Najeeb HIV

Question 1

HIV-Related severe impairment of the immune system clinically translates to

Answer 1

Opportunistic Infections
Secondary Neoplasms
Neurological Dysfunction

Question 2

What type of virus is HIV?

Answer 2

RNA Retrovirus

Question 3

In the biological world, where is most genetic information normally housed?

Answer 3

DNA (Not true for HIV)

Question 4

Normal pathway for expressing genetic information

Answer 4

DNA is transcribed to RNA
RNA is translated to Protein

Protein is either Structural or Functional

Question 5

Pathway for expressing HIV’s genetic information

Answer 5

RNA is reverse-transcribed to DNA
DNA is transcribed to mRNA and Genomic RNA
mRNA is translated into protein
Protein packages the Genomic RNA into a new virus

Question 6

What helps HIV RNA turn into DNA?

Answer 6

Reverse Transcriptase

The virus carries its own native form, not using the host’s Reverse Transcriptase

Question 7

HIV Viral Structure (Outside to Inside)

Answer 7

Lipid Bilayer (Envelope)
Matrix Proteins (to stabilize envelope protein)
Protein (Capsid)
2 identical (not complimentary) copies of RNA

Question 8

Where does HIV get its envelope?

Answer 8

Host cell plasma membrane

Question 9

gp41

Answer 9

Transmembrane docking protein in the virus envelope.
Starts as a pedestal for gp120 to sit on (forming gp160), when seeking out a CD4+ cell.
Once gp120 has interacted with CD4 and the appropriate co-receptor, gp41 serves as a fusion molecule, connecting the viral envelope with the host plasma membrane.

Ultimately a fusion molecule.

Question 10

gp120

Answer 10

Protein that binds to gp41 on virus envelope and likes to interact with CD4 on host cell.

Together with gp41, they form gp160

Question 11

What type of cell does gp160 like to attach to?

Answer 11

CD4+

Question 12

CD4+ Cells

Answer 12

T-Helper Cells
Monocytes
Macrophages
Microglia
Langerhans Cells
Follicular Dendritic Cells

Question 13

Macrophages in the CNS

Answer 13

Microglia (Also CD4+)

Question 14

Langerhans Cells

Answer 14

Dendritic cells under the skin (CD4+)

Question 15

Follicular Dendritic Cells

Answer 15

Dendritic cells in the follicles of lymph nodes

Question 16

Primary Attachment

Answer 16

gp120 (sitting atop gp41 on the virus envelope) interacts with CD4

Question 17

CCR5

Answer 17

Chemokine Receptor

Present on Macrophages, serves as a coreceptor for gp120’s new active sites (when activated by CD4)

Question 18

CXCR4

Answer 18

Chemokine Receptor

Present on Helper T Cells, serves as a coreceptor for gp120’s new active sites (when activated by CD4)

Question 19

When HIV first enters the body naturally, what is its favorite attachment coreceptor with CD4?

Answer 19

CCR5 (Macrophages)

After several generations of replication, it gains the ability to interact with CXCR4 (Helper T Cells).

Question 20

What makes someone an elite controller?

Answer 20

Homozygous mutation in CCR5
Northern europeans

A heterozygous mutation just has slow replication of virus.

Question 21

CCR5 Antagonist

Answer 21

Maraviroc

Inhibits attachment

Question 22

Why can’t we make a vaccine for HIV yet?

Answer 22

Genetic Variation

gp120 keeps mutating different antigens in its “hypervariable region,” so our antibodies can’t recognize it

Question 23

What part of HIV does your body make antibodies against?

Answer 23

gp120
These antibodies neutralize the virus.

But then gp120 mutates, and the Ab doesn’t work.
We make new antibodies to the new gp120.

Question 24

gp41 Inhibitor

Answer 24

Enfuvirtide

Inhibits fusion

Question 25

Envelope Proteins

Answer 25

gp41 | gp120

Question 26

Gene expressing envelope proteins

Answer 26

ENV gene Expresses gp41 & gp120

Question 27

p17

Answer 27

Matrix proteins | Inside envelope, stabilizes gp41 & gp120

Question 28

Shape of HIV Capsid

Answer 28

Icosahedral

Question 29

p24

Answer 29

Capsid Protein

Question 30

What good do p24 Ab do?

Answer 30

Nothing! They can't reach their antigen because it's always within cells or the viral envelope p24 Ab is detectable after a few weeks, and may be followed up by ELISA or Western Blot

Question 31

p24 Ag

Answer 31

Serological marker of infection, protein from the capsid

Question 32

What kind of RNA is contained in HIV?

Answer 32

Positive Sense | Dimerized identical copies

Question 33

What kind of enzymes are contained in HIV?

Answer 33

``` Reverse Transcriptase (to generate DNA) Integrase (to integrate DNA into host genome) Protease (to cleave proteins into appropriate functional subunits) ```

Question 34

Most Common HIV Virus

Answer 34

HIV-1 | Global

Question 35

Least Common HIV Virus

Answer 35

HIV-2 | Most common in West Africa

Question 36

P7

Answer 36

Nucleocapsid protein in HIV

Question 37

Secondary Attachment

Answer 37

gp120 undergoes a conformational change, exposing 2 more active sites that interact with CCR5 (Macrophages) or CXCR4 (Helper T Cells) on host

Question 38

Domains of Reverse Transcriptase

Answer 38

RNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase (makes complimentary DNA strand) RNAase H (destroys template RNA strand)

Question 39

Mechanism of NRTIs

Answer 39

Nucleotide/Nucleoside analog gets inserted in the process of reverse transcription, but does non contain a hydroxyl tail, so nascent chain can not continue, and is truncated.

Question 40

NRTIs

Answer 40

``` Tenofovir Emtricitabine Lamivudine Zidovidune Didenosine Abacavir Entecavir ```

Question 41

Mechanism of NNRTIs

Answer 41

Binds to RNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase domain of Reverse Transcriptase, and prevents reverse transcription from taking place

Question 42

NNRTIs

Answer 42

Efavirenz Nevirapine Rilpivirine

Question 43

Integrase Inhibitors

Answer 43

Raltegravir Dolutegravir Elvitegravir

Question 44

Protease inhibitors

Answer 44

Ritonavir Lopinavir Atazanavir Darunavir