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Anatomy MD3001 > Nasal cavity, Paranasal Sinuses and Nasopharynx > Flashcards

Nasal cavity, Paranasal Sinuses and Nasopharynx Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of respiration?

A
  • Ventilation (breathing)
  • Gas exchange
  • between the air and the blood in the lungs
  • Between the blood and the tissues

• Oxygen utilisation by the tissues in the energy liberating reactions

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2
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Warm, humidify and filter warm air
  • Olfaction
  • Help produce sound - resonating chamber
  • Provide O2 and remove CO2 (main function)
  • Acid base balance
  • Protective and reflexive non-breathing air movements
  • Assist the circulation of the blood and lymph towards the heart (generating negative pressure in the thorax)
  • Assist the abdominal muscles during defecation, parturition, lifting a heavy object (increasing intra-abdominal pressure)
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3
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A
  • Nose
  • Nasopharynx
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4
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchial tree
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Pulmonary alveoli
  • Alveolar sac
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5
Q

Conducting division

A
  • Nose
  • Nasopharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchial tree to terminal bronchioles
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6
Q

Respiratory division

A
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Pulmonary alveoli
  • Alveolar sac
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7
Q

Name of the anterior opening of the nose

A

• Nares/nostrils

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8
Q

What is the role of the muscles around the nostrils?

A
  • Act as sphincters or dilators
  • Control the diameter of then are to adjust air flow
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9
Q

What do the nostrils lead in to?

A

The nasal vestibule

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10
Q

What is the nasal vestibule lined by?

A

Skin that has hair follicles (vibrissae) that act as the first air filters

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11
Q

What is the blue arrow?

A

Procerus

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12
Q

What is the green arrow?

A

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

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13
Q

What is the red arrow?

A

Nasalis

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14
Q

What is the septum made up of?

A
  • Bone posteriorly: vomer and ethmoid
  • Cartilage anteriorly
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15
Q

What is the blue?

A

Cartilage

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16
Q

What is the green?

A

Vomer

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17
Q

What is the purple?

A

Ethmoid

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18
Q

What makes up the roof of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Nasal bone
  • Frontal bone
  • Ethmoid bone
  • Sphenoid bone
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19
Q

What region is on the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

• Olfactory region

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20
Q

What makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Palatine bone
  • Maxilla
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21
Q

What does the floor separate?

A

The nasal and oral cavity

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22
Q

Describe the relevance of the hard palate and insertion of a nasogastric tube

A

It is horizontal, the tube should be inserted horizontally, when it touches the pharyngeal wall it causes a gag reflex which will cause swallowing

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23
Q

What is the difference between conchae and turbinates?

A

Concha= bone

Turbinate = bone and mucosal membrane

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24
Q

What is the role of the conchae?

A
  • Increase the surface area
  • Form air channels + laminar flow
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25
Q

What opens into the meatuses?

A

Paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

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26
Q

Sniffing

A

Air flow is turbulent

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27
Q

What is the Blue arrow, what is its role?

A

Foramen caecum

• Connection between the nasal veins and superior sagittal sinus (a kind of vein in the cranial fossa)

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28
Q

What is the green arrow pointing to and what is its role?

A
  • Cribriform plate (perforated ethmoid bone)
  • Olfactory nerve passes through
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29
Q

What is the Red arrow pointing to and what is its role?

A

Sphenopalatine foramen

  • Sphenopalatine artery (of the maxillary artery) and
  • Nasopalatine nerve (of the maxillary nerve) and
  • the superior branches of the maxillary nerve
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30
Q

What is the red line in the hard palate and what is its role?

A

Incisive canal

  • Nasopalatine nerve passes from the nasal to the oral cavity via it
  • Terminal end of the greater palatine artery passes from the oral to the nasal cavity
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31
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses lined by?

A

Nasal mucous membranes (ciliated and mucous secreting respiratory mucosa)

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32
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Lighten the skull (also act as resonating chambers)

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33
Q

What is the innervation of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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34
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid cells
  • Sphenoidal sinuses
  • Maxillary sinuses
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35
Q

What does the frontal sinus drain to?

A

Ethmoidal infundibulum (middle meatus)

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36
Q

What does the maxillary sinus drain to?

A

Middle meatus

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37
Q

What does the middle and anterior ethmoid sinuses drain to?

A

On bulla ethmoidal infundibulum to the middle meatus

38
Q

What does the posterior ethmoidal sinus drain to?

A

Superior meatus

39
Q

What does the sphenoid sinus drain to?

A
  • Spheno-Ethmoidal recess
  • Superior meatus
40
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct drain to?

A

Inferior meatus

41
Q

What is the connection of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Between the lacrimal sac and nasal cavity (which is why you get a runny nose when you cry)

42
Q

Why are infections of the maxillary sinus hard to treat?

A

The opening of the maxillary sinus is high on the medial wall and relies on the action of the cilia to move fluid out, likely some fluid will remain

43
Q

What is the sphenoid sinus closely related to and what is this relevant for?

A

The pituitary fossa

• Transphenoidal surgery

44
Q

What arteries are the nasal cavity supplied by?

A
  • Terminal branches of the maxillary and facial arteries (branches of the external carotid artery)
  • Ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic artery (branches of the internal carotid)
45
Q

What is the red arrow

A

Sphenopalatine artery (of the maxillary artery)

46
Q

What is the green arrow

A

Superior labial artery

47
Q

What is the blue arrow

A

Anterior ethmoidal artery (of the ophthalmic artery)

48
Q

What is the black arrow

A

Greater palatine artery

49
Q

What is littles area?

