weening people off of prescription analgesics
58
what is harpogophytum procumens? what does it do?
devils claw tuber | - works on pain due to inflammation, arthritis and myalgias
59
what is tanacetum parthenium and what does it do?
feverfew - for migraine prevention and HA - Jt pain and arthritis as well
60
what is boswellia serrata used for?
inflammatory conditions of the joints and bowel
61
name some additional anti-inflammatory, potentially analgesic herbs?
``` curcuma longa - turmeric cimicifuga - cramp bark zingiber officinale - ginger prunus cerasus - tart cherry rubus fruiticosus - blackberry rubus occidentalis - black raspberry ```
62
What is a great formula for sinusitis?
HEMP formula
63
what are the basics of freeze drying?
changes the form of the plant. solid to gas without liquid phase it is fresh in the dried state - this process actually stabilizes the herbs - freeze in compressor so air is sucked out
64
how does freeze drying of nettles make them useful in anti-allergy formulas?
preserves the stinging hairs!! stinging hairs intact - 5-HTP still effective prevents degradation of fresh plant material stops enzymatic conversions during drying
65
What are the indications and contraindications of using herbal ear drops?
2-4 drops of warm oil morning and night with cotton watch for bloody d/c or pus not to be used with patients with ruptured drums or myringotomy
66
Euphrasia officials what is it, it's uses and system?
Eyebright - Ma Huang - substitute Mullein flowers for it for - respiratory bronchitis, bronchodilator, asthma, nasal congestion, obesity (helps with wt loss - banned due to this) > 300mg is TOXIC* - causes insomnia, motor restlessness, HTN, tachycardia
67
what is hydrastis root, what is it used for?
HEENT herb Goldenseal Mucus Membrane tonic, no effect on viruses, can be used topically
68
What is Verbascum leaf and flower? what is it used for?
HEENT Mullein! - leaf and flower used used as expectorant, demulcent, anti-catarrhal and vulnerary
69
what is lomatium dissectum? what does it do?
``` HEENT Biscuit Root - antibiotic, antiviral, diaphoretic, expectorant, anti-catarral, emmenagogue SUPREME Lung Herb Strengthens alveolar sacs contain coumarins and essential oils ``` Used for - influenza, sweating, fever and herpes
70
what is propolis?
vegetable glue made by honeybees from resins collected on bark and buds of certain trees and balsamic plants HEENT uses

Bot Med III Final (2 decks)

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