Names/Studies Flashcards
(44 cards)
1
Q
Brezelton et al
A
Describes the interaction of reciprocity as a ‘dance’ because when a couple dance because when a couple dance together they each respond to one another’s movements
2
Q
Feldman and Eidelmann
A
Mothers typically tend to pick up on and respond to infant alertness around 2/3 of the time
3
Q
Feldman
A
From 3 months, reciprocity increases in frequency as the infant and caregiver pay increasing attention to each others verbal and facial communications
4
Q
Meltzhoff and Moore
A
- To examine interactional synchrony in infants
- They used a controlled observation with an adult model showing 1 of 3 facial expressions
- To start the child had a dummy to prevent a facial response, but after the display from the adult the dummy was removed
- There was a clear association between the infants behaviour and the model
- suggesting that interactional synchrony is innate
5
Q
Koepke et al
A
Failed to replicate the findings of Meltzhoof and Moore
6
Q
Isabella et al
A
Found that the more securely attached the infant is the greater the level of interactional synchrony
7
Q
Grossman and Grossman
A
- Longitudinal study
- Looked at parents behaviour and its relationship with the quality of attachment when their child is a teenager
- Found that the quality of fathers play was related to teen attachment
- Suggesting that fathers have a role more to do with play
8
Q
Geiger
A
fathers play interactions were more exciting in comparison to a mothers
9
Q
Hrdy
A
Fathers were less able to detect low levels of infant distress, in comparison to mothers
10
Q
Field et al
A
They observed face to face interactions between infants and primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers. Primary caregiver fathers spent more time holding and smiling the child than secondary. Shows that fathers can be more nurturing and that gender isn’t the key, but rather the level of responsiveness
11
Q
Schaffer and Emerson
A
- Examined the formation of early attachments
- Sample consisted of 60 Glasgow working class babies
- The researchers visited the babies at home every month for 12 months, then once at 8 months and wanted to see the children in relation to stranger anxiety
- the results provided some support for different stages of attachment
- at 25-32 weeks 50% showed separation anxiety towards their mums
- at 40 weeks 80% had specific attachment and 30% had started to form multiple attachments
12
Q
Schaffer and Emerson stages
A
Asocial (birth to 2 months), Indiscriminate (2 to 7 months), Specific (7 to 12 months) and Multiple (1 onwards)
13
Q
Bowlby (evaluation)
A
Research indicated that most babies form a single attachment before forming muliple
14
Q
Lorenz (geese)
A
- To see the imprinting in animals
- he randomly divided geese eggs into 2 batches, 1 as a control and 1 were the eggs were placed in an incubator making sure he was the first large moving object they saw
- Lorenz found that straight after birth the naturally-hatched goslings followed their mother
- Whereas the incubator-hatched goslings followed Lorenz
- He noted that imprinting only occurred within a critical period of 4-25 hours after hatching. This relationship persisted over time and proved to be irreversible
15
Q
Lorenz (sexual imprinting)
A
He observed a peacock who had imprinted on a giant tortoise after being reared in a reptile house later displayed courtship towards members of that species
16
Q
Guiton et al
A
Chickens would imprint on yellow washing up gloves if that was the largest moving object they first saw after birth and would then try to mate with that object in adulthood. But disagreed with Lorenz as he thought that imprinting wasn’t permanent
17
Q
Harlow
A
- To see the extent to which contact comfort and food influences attachment in baby monkeys
- He constructed 2 surrogate mums; 1 harsh wire and 1 soft towelling
- 16 baby rhesus monkeys were used across 4 caged conditions; 1) wire dispensing milk and towelling without, 2) wire with no milk and towelling with milk, 3) wire with milk, 4) towelling with milk
- The amount of time they spent with each was recorded
- Found that when given a choice baby monkeys preferred to make contact with the soft towelling mother irrespective of whether she dispensed milk
- When startled by a loud noise they would cling tightly to the towelling mum
- When in larger cages greater exploration was seen by baby monkeys with the towelling mother
- Shows that baby monkeys have an innate drive to seek contact comfort from their parent suggesting that attachment is formed through emotion rather than food
18
Q
Harlow 2
A
- Also followed monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother in adulthood
- Found that maternally deprived monkeys grew socially dysfunctional, being less social and more aggressive
