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Bot Med III Final > Nagel > Flashcards

Nagel Flashcards

1
Q

what are native extracts?

A

the primary soluble portion of phytochemical removed from the herb by a
liquid solvent and or
heat and or
pressure
- used to draw multiple types of compounds out of herb tissue matrix and into solution

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2
Q

what is the herb product continuum and who created it?

A

most complex to least complex as well as
highest bioactive constituent availability to least
least additives to most additives present

herb > native extracts (complex fractions) > simplified fractions (extract sub-fraction) > isolated constituents (purified compounds)

Dr. Brinker

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3
Q

what are simplified fractions

A

isolated constituents
standardized extracts
volatile oils

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4
Q

what are the basic parts of creating an herbal formula (Hollywood method)

A

leading actor - primary medicinal herb
supporting actor - co-primary herb, secondary medicinal herbs
Behind the scenes case - supporting background herbs
director - activator/harmonizer

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5
Q

What are things to consider for compatibility of tincture making?

A 
polarity
pH
solubility
precipitation
temp
solvent used
solvent percent

needs to taste good, be conscientious of how many herbs added, need one clear goal.

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6
Q

How are alkaloids precipitated?

A

by tannins
alkaloids are more water soluble at acidic pH
oil soluble at alkaline pH

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7
Q

when do mucilages and polysaccharids fall out of solution?

A

at >25% alcohol

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8
Q

what is the basic tincture method of preparation?

A

made according to the

HERB WEIGHT:VOLUME

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9
Q

what is menstruum?

A

liquid solvent that you use to extract plant constituents from an herb
most often alcohol or glycerin, water extracts are less effective

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10
Q

When in doubt, what alcohol percentage is generally accepted as ok for tinctures?

A

45%

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11
Q

what alcohol percentage should be used for the following agents: polysaccharide, alkaloid, glycosides, tannins, resins and essential oils?

A 
polysaccharide - water infusion/decoction
glycosides - 60-85% alc and water
tannins - 60-85%
alkaloid - 75-95% alcohol
resins and essential oils - 85-95%
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12
Q

what is maceration, what is it good for?

A

softening or breaking into pieces using liquid
best for mucilages (water)

benefit? cheap, easy
not so awesome - takes a long time

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13
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of tinctures?

A

ADV - constituents efficiently extracted with minimal processing, alcohol preserves, readily absorbed, convenient and versatile

DISADV - contain alcohol (health/religious concerns, compliance issues, COST issues

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14
Q

What are “at risk” herbs according the United States Plant Savers? (19 total)

A
  • American Ginseng - Panax quinquefolius
  • Black Cohosh - Actaea racemosa (Cimicifuga)
  • Bloodroot - Sanguinaria canadensis
  • Blue Cohosh - Caulophyllum thalictroides
  • Echinacea - Echinacea spp.
  • Eyebright - Euphrasia spp.
  • False UnicornRoot - Chamaelirium luteum
  • Goldenseal - Hydrastis canadensis
  • Lady’s Slipper Orchid - Cypripedium spp.
  • Lomatium - Lomatium dissectum (Debatable according to Micheal Pilarski)
  • Osha - Ligusticum porteri, L. spp.
  • Peyote - Lophophora williamsii
  • Slippery Elm - Ulmus rubra
  • Sundew - Drosera spp.
  • Trillium, Beth Root -Trillium spp.
  • True Unicorn - Aletris farinosa
  • Venus’ Fly Trap - Dionaea muscipula
  • Virginina Snakeroot - Aristolochia serpentaria
  • Wild Yam - Dioscorea villosa, D. spp.

A lot of them are Appelacian herbs

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15
Q

What is the effect of sugar on cardiovascular health?

A

Sugar is a hepatotoxin

Fructose promotes metabolic syndrome

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16
Q

Trigonella does what for cardiovascular health?

A

soluble fibers - both water and alcohol soluble

GOOD FOR LIPIDS

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17
Q

What is the active constituent in fresh garlic? What if it’s aged 5 mins

A

fresh - allicin - antimicrobial

aged - water-sol sulfur compounds

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18
Q

What is cardiotonic herb activity?

A

herbs with beneficial action on heart muscle and blood vessels, NO CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

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19
Q

What is “circulatory stimulant” activity?

A

improves blood flow and warms

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20
Q

what is peripheral vasodilator activity?

A

dilates peripheral blood vessels, improves circulation

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21
Q

a hypotensive action of an herb means

A

it decreases blood pressure!

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22
Q

What are the commonly used herbs for lipid disorders?

A 
allium (garlic)
guggul (commiphora mukul)
cynara (artichoke)
TRIGONELLA (fenugreek - Nagel fave)
monascus (red rice yeast)
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23
Q

What are the commonly used herbs for hypertension?

