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AP EXAM EURO > Names And Times > Flashcards

Names And Times Flashcards

1
Q

Petrarch

A

Father of the Renaissance. Believed in Greek and Roman. Wrote books.

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2
Q

Boccaccio

A

Writer during Renaissance famous do The Decameron. First entertaining book with fictional plot. First masterpiece of Italy.

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3
Q

Renaissance

A

1300’s-mid 1600’s

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4
Q

Baldassare Castiglione

A

Renaissance author of The Courtier. Told men how to act, manners.

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5
Q

Donatello

A

Sculptor of human body during Renassiance.

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6
Q

Leonardo

A

Painter and scientist during Renaissance.

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7
Q

Raphael

A

Master of perspective and ancient styles in art during Renaissance.

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8
Q

Michelangelo.

A

All around artist that focused on individuals with strength and ambition, during Renaissance.

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9
Q

Reformation

A

1517 (All saints day of 95 thesis)-1700’s

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10
Q

John Wycliffe

A

English. Short term cause of Reformation. Wanted simplified doctrines and denied transubstantiation.

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11
Q

Jan Hus.

A

Bohemian. Short term cause of the Reformation. Priests weren’t holy group, also against transubstantiation.

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12
Q

Martin Luther

A

Leader of the Reformation. Believed in faith and faith alone. Bible only authority. Believed 2 sacraments were legit. Put 95 thesis on church door. Ended up in exile after Diet of Worms.

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13
Q

Zwingli

A

Reformation. Believed none of sacraments were legit.

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14
Q

Calvin

A

Reformation. Predestination, God already knows if a person is going to heaven (The Elect).

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15
Q

Henry VIII

A

English King in early 1500’s. Split from Roman Catholic Church to get divorced. Strengthened England.

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16
Q

Hundred Years War

A

When an English King claimed the right to French Throne. Never officially ended because they realized they couldn’t beat French.

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17
Q

Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Sicily

A

Spain in early 1500’s. Marriage caused civil war that was put down. Didn’t unify Spain but made federation. Established Cortes in districts as assembly. Reduced power of clergy and nobility.

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18
Q

Charles V

A

King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor during early 1500’s. Peasant uprising during rule because he fought many wars that damaged country and made them lose lots of money.

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19
Q

Elizabeth I

A

Queen of England from 1558-1625. Skillful queen, Protestant reforms.

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20
Q

James I

A

Ruler of England in early 1600’s. Divine Right.

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21
Q

Charles I.

A

Ruler of England 1625-1649. Wanted to be divine right like dad. Antagonized Puritans. Politically inept. Needed money from parliament, not unless signed petition of rights. English civil war. Cavaliers on his side. Crownwell of Roundheads beats him with Model army.

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22
Q

Cromwell

A

Military Dictator of England during mid 1600’s. Advanced English navy. Model Army. Severe Puritan code. Anglicans saw him as intolerant, and he massacred Catholic Irish. Charles II invited to return from exile to throne by Parliament.

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23
Q

Charles II

A

Ruler of England during late 1600’s. Parliament passed Test act many anti-Catholic laws, excluded brother James. Whigs (Liberal) and Tories formed, passed acts. Did sign treaty of Dover with France though, threatened to bring back Catholicism.

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24
Q

James II

A

Ruler of England in late 1600’s. Took throne after brother Charles II died. Very Catholic=bad. Led to Glorious Revolution when parliament offered crown to William Orange (III) and Mary.

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25
Q

William III and Mary.

A

Late 1600’s co monarchs of England. Signed petition of rights. End of divine kings. Got Scotland too. Toleration act of 1689 have freedom of worship to all but Catholics.

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26
Q

Age of discovery

A

1415-1650

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27
Q

Prince Henry the Navigator.

A

Portuguese. Annual explorations.

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28
Q

Bartolomew Diez

A

Portuguese.First man to sail around cape of good hope.

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29
Q

Vasco de Gama.

A

Portuguese. Discovered all water route to India by sailing around tip of Africa.

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30
Q

Pedro Cabral

A

Portuguese. Discovered Brazil. Led to treaty of Tordesillas when Pope Alexandar VI set line of Demarcation for Spain and Portugal.