- They bred less and were unskilled at mating
19
Q
Howe
A
reports that the knowledge gained form Harlows research helped social workers understand risk factors in human children neglect
20
Q
Dollard and Miller (basic)
A
Referred to the learning theory of attachment as the ‘cupboard love’ theory because the main principles of this explanation for attachment focuses on food
21
Q
Dollard and Miller (study)
A
- Applied the principles of reward and reinforcement to explain human attachment between a caregiver and an infant
- When an infant feels hunger it cry’s in order to receive comfort
- When the caregiver provides food, a feeling of pleasure is produced for the infant which is rewarding (positive reinforcement)
- The behaviour which elicited the reward eg, crying will be repeated
- This is a reciprocal process since the caregiver also experiences a reward in the form of negative reinforcement as the infant stops crying, they too will repeat the caregiver behaviour
- Hunger is called the primary drive and the food is termed the primary reinforcer
- Caregiver who provided it is called the secondary reinforcer
- Attachment, called the secondary drive, will occur because the infant will seek the person who can supply the reward
22
Q
Bowlby (theory)
A
Children are born with an innate tendency to form an attachment with their parents in order to increase survival chances, there are 5 key components: Adaptive, Monotropy, Social Releasers, Critical period and Internal working model
23
Q
Hazan and Shaver (Evaluation point)
A
- self-report questionnaire called the ‘love quiz’ to assess the internal working model
- positive correlation between early attachment types and later adult relationships
24
Q
Bailey et al
A
- 99 mothers studied
- found that those with poor attachment to their own parents were more likely to have children who were poorly attached
25
Kagan
- proposed temperament hypothesis
| - a child'd genetically inherited personality traits have a role to play in forming an attachment with a caregiver
26
Brazelton et al
- observed mothers and babies interactions
- reporting the existence of interactional synchrony
- then changed it to an experiment where the primary attachment had to ignore their baby
- Whilst they initially showed distress, eventually some babies curled up and lied motionless
27
Ainsworth et al
- Strange situation
- infants aged between 9-18 months were placed in a novel situation of mild stress
- Ainsworth observed through a 2 way mirror during 8 scenarios;
1) Mum and infant in room with child free to explore
2) stranger enters
3) stranger attempts to interact
4) mum leaves, infant and stranger alone
5) mum returns and stranger leaves
6) mum leaves baby alone
7) stranger re-enters and offers baby comfort
8) mum returns and stranger leaves
- measured 4 different behaviours of; stranger and separation anxiety, reunion behaviour and exploration
- finding 3 distinct categories-
- Secure attachment
- Avoidant attachment
- Resistant attachment
28
Main and Solomon
- conducted subsequent research to Ainsworth whereby they analysed several hundred strange situation episodes
- Thought Ainsworth overlooked a 4th stage
- Some infants showed inconsistent patterns of behaviour which they called insecure-disorganised
29
Van Ijzendoorn et al (evaluation)
-found 15% of infants were in fact classified as insecure-disorganised
30
Van ljzendoorn & Kroonenberg
- investigated cross-cultural variations in attachment
- meta analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries using the strange situation
- over 1990 infants were included
- 3 key findings;
- secure attachment was the most common
- Japan showed higher levels of insecure-resistant
- Germany showed higher levels of insecure-avoidant
- Global trends seem to reflect the US norm of secure attachment being the most common
31
Simonelli et al
- 76, 12 month old babies were assessed using the strange situation in Italy
- Mothers varied in education and employment
- 50% secure, 36% avoidant
- Researchers thought this was due to increasing number of mothers working long hours and using professional childcare
- Cultural changes can make a dramatic difference in the pattern of attachment
32
Bowlby (Maternal deprivation)
- 44 thieves study
- wanted to see if early separation from the primary caregiver (deprivation)was associated with behavioural disorders eg affectionless psychopath
- children aged 5-16 who had been referred to a guidance clinic in London
- 44 children were criminals and 44 were not (control group)
- Bowlby interviewed them and their family to create a record of early life
- Bowlby identified 32% of the thieves as affectionless psychopaths
- Of that 32%, 86% had experienced early and prolonged deprivation
- 4% of the control group had experienced frequent early separation, with none being affectionless psychopaths
