Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

organic chem > naming > Flashcards

naming Flashcards

(82 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what does MOLECULAR formula look like?

A

shows number + types of atoms
ex. C5H12 (pretend there are subscripts)
note: says nothing about shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does STRUCTURAL formula look like?

A

gives atoms (both number + type) and locations of bonds.
remember C-C signifies single bond and C=C signifies double bond, etc.
ex.
H H H H H
H-C-C-C-C-C-H
H H H H H
(pretend there are vertical lines for bonds as well, each H should be connected to a C)
note: lone e- pairs are NOT SHOWN.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does CONDENSED STRUCTURAL formula look like?

A

similar to structural formula but saves space. carbon hydrogen bonds assumed.
ex.
H3C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 (but pretend there are subscripts)
note: H usually begins and ends this diagram to mimic normal structural formula but isn’t necessary (H3C is the same as CH3).
note: often seen as zigzag shape to save more space.
SHORTCUT: long chains can be written with brackets!! above example would be CH3(CH2)3CH3 but pretend subscripts are a thing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does a LINE diagram (formula) look like?

A

uses lines to represent chemical bonds. each bend/vertice in the line, plus the beginning and end of the line, represents a carbon atom. each carbon atom is assumed to have enough hydrogen atoms to obtain a full valence.
ex. /\/\ …but better (C5H12)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are 3 physical properties of ALKANES? (hint: consider boiling point, conductivity, solubility, polarity)

A
  • boiling point depends on molecule size + surface area /structure
  • do not conduct
  • nonpolar (insoluble)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what kind of bonds do ALKANES have?

A

the C C bonds are only single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the SUFFIX of a cmpd with only single C C bonds?

A

-ane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

name the ROOTS for cmpds with 1, 2, and 3 as the longest carbon chains

A

1: meth-
2: eth-
3: prop-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name the ROOTS for cmpds with 4, 5, and 6 as the longest carbon chains

A

4: but-
5: pent-
6: hex-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name the ROOTS for cmpds with 7 and 8 as the longest carbon chains

A

7: hept-
8: oct-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

name the ROOTS for cmpds with 9 and 10 as the longest carbon chains

A

9: non-
10: dec-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name the PREFIXES and SUFFIX for branches with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 carbon atoms

A

all suffixes: -yl
1: meth-
2: eth-
3: prop-
4: but-
5: pent-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name the NUMERIC MULTIPLIERS for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the same kind of branch

A

1: mono-
2: di-
3: tri-
4: tetra-
5: penta-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when do you use prefixes versus numeric multipliers?

A

prefixes (meth, eth, prop…) are for the root (the longest C chain) and how many C atoms are in each branch/chain.
numeric multipliers (mono, di, tri…) are for if there are multiple of the same kind (SAME PREFIX***) of chain/branch in the same cmpd.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does each part of the square bracketed section of this formula mean in terms of structure?
3-ethyl-3-methyl[hexane]

A

root: hex
suffix: ane
there are 6 Cs in the main chain (suffix), which only consists of single C C bonds (root).
(ALKANE EX.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does each part of the square bracketed section of this formula mean in terms of structure?
[3-ethyl]-3-methylhexane

A

number: 3
prefix: eth-
there is a branch consisting of 2 Cs (prefix) outside of the main chain at the 3rd carbon (number) on the chain.
(ALKANE EX.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does each part of the square bracketed section of this formula mean in terms of structure?
3-ethyl-[3-methyl]hexane

A

number: 3
prefix: meth-
there is a branch consisting of 1 C atom (prefix) outside of the main chain at the 3rd carbon (number) on the chain.
(ALKANE EX.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are 4 physical properties of ALKENES? (hint: conductivity, solubility, differences from alkanes such as state and boiling point)

A
  • do not conduct
  • nonpolar (insoluble)
  • liquid at room temp
  • double bond is straight, so increased surface area = less LDFs = lower boiling point than alkanes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what kind of bonds do ALKENES have?

A

at least one double C C bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how do you know where to place a double or triple bond in a cmpd?

A

must be at the lowest spot possible, and this takes priority over branches having the lowest sum of spots. the double/triple bond must be in the longest chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how to name a cmpd with more than one double bond?