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31
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

Spanish. Found Bahamas and named them Indies.

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32
Q

Ferdinand Magellan.

A

Spanish. Circumnavigated globe.

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33
Q

Cortes

A

Spanish seeker of wealth and power. Took over Aztec empire.

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34
Q

Francisco Pizarro.

A

Spanish seeker of wealth and power. Took over Incan empire.

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35
Q

Bartolome de Las Casas

A

Father of Indians. Advocates for protective laws on natives. Led to African Slave trade.

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36
Q

Ptolemy

A

Old scientist. Geocentric Theory, earth at center of universe. Crystalline spheres.

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37
Q

Aristotle

A

Old scientist. Supported Earth at center of universe. Four elements.

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38
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

1543-1687

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39
Q

Nicholas Copernicus

A

1473-1543. Heliocentric theory, sun at center of universe. Earth just another planet, condemned by Church, Calvin and Luther.

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40
Q

Tycho Brahe

A

1546-1601. Danish astronomer. Built observatory. Made mural Quadrant. Bad at math, couldn’t put together info.

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41
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

1571-1630. German astronomer, Brahe’s assistant. Elliptical not circular orbit. 3 laws of planetary motion.

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42
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

Florentines astronomer. Not crystal spheres. Forced to recant.

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43
Q

Sir Isaac Newton.

A

Greatest figure of scientific revolution. Force of gravitation and attraction. Put all ideas together.

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44
Q

William Harvey

A

English physician. Motion of Heart and Blood of Animals. Reproduction.

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45
Q

Francis Bacon

A

English. Scientific Method.

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46
Q

Rene’s Descartes.

A

Only men have mind.

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47
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Mid 1600’s, from ideas of Scientific Revolution. Famous empiricist (general knowledge). Leviathan. Social contract. Give rights to monarchy in order to keep out natural rights.

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48
Q

John Locke

A

Late 1600’s, from ideas of Scientific Revolution. Famous empiricist. Constitutional. Life, liberty, and property. Government protects people’s rights. If it fails, right to rebel.

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49
Q

Shakespeare

A

1500’s. Playwriter during scientific revolution.

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50
Q

Louis XIV

A

1643-1715.Sun King of France. Absolute divine right monarch. Built Palace of Versailles, strain on economy. Had Colbert as financial advisor. Costly war of Spanish succession.

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51
Q

Leopold I, Charles VI, Maria Theresa

A

Late 1600’s and 1700’s absolutist leaders of Austria under Hagsburgs.

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52
Q

Frederick II

A

Late 1700’s Prussia. Absolutist Enlightened despot. Militaristic stage. Introduced potatoes. Granted religious toleration. Made jobs merit basest

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53
Q

Peter the Great

A

Late 1600’s Absolutist enlightened despot of Russia. Westernized. Wanted warm water ports. Gets azov from ottomans, good Russian navy. Went undercover in west. Started cultural revolution. Great northern war, Russia vs Sweden. Russian empire that lasts until 1917.

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54
Q

Charles XIII

A

Absolutist kid of Sweden during early 1700’s. Great northern war, went too far.

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55
Q

Sir Robert Walpole

A

Early 1700’s, considered first English Prime minister. During Hanover’s Georges. Handled financial crash well. Kept England at peace.

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56
Q

Seven Years War

A

Mid 1700’s. Realigned alliances. Austria with France and Russia. England and Prussia. Prussia still getting crushed. Finally work it out at Peace of Hubertusburg. France and England fighting for land in North America, England gets Canada.

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57
Q

Thirty Years War

A

Early 1600’s in respond to reformation. BDSF, Catholic France against Catholic Hagsburgs! Hagsburgs ended up losing lots of territory to independence. Last of major religious wars and end of reformation.

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58
Q

Wars of religion in France

A

Late 1500’s. Huguenots-Calvinists. Catherine de Medici ruled France under her sons. She initiated the st. Bartholomews day massacre, Catholics killed Protestants. Then Henry Navarre of converted to Catholicism. Edict of mates gave some religious rights. House of bourbon.

