Names Flashcards by Sydney Holmes

Amygdala activation to emotive faces and pictures

Hariri et al 2002

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Amygdala activates greater to unpredictable sounds

Herry et al 2007

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VMPFC activates during conscious emotion regulation

Yang et al 2020

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VMPFC activates when updating safety threats

Etkin et al 2011

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VMPFC damage causes an hyperactive amygdala

Matzin et al 2015

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Low serotonin in the VMPFC causes impulsivity and aggression

Frankle et al 2005

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Similar seen in monkeys, risk taking behaviour could result in death

Higley et al 1996

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Newborns imitate the faces of others

Field et al

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Similar facial expressions in blind and seeing athletes

Willingham et al 2009

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Same facial expressions across cultures

Ekmen and Friesen 1971

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Facial expressions learnt through observation

Olsson and Phelps 2007

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Infants cry less in front of peers than caregivers

Zemen and Garber 1996

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Different cultures express negative emotions less than others

Friesen 1972

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Emotion starts on the left hand side

Sackheim and Gur 1978

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Amygdala matures quicker than the VMPFC

Gogtay et al 2004

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White matter thins between the Amygdala and VMPFC with age

Westlye et al 2010

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Microexpressions

Ekmen 1985

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Measure microexpressions via electromyography

Cacioppo et al 1986

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Amygdala activates most to negative, ambiguous then positive surprise

Kim et al

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Feel emotions easier if muscles are engaged

Rutlidge and Hupke 1985

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Feel emotion easier if irrelevant muscles are disengaged

Lewis and Bowler 2009

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Lesions to the Amygdala mean you can give facial expressions but not recognise them

Adolphs et al 2004

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Focus on different areas on the face

Spezzio et al 2007

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Right Frontal Cortex = emotion in voice
Both Frontal Cortex = word meaning

George et al 1996

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Auditory and Parietal cortex are activated when listening to emotive music

Koelsch et al 2018

If emotion is unknown, give the emotion which is stronger on the left

Strauss and Moscovitch et al 1981

Unilateral damage to the visual cortex of the brain still allows participants to give the correct expression on the blind side

Tamietto et al 2009

High concordance rate of Epilepsy

Berkovic et al 1998

Spatial orientation is lower in AD patients

Monacelli et al 2003

More atrophy in hippocampus parietal lobe in AD patients

Delpolyi et al 2007

AD = errors in scenes D = errors in faces

Lee et al 2006

Drugs decreasing Amyloid B reduces the risk of Dementia

Van Dyck et al 2023

S struggles to reverse learn

Waltz and Gold 2007

33.4% CR for schizophrenia if both parents had it, 66.1% if Schizoid Personality was accounted for

Heston 1970

Season of birth, higher likelihood in Feb-May

Kendell and Adams

21% experienced the Flu vs 9% in controls

Brown et al 2004

0.4% incidence rate

Sana et al

Correlation for season of birth

Takei et al 1996

Cannabis has strong links to first psychosis episode

Barrett et al 2007

Causal link to cannabis. Heaviest users = 4 fold increase

Marconi et al 2016

Higher response to dopamine agonists

Laurelle et al 1996

Less dopamine in the dorsolateral PFC causes hypofrontalility

MacDonald et al 2005

D = 94/1000 BP = 6/1000

Weissman et al 1996

D = 44.1 v 20.2 BP = 40 v 5.4

McGuffin et al 2003

Evidence for tryptophan depletion

Delgado et al 1990

Hallucinations = 70% Auditory, 25% visual, 10% other

Mueser et al 1990

Mutation of DISC1 for S, links to mitochondria

Wang et al 2010

Living in the city increases risk of S

Pedersen et al 2001

Living with maternal smoking increases risk of S

Zammit et al 2009

Lithium can stop manic phases

Gerbino et al 1978

9% of the close family members had Panic Disorder vs 3% of controls

Fyer et al 1996

PD risk increases 4-5 times if diagnosis is in the family

Hatoyama et al 2001

Harder to extinguish a phobic response than a neutral one

Ohman et al 1975

PD patients reported more feelings of panic in carbon dioxide challenges

Rapee et al 1992

fMRI found more right amygdala activation

Phelps et al 2004

BDNF variation

Soliman et al 2010

Rats like electrical brain stimulation

Ols and Milner 1954

Ventral Segmental Area -> Mesolimbic pathway -> nucleus acumbens

Wise 1996

Haloperidol (dopamine antagonist) reduces the reward of smoking

Brauer et al 1981

Nicotine and 2nd stimulant = full control

Goldberg et al 1981

Alcohol prefering rats startle easier, but this is neutralised by supplying alcohol

Jones et al 2000

Injecting 2DG into the heptic portal system increases food intake and decreases time between wanting and eating food

Vanderweele and Rezel

Less anti-inflamatory bacteria in Depressed patients

Nikolova 2021

Able to predict flashes of light when shown a visual cue

Glautier et al 2013

HM could be conditioned

Woodruf-Pak

Conditioned response and learning can be suppressed by putting a cold probe into the cerebellum

Clarke and Squire 1992

Demonstrated associative learning in dogs

Rescorla 1966

Sleep = synchronised, long waves Awake = desynchronied, small and chaotic waves

Guillaume et al 2022

Sleep spindles occur in stage 1-4 to help disconnect the brain

Steriade 1992

K Complexes occur only in Stage 2, triggered by sound

Niiyama et al 1996

Number of spindles and K cortexes links to consolidation of memory

Fogel and Smith 2011

Possible mechanism of neural inhibition

Cash 2009

PFC activates more in Lucid Dreaming

Voss et al 2014

Sleep deprivation = harder to do tasks which require attention and vigilance

Lim and Dinges 2010

Inflammation and Oxidative stress

Xie et al 2013

Naps helped remember declarative tasks

Tucker et al 2006

SWS and REM helped non-declarative tasks memory

Mednick et al 2003

Staying awake decrease glycogen and increases adenosine

Kang et al 2002

Adenosine = cognitive deficits? Sleep deprivation and symptoms of caffeine blocks

Basheer et al 2004

Mice with lower adenosine slept less SWS

Halassa et al 2009

Recessive genes for slower breakdown of adenosine causes more SWS

Retey et al 2005

Acetylcholine causes arousal, increase in REM

Steriade 1996

Sleep and wakefulness are connected with inhibitory GABA

Saper 2001

Orexin helps flip flop between awake and sleep, hunger activates it

Sakurai et al 2007

CBT for insomnia

Uyumaz et al 2021

Narcolepsy patients have shorter and more fragmented sleep

Rogers et al 1994

Ritalin is a cateanolamine agonist for Narcolepsy

Ygontzas and Kales 1999

Modafil for Narcolepsy

Niskino 2007

Two Process Model - Sleep pressure and Circodian

Borbely 1980s

Depression = insomnia, low Circodian Melatonin, low Frontal Cortex, Mood deficits

Chellappa et al 2018

Sleep loss amplifies activity in the Limbic System and decreases activity in the PFC for aversive stimuli

Simons et al 2020

Names Flashcards

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