- This suggests a link between early separation and later social maladjustment
33
The Robertson's
- observed a 2 year old who was hospitalised for 8 days
| - She struggled to cope with the emotional deprivation, showing real distress
34
Lewis
- replicated the juvenile thieves study with 500 children
- didn't find that early deprivation, caused by prolonged separation from the primary caregiver, predicted a greater chance of criminal behaviour in youths
35
Barrett
-found securely attached children are more resistant to the negative effects of maternal deprivation in comparison to insecurely attached children
36
Czech twins
- mum died after birth
- spent next year in a social agency
- and then 6 months with their aunt
- then moved in with their father who remarried
- step mother sent them to live in the cellar for 6 years
- After they were found and adopted they made a full recovery
37
Rutter et al
- Wanted to examine the long-term effects of institutionalisation in a longitudinal study called the ERA (english and romanian adoptees)
- 165 Romanian orphans
- 111 of these were adopted before 2, and 54 were adopted by age 4
- They were compared to a control group of 52 British children who were adopted by 6 months
- Their social, cognitive and physical development were examined regularly (age 4, 6, 11 and 15)
- Interviews were also conducted with adoptive families and teachers
- At adoption Romanian orphans showed delayed development in all categories
- BUT all those who were adopted by 6 months caught up
- Those who were adopted after 6 months continued to show deficits in development
- They were more likely have difficulties keeping friendships and were often categorised as having disinhibited attachment disorder
- SHOWING, institutionalisation can have severe long-term effects especially if children aren't provided with adequate emotional caregiving by 2
38
Zeanah et al
- Investigate attachment type of children (using strange situation) of children who spent their life in a institution
- 95 children aged between 12 months and 31 months
- 90% of whom spent their lives in an orphanage and the rest as a control group
- The carers in the institution and the parents of the control group were asked several aspects of the children's behaviour including clinging
- Found 74% of the control group were classified as being securely attached
- 19% of the experiment group were deemed to be securely attached
- 65% of these infants appeared to have a disinhibited attachment
- SHOWING that infants who spend their early years in institutional care with the absence of a primary attachment figure are less likely to develop a secure attachment and more likely to experience disinhibited attachment
39
Singer et al
states that children are as securely attached to their adoptive parents as their biological ones
40
Myron-Wilson and Smith
- assessed attachment type and bullying involvement
- secure infants form better friendships and are less likely to bully
- Resistant infants are more likely to be bullies
- Avoidant infants are more likely to be bullied
41
Hazan and Shaver (study)
- used the 'Love Quiz' questionnaire to test the internal working model to assess if attachment type formed as an infant influences friendships and adult relationships
- It comprised of 3 sections and was published in a US newspaper, receiving 620 volunteer responses (205 men & 415 women)
- 1st section= assess individuals most important relationship
- 2nd section= focused on ascertaining experiences in love
- 3rd section= self-selecting ppts were asked about feelings in relation to some statements
- 56% of respondents were securely attached, 25% avoidant and 19% resistant
- positive correlation was found between early attachment type and experiences in love with those reporting secure attachments, being most likely to have loving and lasting relationships
- Avoidants were more likely to report the feeling of disliking intimacy
- Resistants were more likely to have shorter relationships, approx 6 years, compared to 10 for secure
- This indicates that specific attachment type behaviours are reflected in adult romantic relationships
42
Bailey et al
- Looked at the attachment type of nearly 100 mums and their babies with the strange situation compared to their relationship with their mum
- found that a vast amount of women had the same attachment to their baby as to their own mum
- Supports the concept of the internal working model influencing parenting style
43
Zimmerman
-infant attachment type and the quality of relationships with parents during adolescence are not related
44
Fraley et al
-correlations between later relationships and attachment were not always strong positive ones either, with correlation coefficients ranging from +.10 to +.50