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59
Q

Industrial revolution

A

1730-1815

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60
Q

Adam Smith

A

Late 1700’s Scottish philosopher. Economist, laissez faire. Invisible hand, everyone follows own interests.

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61
Q

Richard Arkwright

A

Invented water frame during cottage industry pre-industrial rev.

62
Q

James watt

A

Inventor of steam engine during cottage industry time pre-industrial rev. Led to first factories.

63
Q

Charles Townshend.

A

Emphasized importance of turnips instead of three field crop rotation.

64
Q

Enlightenment

A

1700’s, mainly French

65
Q

Voltaire

A

Leading figure of enlightenment of 1700’s. Deist, hated religion. Advocator if religious freedom.

66
Q

Diderot.

A

Wrote encyclopedia during enlightenment of 1700’s. Atheist. Science based. Change general way of thinking.

67
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

During enlightenment of 1700’s. Believed in government checks and balances.

68
Q

Catherine the Great

A

1762-1796. Further westernized Russia as enlightened despot.

69
Q

The French Revolution

A

1789-1799. Leads to Napoleon.

70
Q

Turgot

A

One financial minister of Louis XVI in late 1700’s. Great at job, but suggested more taxes.

71
Q

Necker.

A

One financial minister of Louis XVI in late 1700’s. Not great.

72
Q

Napoleon

A

Fights second coalition: Russia, Austria, Prussia, and GB. Defeated. Fights in Egypt and finds Rosetta Stone. Uses propoganda. Makes peace with church with concordat 1801. Establishes napoleonic code. Continental system fails, leads to failed invasion of Russia, leads to demise. Denies Frankfurt proposals. Returns from Elba in 100 days March. Defeated at Waterloo.

73
Q

Rise of isms

A

1815(end of congress of Vienna)-1848

74
Q

Metternich

A

Austria for Congress of Vienna 1814-1815. Dominated congress. Conservative. Anti-democratic.

75
Q

Castlereigh

A

England for congress of Vienna 1814-1815. Encircle France.

76
Q

Czar Alexandar I

A

Russia in congress of Vienna from 1814-1815. Wanted Holy Alliance, didn’t work. Wanted to be king of Poland, worked.

77
Q

Talleyrand

A

France in congress of Vienna of 1814-1815. Plays role of mediator, sneaky.

78
Q

Karl Bon hardenberg

A

Prussia in congress of Vienna from 1914-1915. Wanted saxony and lost territory.

79
Q

Charles X

A

Last of bourbon line in France. Abdicated by fringe revolution of 1830. Louis Philipps takes over.

80
Q

Louis Phillipe

A

“Citizen King” from 1830 fringe revolution. Runs July monarchy. Not loved by anyone. Ruled at time of French credit squeeze and drought. Overthrown not much after in 1848 in June Days in favor of Napoleon III.

81
Q

Crimean War

A

1853-1856. Began due to nationalist tensions. France and Russian fought for Ottoman Empire behind mask of religion. Ended in congress of Paris.

82
Q

Italian Unification

A

1848-1870

83
Q

Giuseppe Mazzini

A

Tried to unite Italy once before, failed. Spirit of Italian Unification. Former member of carbonari. Founded young Italy society in 1831.

84
Q

Victor Emmanuel II

A

Constitutional monarch of Piedmont Sardinia during Italian Unification.

85
Q

Cavour

A

Prime minister of Piedmont Sardinia during Italian Unification. Made agreement with Napoleon that if Peidmont went to war with Russia France would back them up. Did so by joining Crimean War. All ends up working! Reorgimento.

86
Q

Garibaldi

A

“The Sword” of Italian unification. Conquers Sicily using his red shirt army. Kinda forced to give to Cavour. Big Romantic.

87
Q

German unification

A

1848-1871 (1864-1871)

88
Q

Wilhelm II

A

Ruler of Prussia during German unification in late 1800’s

89
Q

Bismarck

A

Prime minister of Prussia during German unification in late 1800’s. Initiates Austro-Prussian war. During crisis of Spanish succession and changes words in Ems telegram to have France attack and spark nationalism. Franco-Prussian war. Siege of Paris, starving them.

90
Q

Seven Weeks War

A

Really Austria Prussian war. 1866. Caused by Bismarck.