A
  • Site of anastomosis between the sphenopalatine, superior labial, anterior ethmoidal and greater palatine arteries
  • Site for epistaxis (nosebleed)
50
Q

Whats the arterial supply of the Frontal sinus?

A

Supra orbital artery, anterior ethmoidal artery

51
Q

What is the arterial supply of the ethmoid sinuses?

A
  • Anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery
  • Sphenopalatine artery
52
Q

What is the arterial supply of the sphenoid sinus?

A

Posterior ethmoidal artery

53
Q

What is the arterial supply of the maxillary sinus?

A
  • Infraorbital and superior alveolar branches of maxillary artery
  • Greater palatine artery
  • Facial artery
54
Q

Where is the pterygoid plexus?

A

Infra-temporal fossa

55
Q

Where does the superior ophthalmic vein drain to?

A

Cavernous sinus

56
Q

Where is the emissary vein?

A

Foramen caecum

57
Q

What is significant about the emissary vein

A

May allow the spread of infection to the cranial cavity

58
Q

Anterior lymph Drainage

A

Submandibular nodes

59
Q

Posterior drainge of the lymph nodes

A

Upper cervical nodes via the retropharyngeal nodes

60
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Supplied by the opthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) divisons of the trigeminal nerve

  • V1 -> nasociliary ->mainl anterior ethmoidal nerve -> nasal branches
  • V2 -> Nasal branches -> mainly the greater palatine nerve
61
Q

What is the innervation of the nasal septum?

A

Supplied by the opthalmic (V1) and maxillary (v2) divisons of the trigeminal nerve

  • V1 -> anterior ethmoidal -> septal branches
  • V2 -> mainly nasopalatine nerve
62
Q

What is the red arrow

A

Anterior ethmoidal nerve

63
Q

What is the black arrow and what is special about these nerves?

A

Olfactory nerves - they are capable of regeneration

64
Q

What is the blue arrow?

A

Greater palatine nerve

65
Q

What is the red arrow?

A

Anterior ethmoidal -> septal branches

66
Q

What is the blue arrow?

A

Nasopalatine nerve

67
Q

What is the innervation of the frontal sinus?

A

V1 -> Supraorbital nerve

68
Q

What is the innervation to the Ethmoidal cells?

A

V1 -> nasociliary nerve

69
Q

What is the innervation of the sphenoid sinus?

A

V1 -> Posterior ethmoidal nerve

70
Q

What is the innervation of the maxillary sinus?

A
  • V2 -> Infra-oribital -> Middle and anterior superior alveolar nerve
  • V2 -> Posterior superior alveolar nerve
71
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A

From the chonae to the level of the soft palate

72
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

Serves as an air passageway between the nasal cavity and oropharynx

73
Q

What is the chonae?

A
  • The oval shaped opening between the nasal cavities and the nasopharynx
  • Rigid
  • Horizontal plate of the palatine bone
  • Medial plate od the pterygoid process
  • Vomer
  • Always open
74
Q

What is the pharyngotympanic tube?

A
  • Infero-lateral wall
  • Connects the nasopharynx into the middle ear cavity
  • Adjusts the pressure in the middle ear
  • Some cartilage to prevent closure (around this cartilage is lymphoid tissue)
75
Q

Where are the tubal tonsils?

A

Around the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube

76
Q

What is the pharyngeal tonsil?

A

Lymphoid tissue on the roof of the nasal cavity (adenoid)

77
Q

What is the blue arrow pointing to?

A

Torus tubaris (maks the end of the catilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube)

78
Q

What are the black arrows pointing to?

A
  • Salpingopalatine fold (anterior)
  • Salpingopharyngeus fold (posterior)
79
Q

What do the salpingopalatine and salpingopharyngeus muscle run between?

A
  • Torus tubaris
  • pharynx
  • Palate
80
Q

What is the recess behind the auditory tube?

A

Pharyngeal recess (Fossa of Rosenmuller)

81
Q

Pharyngeal recess and its significance to surgery

A

Most common site of craniopharyngioma

  • a catheter intended for the auditory tube may miss and enter the pharyngeal recess
  • If the pharynx is pierced, it could enter the internal carotid artery
82
Q

What is the black arrow pointing to?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil (one)

83
Q

What is the blue arrow pointing to?

A

Tubual tonsil (two)

84
Q

What is the red arrow pointing to?

A

Palatine tonsils (2)

85
Q

What is the green arrow pointing to?

A

Lingual tonsil (one)

86
Q

Adenoid face

A

Untreated inflammation and swelling of the pharyngeal tonsil which obstructs the airway leading to mouth breathing

  • Wake up with a dry mouth
  • Snoring at an early age
87
Q

What may happen if there is swelling of the tubal tonsil?

A

They may obstruct the pharyngotympanic tube and cause middle ear infections which could cause deafness

88
Q

What are the consequences of a deviated septum?

A
  • Difficulty breathing through the nose
  • Nasal congestion
  • Frequent sinus infection
  • Frequent nose bleeds
89
Q

What is the main cause of a deviated septum?

A

Trauma to the nose

90
Q
A

Anatomy MD3001 (13 decks)

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