A 
crataegus
tilia
beta vulagris (beets)
ginkgo
allium
ocimum
olive leaf
melissa
leonurus
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24
Q

which herbs are diuretics?

A 
sildago
uva-ursi
equisetum
galium
juniperus
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25
Q

why is beta vulgaris (beet) useful in hypertension?

A

vasodilation
powerful NO stimulator, lowers BP and DJD
contains nitrates

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26
Q

What are the genius and energetic keys to Crataegus?

A

Rasaceae (rose family)

energetics: balance, profound strength and openness, doorway to the underworld.

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27
Q

What is important about dosing and toxicity of Rauwolfia?

A

LOW DOSE - small to moderate only.
USED for snake bites

Side effects - nasal congestion,
larger doses treat psychosis, can cause Parkinson’s like symptoms
- WARNING when treating mental depression

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28
Q

what is monascus purpureus and what is it used for?

A

Red Rice Yeast - mold species
decreases cholesterol - fermented food in china, statin producing.
doesn’t treat underlying problem, but gets people off statins

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29
Q

what is cynara scolymus and what is it used for?

A

artichoke leaf

- very bitter, caffeic acid derivative (cyanarin)

30
Q

what is commiphora mukul and what is it used for?

A

GUGGUL
resin, used for hyperlipidemia
- GREAT FIRST AID remedy on CUTS - forms bandage on wound

31
Q

what is trigonella foenum and what is it used for?

A

fenugreek

used for lipid problems, high soluble fiber, manages both types of DM as well

32
Q

what is allium sativum and what is it used for?

A

garlic!
allin - very volatile and potent, when crushed garlic it degrades after 20-30 minutes
take with food and fats

33
Q

what is crataegus monogyna and what does it do?

A

Hawthorne
- it’s a tonic herb used for HTN (no cardiac glycosides)
CONTRAINDICATED IF ON HYPOTENSIVE MEDS

34
Q

what is viscum album

A

mistletoe

- sedative, hypotensive (decreases BP), vasodilator

35
Q

what is rauwolfia serpentina and what does it do?

A

Indian Snakeroot

  • LOW DOSE HERB
  • hypotensive, one of the BEST hypotensive herbs - sedative, tranquilizer

contains reserpine

36
Q

what are the three types of dosing?

A

drop/low - 1-5 gtts
western - moderate amts 30-60 gtts
european - higher pharmaceutical amounts - 5 ml tid

37
Q

what are the important naturopathic concerns regarding toxic botanicals?

A

high quality is important
good supplier
request assayed levels of potent compounds
when compounding, considering interactions
Toxicity is ALWAYS about dosing
small window of error

38
Q

With solanaceous alkaloids (deadly nightshades) - what are the important signs of overdosing and toxicity?

A 
mydriasis (pupil dilation)
inc intra-ocular pressure
reduction in all bodily secretions
inhibit vagus nerve - tachycardia
inc CO and BL
reduce tone in sm mm - vasodilation
bronchial dilation
diplopia
fibrillation
39
Q

what are the important steps for treating overdose with toxic botanicals

A
  • contact emergency services, poison control
  • CPR
  • minimize absorption of toxin (induce vomit within 1 hour of ingestion) - IE - ipecac syrup
  • gastric lavage with or without charcoal (30-50g in water slurry)
  • precipitations of alkaloidal toxins with tannins: black tea, coffee, uva ursi, oak bark (aconite, bell, datura, hyos)
40
Q

LOBELIA - tell me some good things about this for treating overdose of toxic herbs?

A 
VOMITING
for blocked nerve energy
helps in 1-3 days
for asthma, smoking cessation
safer for tobacco users because lobelia targets nicotinic receptors, in smokers, these are stimulated more - can increase dose for smokers
41
Q

One dram equals..

A

60 gtts

42
Q

1 oz is how many gtts?

A

480 gtts

43
Q

on average 45% tincture has how many gtts per average water drop?

A

2.4 gtts

44
Q

lobelia inflata dosing?

A

PUKEWEED
Most useful low dose herb
- toxicity, vomit, weakness, stupor, tremors, pinpoint pupils
DOSING
emetic dose - 1tsp dry herb in 1 glass cold water
tincture 1:8 60% EtOH dried, 1.6 ml tid

45
Q

what is the general rule for formulas with lobelia?

A

no more than 10% lobelia in any formula

  • seeds are more active.
  • green plant tincture and vinegar used more for asthma
46
Q

aconitum nap. is what and what does it do?

A

wolfsbane
- based on fear of death, great restlessness
- used at first signs of death
one of the most TOXIC
small amt stimulates, large amt depresses then kills

47
Q

gelsemium sempervirens is what and what is it used for?