91
Q

The Belle Époque

A

1884-1914 (WWI). Time of great improvement and art appreciation. Women’s movements.

92
Q

Marx

A

Hated nationalism. Authoritarian. Materialist interpretation of historical development and a dialectical view of social transformation. Popular group in Belle Époque.

93
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Belle Époque. Humans out to be animals.

94
Q

Age of new imperialism

A

Began in 1870’s, aggressive expansionism. Industrial revolution partly caused. Ethnocentric. Social Darwinism. Tech, military improvements.

95
Q

French 3rd republic

A

NOT WORLD WAR. Established during defeat of Paris by Germany in Franco-Prussian war of late 1800’s. The radical Paris Commine took over city in 1871 and failed. Peace finally and end of war and Adolphe Theirs took over city legally. Went against each other. May 1871 bloody week and then finally 3rd republic! Many affairs, like Dreyfus affair. Ended in 1940 when Germany occupied France in WWII. Pertain went to Vichy (Vichy regime) and ended the the republic. After war they drafted the 4th republic.

96
Q

Petain

A

Frenchmen who worked with Germans in Vichy during Franco-Prussian war siege.

97
Q

Benjamin Disraeli

A

Prime minister of England 1867-1881. Wanted conservative, failed.

98
Q

William Gladstone.

A

1884-1898 pm of England. Bold reforms and Irish issue which threatened civil war in Ireland. Led to split and chamberlain.

99
Q

Chamberlain

A

WWII prime minister of England. Policy of appeasement failed.

100
Q

Germany’s alliance in WWI?

A

CENTRAL POWERS. Allied with Austria Hungary and Ottoman Empire. Originally Italy too, but soon switched sides.

101
Q

France’s allies in WWI?

A

Triple entente. ALLIED POWERS.

102
Q

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

A

Heir to Austria-Hungary’s throne assassinated by Serbian terrorist from black hand. Offer list of things Seebia needs to do, they deny two. War declared. Start of WWI.

103
Q

Woodrow Wilson

A

American President that suggested Fourteen points at end of WWI.

104
Q

Clemeceau

A

France in Paris peace conference, wanted to get revenge on Germany.

105
Q

Lloyd George

A

England in Paris peace conference.

106
Q

Albert Einstein

A

Great scientist that represented scientist and art movement of 20th century.

107
Q

Russian revolution

A
  1. In 1905 revolutions led Russia to create the Duma and therefore a constitutional monarchy. Duma ended up joining with soviet workers in the February Revolution and forced Nicholas II to abdicate. Provisional government established but corrupt, and Petrograd Soviet challenged it. Trotsky took over with Lenin. Kerensky left behind. Stalin takes over after Lenin’s death.
108
Q

Stalin

A

After Russian Rev of 1917, Lenin gets stroke in 1923. Stalin is considered for job. He opposes all Bukharin ideas and supports Lenin 100%. Gets elected this way. Makes Russia totalitarian and communist.

109
Q

Benito Mussolini

A

Misery party man sad Italians were looking for. He used propaganda and black shirts to spread message. Planted bombs to get what he wanted. Elected as pm by Emmanuel III of Italy. Killed all others and declared himself Duce.

110
Q

Hitler

A

Ended Weimar Republic. Failed original coup of beer hall putsch. Interwar depression helps though and the nazi party rises. Set up enabling act for prime minister (him) and became dictator. Called himself fuhrer. Anti-semitist.

111
Q

WWII

A

1939-1945. Ended due to Russian winter and surrender. Ends in yalta conference.

112
Q

Defenestration of Prague

A

Beginning of thirty years war

113
Q

Joseph II

A

Austria. Most radical least effective. Reigned with Maria Theresa.

114
Q

Weimar Republic

A

1918-1933. 30 years before hitler.

115
Q

Ramsey MacDonald

A

Brief labor party pm in England. Tried to establish ties with USSR too late.

116
Q

Lloyd George

A

Liberal party PM of England for a bit shortly after WWI.

117
Q

Germany alliance in WWII?

A

THE AXIS POWERS. Germany, Italy, Japan.

118
Q

French alliance in WWII?