A

numeric multiplier goes before suffix (-ene)
ex. di-3-ene, or tri-4-ene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

olllllllll;q1wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww;/ggggytlbgvvvvvvvvvvvvvvfggggg

A

(my cat misty made this card for you, she says hi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe the chemical properties of alkenes

A

the double bond creates strain so it readily reacts with excess hydrogen in the environment to create alkanes (addition reactions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what kinds of bonds to alkynes have?

A

at least one triple C C bond (these carbon atoms directly involved in the triple bond generally have NO hydrogen atoms attached)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what does each part of the square bracketed section of this formula mean in terms of structure? 2,3-dimethyl[pent-2-ene]
root: pent- suffix: -ene number: 2 the longest C chain is 5 C atoms long (root), there is one (absence of numerical multiplier) double bond (suffix) which is after the second C in the order (number). (ALKENE EX.)
26
what does each part of the square bracketed section of this formula mean in terms of structure? [2,3-dimethyl]pent-2-ene
numbers: 2 and 3 numerical multiplier: di prefix: meth- there are 2 (numerical multiplier) branches consisting of 1 C each (prefix) at places 2 and 3 (numbers). (ALKENE EX.)
27
what does each part of the square bracketed section of this formula mean in terms of structure? 2,6-dimethyl[hept-3-yne]
root: hept- number: 3 suffix: -yne there is one (absence of a numerical multiplier) triple bond (suffix) in a chain of 7 C atoms (root) after the 3rd C atom (number) (ALKYNE EX.)
28
what does each part of the square bracketed section of this formula mean in terms of structure? [2,6-dimethyl]hept-3-yne
numbers: 2 and 6 numeric multiplier: di prefix: meth- suffix: -yl there are 2 (numeric multiplier) branches (suffix) consisting of 1 C each (prefix) at the 2nd and 6th C atom (numbers)
29
what are cyclic hydrocarbons?
hydrocarbons that have no beginning or end, forming rings. no cyclic structures made of less than 5 C atoms because of ring strain. can be alkane, alkene, or alkyne (include respective suffix as if it wasn't a ring). double/triple bond is always assumed to be between places 1 and 2.
30
how is the root found in a cyclic hydrocarbon?
number of C atoms in the ring NOT INCLUDING BRANCHES. when in writing, "cyclo" goes before the root.
31
What is an ALIPHATIC hydrocarbon and which groups of hydrocarbons are examples of this?
Contains branches/chains or rings Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and andy cyclic hydrocarbons are included
32
What is an AROMATIC hydrocarbon and which groups of hydrocarbons are examples of this?
Hydrocarbon derived from a benzene ring, which has all bonds in the 6-C ring as in between single and double bonds. Only very specific cyclic hydrocarbons (arene phenyl functional group) (Note: arene is the class of aromatic hydrocarbons, phenyl is the functional group. Other functional groups are like alkanes/enes/ynes, etc.)
33
What is a RESONANCE STRUCTURE?
When you can draw 2 or more valid structures for the same molecule with the exact same name. (they may be mirror images but are not the same) Can have resonant structure of benzene Note: ***same molecule just different points in time because bonds RESONATE
34
What does the condensed structural formula of a BENZENE ring look like and how may this be misleading?
A ring of 6 bonds of CH, with “alternating” single and double bonds Misleading because has neither single nor double bonds, e- pairs just rotate/resonate between different CH bonds (like a vibrating guitar string moving up and down)
35
Describe the unique characteristics of the BONDS in a ring of BENZENE (consider types of bonds, length and strength in comparison to those of other molecules, shape of molecule)
- No single or double bonds (hybrid bonds) - Longer than single bonds, shorter than double (numerically exactly between in terms of length) - Stronger than single bonds, weaker than double (numerically exactly between in terms of strength) - Creates a planar molecule
36
What is physically noticed when BENZENE is present?
Strong odour
37
Is BENZENE saturated or unsaturated?
NEITHER. The formula makes it look unsaturated (it is NOT, nor is it unsaturated) (it’s NEITHER!!) but it doesn’t react like an unsaturated hydrocarbon (because it’s NOT)
38
What kinds of reactions does BENZENE undergo?
Only substitution reactions, without breaking any “double” bonds (if it did it would not be benzene)
39
What is the ROOT name for all AROMATIC hydrocarbons?
Benzene
40
How do you number the carbons in an AROMATIC hydrocarbon when there is more than one side group?
