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Block 2 - anatomy > Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses & ear > Flashcards

Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses & ear Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?

A

Nares to choanae

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2
Q

What are the nasal choanae?

A

Two oval openings at back of nasal cavity that take you into the nasopharynx

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3
Q

What type of epithelium is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

Respiratory type epithelium - pseudostratified ciliated

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4
Q

How many concha are there and what are the names?

A

3 - superior, middle & inferior

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5
Q

What is the meatus?

A

The area between the concha

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6
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Filter air - concha create turbulent air flow – air is forced against nasal mucosa (goblet cells produce mucus) – trap particulate matter
  • Warm & moisten air – highly vascularised mucosa – air warms up as it spins against it
  • Cavity & paranasal sinuses produce resonance in voice
  • Receptor for sense of smell
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7
Q

What is CSF rhinorrhoea?

A

Trauma to the nose can fracture the cribriform plate in the ethmoid, damaging the dura + arachnoid, causing CSF to leak out the nose

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8
Q

What is the area called where multiple arteries anastomose in the nasal cavity?

A

Little areas/Kiesselbach plexus

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9
Q

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Drains tear fluid from medial eyelid to the inferior meatus

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10
Q

What are the 4 paranasal air sinuses & where do they sit?

A
  1. Frontal - in frontal bone
  2. Ethmoid - air cavity between nasal cavity & orbit
  3. Maxillary - in cheek
  4. Sphenoid - midline
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11
Q

What epithelium line sinuses?

A

Respiratory mucosal epithelium

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12
Q

How does mucous drain from sinuses?

A

With gravity, except maxillary sinus

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13
Q

What drains into the sphenoethmoid recess?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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14
Q

What drains into the hiatus semilunaris?

A

Frontal, maxillary & most of ethmoid

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15
Q

What is peri-orbital cellulitis?

A

Orbital plate is a very thin piece of bone - ethmoid sinusitis can spread as soft tissue infection to the orbit

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16
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the nasal cavity?

A

Trigeminal -

  • CNVa - tissues around the eye
  • CNVb - maxillary
  • CNVc - mandibular division

Also CNI - olfactory

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17
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the sinuses?

A

All from CNVa apart from maxillary from CNVb

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18
Q

What is the pinna of the ear?

A

The outer structure formed from cartilage & freshy lobule

19
Q

What is the external acoustic meastus

A

Leads to tympanic membrane

20
Q

When performing otoscopy, what would you do differently in adults compared to children?

A

In adults - pull ear postero-superiorly

In children - pull ear postero-inferiorly - tube not fully devloped

21
Q

What are the 3 layers of the tympanic membrane & the innervations?

A
  • Skin (CNVc + X)
  • Mesoderm
  • Respiratory mucosa (CNIX)
22
Q

When performing otoscopy, where would you expect the cone of light to shine on the tympanic membrane?

A

Antero-inferiorly

Towards bottom right in R ear

23
Q

Is the tympanic membrane concave or convex normally?

A

Concave

24
Q

What does CNVIII vestibulocochlear nerve innervate & what are its function?

A

Vestibular system & cochlear.

Hearing, balance, eye movement in relation to head

25
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the ear?

A
  • Back - CN II + III
  • Front - CNVc
  • Also CN VII + X
26
Q

Pain can be referred to the ear from what regions and via which nerves?

A
  • CNVc - manible, teeth

- CNX - laryngopharynx, larynx, cardiac

27
Q

What structures are in the middle ear?

A

Ossicles & eustacian tube

28
Q

What are the 3 bones of the ossicles?

A

Stapes, incus & malleus

29
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

Conduct vibrations of tympanic membrane to oval window – amplifies signal so you can hear quiet sounds

30
Q

What type of joints are in the ossicles?

A

Synovial joints

31
Q

What are the two muscles to control oscillatory range & what do they do?

A
  • Tensor tympani - Contracts & tenses tympanic membrane – reduce how loud sound is
  • Stapedius - stop stapes from moving so much to reduce sound
32
Q

What is hyperacusis?

A

CNVII lesion damages innervation to stapedius - sound is too loud

33
Q

What is the function of the eustacian/auditory/ pharyngotympanic tube?

A
  • Equalise pressure during swallowing

- Drain mucus of middle ear

34
Q

What is the suprameatal triangle?

A

Access point for mastoid/tympanic antrum (drill through temporal bone)

35
Q

What is mastoiditis?

A

Ear infections can track into mastoid air cells (in mastoid process – another sinus).
Can be extreme and erode through bone + skin

36
Q

How is the eustacian tube opened when swallowing?

A
  • Tensor veli palatini
  • Levator palatini
  • Salpingopharyngeus
37
Q

What is the cochlear of the inner ear responsible for?

A

Converting vibrations into neural signals

Vibrations transmitted to perilymph via vestibular membrane

38
Q

What is acute otitis media?

A

Infection spread from nasopharynx to middle ear.

Pain & swelling of tympanic membrane.

39
Q

What is glue ear (secretory otitis media)?

A

Blockage of eustacian tube - persistant mucoid accumulation –> conductive hearing loss

40
Q

What happens in auricular sinus?

A

Can be quiescent or become infected, form cysts or discharge

41
Q

What nerve is being tested in the Rinne’s & Weber’s test?

A

CNVIII - testing cochlear component

42
Q

What is Rinne’s test?

A

Hold tuning fork on mastoid process until stop hearing it and then hold to external acoustic meatus (EAM).
Air conduction should be better than bone conduction.
Conductive deafness - no sound heard at EAM

43
Q

What is Weber’s test?

A

Hold tuning fork on forehead.
Conductive deafness - sound loudest in affected ear.
Sensorineural deafness - sound loudest in normal ear

Block 2 - anatomy (3 decks)

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