A

THE ALLIES. France England and USA, joined by USSR.

119
Q

General Charles de Gaulle

A

Free French Movement of London leader during WWII German occupation of France.

120
Q

Yalta Conference

A

1945

Big three meet and make final decisions. Churchill, Stalin, FDR. Berlin split.

121
Q

NATO

A

North Atlantic treaty organization. Military defensive by USA, Canada and 10 other European countries. Would help if attacked.

122
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

Military alliance of satellite states under communist Russia.

123
Q

Nikita Khrushchev

A

Emerges as Russian party leader in 1953 when Stalin dies. Increased freedoms of Russia, to a point. Made Berlin Wall. Blamed for de-stalinization.

124
Q

5th and recent French Republic

A

Unstable 4th French Republic nicely dissolved. De Gaulle forms this republic. Presides as president. Strong and stable.

125
Q

Brezhnev

A

1964-1982. Second strongest soviet leader to Stalin. Wanted Stalinist Russia back. Suppress. Some criticism allowed.

126
Q

Francisco Franco

A

Spanish dictator 1935-1975.

127
Q

Thatcher

A

The Iron Lady. Conservative , made many reforms.

128
Q

Mikhail Gorbachev

A

Ussr leader in 1985+. focused on helping economy. Freedom to criticize. Multi party elections by Duma in 1988 after constitution. Electret president in 1990.

129
Q

Velvet Revolution.

A
  1. When Czechoslovakia split. Vaclav Havel elected.
130
Q

German Unification

A

1990

131
Q

Russian 2nd Revolution and Fall

A
  1. Now commonwealth of satellite states.
132
Q

Yeltsin

A

President of Russia after 1991. Shock therapy of marker economy, didn’t really work.

133
Q

Vladimir Putin

A

Recent president of Russia.

134
Q

German Peasant revolt

A

1524-1525. Inspired by reformation. Supported by Zwingli and Müntzer, but condemnation my Luther led to defeat.

135
Q

Medieval art

A

Still, one dimensional figures. Priestly, religious. No backgrounds. No bright colors.

136
Q

Renaissance art

A

1300-1600. Perspective, secular backgrounds. Bright colors. Balance.

137
Q

Baroque art

A

1545-1648. Counter-reformation. Richer in texture and decoration. Drama, violence and spectacle.

138
Q

Northern Realism

A

1600’s. Encouraged by Scientific Revolution. Landscapes, secular, geometric and mathematical.

139
Q

Rococo

A

1700’s. Art of French aristocracy. Ornamental, elegant, venus’s and cupids.

140
Q

Neoclassicism art

A

1700’s. Inspired by enlightenment. Return to antiquity. Historical and mythological scenes. Appeal to intellect. Values reason, order, balance.

141
Q

Romanticism

A

1800’s. (1814-1848) Reaction against cold and unfeeling reason of the Enlightenment and against destruction of nature by Industrial revolution. Emotion, feeling, morbidity, exotic in and mystery.

142
Q

Impressionism

A

1800’s. Based of scientific study of light. Immediate, accidental.

143
Q

Expressionism

A

1800’s and 1900’s. Freud direct cause. Penetrates facade of bourgeois superficiality and finds what lurks beneath and individuals calm.

144
Q

Surrealism

A

1800’s and 1900’s. Also indebted to Freud. Explores dream world. Illogical.

145
Q

Cubism

A

1900’s. Top, sides, back, front synthesized into one. Angular interlocking planes. New of way of seeing world.

146
Q

Abstract expressionism.

A

1900’s. Flattened out planes, shapes, liked and colors.

147
Q

When does government centralize power?

A

1450-1500’s

148
Q

Era of absolutism? Enlightened or otherwise.

A

1700’s

149
Q

Colonialism time period?

A

1700’s, not same as age of exploration

150
Q

Pre-world war.

A

Belle Époque. Art blooming, new ideas like Marxism, women’s rights.

151
Q

Russian revolution of 1905

A

Led to creation of Duma by tsar Nicholas II.

152
Q

Freud

A

Influenced 1900’a culture. Mind was split up into unconscious, subconscious, and the conscience.

AP EXAM EURO (1 decks)

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