Start at highest priority C (one with -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I) to lowest priority C (alkyl groups with 6 or less C atoms), when in doubt alphabetical order within these priorities When there are two branches they will never be numbered 1,5 or 1,6 (always 1,3 or 1,2 numbering)
41
When BENZENE is a branch, what do you call it?
Phenyl Ex. 2-phenylbutane Note: benzene is usually a root, though. Can sometimes choose whether to write it as the root or not.
42
Class name Functional group Suffix for SINGLE BOND hydrocarbon chains in that order
Alkane Alkyl -ane
43
Class name Functional group Suffix for DOUBLE BOND hydrocarbon chains in that order
Alkene Alkenyl -ene
44
Class name Functional group Suffix for TRIPLE BOND hydrocarbon chains in that order
Alkyne Alkynyl -yne
45
Class name Functional group Suffix for hydrocarbon chains with an -OH branch in that order
Alcohol Hydroxyl -ol
46
Class name Functional group Suffix for hydrocarbon chains with a =O branch and an -OH branch on the same carbon in that order
Carboxylic acid Carboxyl -oic acid
47
Class name Functional group Suffix for hydrocarbon chains with a -C(O)O- in the middle of the chain in that order
Ester Ester (yes it’s the same) -oate
48
Class name Functional group Suffix for a compound with a root with a 6 carbon RING with neither single or double bonds in that order
Arene Phenyl -benzene (Or prefix of phenyl- if branch)
49
What does a SATURATED hydrocarbon have that an UNSATURATED hydrocarbon doesn’t? Provide examples of each
Minimum number of C-C bonds possible (only single bonds, so that the maximum number of H atoms can be bonded. (Can also be a hydrocarbon derivative) Alkanes are saturated Alkenes + alkynes are not BENZENE IS NEITHER
50
define a homologous series
a group of compounds from the same class. the functional group is in the same spot on the molecules, differing only by -CH2 in chain CANNOT ADD BRANCHES, GENERAL STRUCTURE MUST REMAIN THE SAME ex. all ALKANES are a homologous series
51
how does melting/boiling point change as number of carbons in homologous molecules changes?
they increase as C# increases but at a decreasing rate (increases by less each time)
52
how does chain length affect solubility?
longer chain = less soluble because it creates more IMF's and more surface area to be surrounded by water in order to dissolve
53
describe what fractional distillation does and why we use it
it separates all the different hydrocarbon components in crude oil. the oil is heated and the vapour is pumped into a distillation column which catches the different molecules at different heights (the heat decreases the higher up it gets). the smaller molecules with less LDFs have a lower boiling/condensing point and are collected the furthest up the column. (generally just different alkanes and benzene are separated since others aren't found in fossil fuel) we use it to refine/purify aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons using evapouration then condensation
54
in fractional distillation, we extract butane _________ (higher/lower) because it has _________ (less/more) dispersion forces compared to ethane
lower, more
55
what, besides hydrogen and carbon, can be found in a HALOCARBON? name the prefix for each
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
56
what is a halogenated hydrocarbon?
a hydrocarbon derivative with halogens in branches
57
describe properties of HALOCARBONS (consider polarity, ability to be a solvent, solubility and boiling point compared to other hydrocarbons)
- can be polar or nonpolar (and therefore can dissolve other compounds of this same property) - good solvents for organic materials like fats, oils, etc. - low solubility but more than similar hydrocarbons* - higher boiling point than similar hydrocarbons* *"similar hydrocarbons" means other hydrocarbons with similar molar mass, which also means they have the same # of LDFs
58
define structural isomerism and name the three types
when two or more molecules can have the same molecular formula (including same number and type of atoms) but different structural formulas (organization of these same atoms) note: as the # of Cs increase between different molecules, the more isomers that molecule has 1. chain isomers 2. positional isomers 3. functional group isomers ex. C5H12 isomers: pentane, methylbutane, dimethylpropane they all have 5 Cs and 12 Hs but in different spots
59
which of these isomers has the highest boiling point and why? pentane, methylbutane, dimethylpropane
pentane because it has no branches and therefore more surface area, creating more LDFs and more heat energy required to break those bonds
60
define CHAIN isomers and name which types they can be