A

low-dose toxic herb

used for HTN

48
Q

atropa belladonna is used for what?

A

it’s a narcotic, sedative, respiratory spasmolytic, anodyne

used to treat GI disturbances
must give physostigmine 2mg IV to treat toxicity

49
Q

bryonia alba is what and what is it used for?

A

homeopathically and herbal
ANTI-HTN
diaphoretic
contains curcurbitacins which relax smooth muscle

50
Q

what is veratrum virde and what is it used for?

A

low dose herb - used for HTN
energetics are masturbation and pinpoint pupils

part of the lily family
acts similar to aconite, full pulse, cough, HA, wt in epigastrium, rapid heart, convulsive conditions

51
Q

Which herbs are botanical analgesics?

A

salicylate containing herbs

52
Q

which are the anti-inflammatory analgesics, in other words - what herbal categories exist for pain relief?

A

non-salicylate containing in general
hypnotic/spasmodic analgesis - sm muscle and relaxing, antispasmodic
topical
centrally acting (CNS)/ low dose herbs- opiod and non-opiod

53
Q

What is salix used for?

A

willow - does not affect platelets, can thin blood, salicin - pain relief!
constituent - salicin
not acetylated until it hits digestion - circulates through the system

54
Q

what are the best herbs for topical pain relief - how are they used?

A

Arnica - homeopathically, herbal - low dose tincture
Wintergreen - oil, salicylate, absorbed in bloodstream, kidney problems, tiger balm, issue sources
Capsicum inhibits substance P, hot at beginning, but cools. potential SE - other membranes affected

55
Q

which berry has anti cancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic properties?

A

Black raspberry!

50 g freeze dried for cancer

56
Q

which herb is anti-inflammatory, anti-gout, as effective as an NSAID - but you have to take long term for a positive effect?

A

tart cherry

57
Q

tell me something about salix spp? what is it? what is it good for?

A

Willow
- contains salicylate (salicin) - bitter
more analgesic than aspirin, fewer side effects
GREAT at weening people off of prescription analgesics

58
Q

what is harpogophytum procumens? what does it do?

A

devils claw tuber

- works on pain due to inflammation, arthritis and myalgias

59
Q

what is tanacetum parthenium and what does it do?

A

feverfew

  • for migraine prevention and HA
  • Jt pain and arthritis as well
60
Q

what is boswellia serrata used for?

A

inflammatory conditions of the joints and bowel

61
Q

name some additional anti-inflammatory, potentially analgesic herbs?

A 
curcuma longa - turmeric
cimicifuga - cramp bark
zingiber officinale - ginger
prunus cerasus - tart cherry
rubus fruiticosus - blackberry
rubus occidentalis - black raspberry
62
Q

What is a great formula for sinusitis?

A

HEMP formula

63
Q

what are the basics of freeze drying?

A

changes the form of the plant.
solid to gas without liquid phase
it is fresh in the dried state

  • this process actually stabilizes the herbs - freeze in compressor so air is sucked out
64
Q

how does freeze drying of nettles make them useful in anti-allergy formulas?

A

preserves the stinging hairs!!
stinging hairs intact - 5-HTP still effective
prevents degradation of fresh plant material
stops enzymatic conversions during drying

65
Q

What are the indications and contraindications of using herbal ear drops?

A

2-4 drops of warm oil
morning and night with cotton

watch for bloody d/c or pus
not to be used with patients with ruptured drums or myringotomy

66
Q

Euphrasia officials what is it, it’s uses and system?

A

Eyebright - Ma Huang
- substitute Mullein flowers for it
for - respiratory bronchitis, bronchodilator, asthma, nasal congestion, obesity (helps with wt loss - banned due to this)

> 300mg is TOXIC*
- causes insomnia, motor restlessness, HTN, tachycardia

67
Q

what is hydrastis root, what is it used for?

A

HEENT herb
Goldenseal
Mucus Membrane tonic, no effect on viruses, can be used topically

68
Q

What is Verbascum leaf and flower? what is it used for?

A

HEENT
Mullein!
- leaf and flower used
used as expectorant, demulcent, anti-catarrhal and vulnerary

69
Q

what is lomatium dissectum? what does it do?

A 
HEENT
Biscuit Root
- antibiotic, antiviral, diaphoretic, expectorant, anti-catarral, emmenagogue
SUPREME Lung Herb 
Strengthens alveolar sacs
contain coumarins and essential oils

Used for - influenza, sweating, fever and herpes

70
Q

what is propolis?

A

vegetable glue made by honeybees from resins collected on bark and buds of certain trees and balsamic plants

HEENT uses

Bot Med III Final (2 decks)

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