structural isomers that have different length of carbon chains, the leftovers (after the chain is created) are used as branches. names and physical properties vary between isomers ex. pentane, methylbutane, and dimethylpropane alkanes
61
define POSITIONAL isomers and name which types they can be
structural isomers where the position of the functional group changes but the chain (usually?) remains the same length. boiling points are changed between isomers ex. but-1-ene and but-2-ene alkenes, alkynes
62
define FUNCTIONAL GROUP isomers and name which types they can be
structural isomers that vary by having DIFFERENT functional groups. watch the bonding with atoms that are not carbon or hydrogen
63
what is an alkadiene
alkene with 2 double bonds tip: look at prefixes and roots you know. it's pretty much just alkene with "di" indicating 2 before the part for double bonds
64
Can alkenes and cyclic alkanes be isomers?
yes
65
Can alkynes and alkadienes be isomers?
yes
66
Are all alkanes with the same number of Cs isomers no matter what?
yes
67
Can alkynes and cyclic alkanes be isomers?
no
68
Can cyclic alkynes and alkenes be isomers?
no
69
name the 2 steps to determining if two molecules are isomers
1. different number of C or O atoms between molecules = not isomers 2. different number of H atoms lost (as in, that many Hs away from being saturated) = not isomers --> a double bond loses 2 Hs --> a triple bond loses 4 Hs --> a ring loses 2 Hs
70
how can you tell if an organic cmpd is an alcohol
it has an -OH functional group (called hydroxyl)
71
what is the strongest bond type in alcohols, and what interaction does this cause in water?
hydrogen bonding, which causes it to be soluble in water because water also has hydrogen bonding. they are soluble but not completely miscible. the hydrogens in water are attracted to the oxygen in alcohols, and the hydrogens in the alcohol are attracted to the oxygen in water
72
explain primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
primary - only one other C is bonded to the C which is bonded to the OH (or OH is on the end) ex. butan-1-ol --> CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH secondary - two C atoms are bonded to the C which is bonded to the OH (or OH is in the middle) ex. butan-2-ol --> CH3-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3 tertiary - three C atoms are bonded to the C which is bonded to the OH (or OH is in the middle across from another branch) ex. 2-methylbutan-2-ol --> CH3-CH2-C(CH3)(CH3)- CH3 so the carbon bonded to the OH has 2 Hs if primary, 1 if secondary, and 0 if tertiary
73
describe properties of alcohols (consider boiling point, relative solubility, miscibility)
- high boiling pt and solubility because of H bonding IMF (higher than alkanes of similar molar mass) - shorter chain = less IMFs = more miscible
74
what two individual functional groups combine to make a carboxylic acid, and what is a carboxylic acid's functional group?
carbonyl group + hydroxyl group carboxyl
75
describe properties of carboxylic acids (consider polarity, IMFs, relative solubility + boiling point, miscibility, state, acidity)
- polar - forms H bonds and dipole-dipole IMFs - more soluble and higher boiling pt than alcohols - cmpds with 1-4 Cs are miscible in water, 5-9 Cs are less soluble, 10+ Cs are insoluble because longer chain makes it less polar - cmpds with 1-10 Cs are liquids and 10+ Cs are waxy solids - acids but weak acids
76
what is the functional group name for esters?
hah trick question... the functional group name and class name are both ESTER
77
what does an ester link consist of?
a C bonded in the chain, bonded to an O bonded in the chain. that C also is double bonded to another O which acts as a branch RC(O)OR where R represents the rest of the chain (no less than a -CH3)
78
how is an ester formed and where are they used?
by reacting an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, generally in the presence of a stronger acid so that the carboxylic acid doesn't lose its hydrogens. they create pleasant smells in plants and fruit, also used to create artificial flavours
79
what other class can an ester be an isomer with if they have the same number of Cs?
carboxylic acid (they have the same bonding)
80
which name comes first in naming esters, the alcohol or the carboxyic acid and what are the suffixes of each changed to?
alcohol!!! alcohol ending becomes -yl carboxylic acid ending becomes -oate (replacing the whole "-oic acid")
81
what is formed when carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol?
one ester molecule AND one water molecule for every carboxylic acid/alcohol
82

organic chem (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions