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Head and Neck Anatomy > Nasal Cavity, Sinuses, and Ear > Flashcards

Nasal Cavity, Sinuses, and Ear Flashcards

(117 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three parts of the ear?

A

external, middle and internal

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2
Q

What bone is most of the ear located within?

A

temporal bone (except most of the external ear)

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3
Q

What can the external ear be subdivided into?

A

the auricle (pinna) and the external acoustic meatus (EAM)

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4
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

gathers and modifies sounds, and then transmits sounds to the tympanic membrane (eardrum) via the external acoustic meatus.

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5
Q

Describe the external ear’s structure and capabilities.

A

a cartilaginous sound receptacle, capable of modifying sound by means of its shape, which can be altered by a series of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles controlled by the facial n.

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6
Q

Where does the EAM extend to and from?

A

approximately 2.5 cm from the concha of the auricle to the tympanic membrane

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7
Q

Which portion of the EAM is cartilaginous? What is the rest?

A

the proximal third is cartilaginous, the other 2/3 is osseous

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8
Q

What does the tympanic membrane separate?

A

external meatus from the tympanic cavity

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9
Q

What is the fibrous portion of the tympanic membrane associated with? What is it covered with medially and laterally?

A

tympanic plate of the temporal bone and is covered laterally by epidermis and medially by the mucous membrane of the middle ear

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10
Q

What is the larger portion of the tympanic membrane referred to as?

A

the tense part

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11
Q

What is the “flaccid” part of the tympanic membrane?

A

the anterosupeior corner

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12
Q

What is the flaccid part of the tympanic membrane bound by?

A

anterior and posterior mallear folds

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13
Q

How can you examine the tympanic membrane?

A

in vivo with an otoscope speculum

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14
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

The middle ear is mucosa-lined space within the petrous part of the temporal bone

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15
Q

What is the middle ear’s function?

A

The middle ear conducts sound energy from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea of the inner ear.

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16
Q

What three ossicles aid the middle ear in conducting sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea of the inner ear?

A

malleus, incus, & stapes

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17
Q

What are the surfaces of the tympanic cavity?

A

roof & floor, medial & lateral walls, and anterior & posterior walls

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18
Q

What structures is the roof of the tympanic cavity associated with?

A

canal for tensor tympani m. and

atticus - part of the tegmen tympani that attaches to incus & stapes

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19
Q

What is the roof of the tympanic cavity also referred as?

A

tegmen tympani

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20
Q

What is the floor of the tympanic cavity referred to as?

A

jugular wall

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21
Q

What structures is the floor of the tympanic cavity associated with?

A

tympanic canaliculus and accessory mastoid air cells

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22
Q

What structures is the medial wall of the tympanic cavity associated with?

A

from superior to inferior:
prominence of lateral semicircular canal (shared with posterior wall) =
facial prominence (shared with posterior wall) - bone outer border for facial canal =
oval window (fenestra vestibuli) - communication to vestibule of inner ear; receives footplate of stapes =
promontory & tympanic plexus =
round window (fenestra rotundum) - communication to cochlea; covered by a secondary tympanic membrane, which allows for cochlear fluid expansion

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23
Q

What structures is the posterior was of the tympanic cavity associated with?

A

entrance (aditus) to mastoid antrum - communication with the mastoid air cells =
prominence of lateral semicircular canal (shared with medial wall) =
facial prominence (shared with medial wall) - bone outer border for facial canal =
pyramidal eminence - contains the stapedius m. & transmits the tendon of stapedius m. anteriorly to the neck of the stapes =
opening for chorda tympani - from facial canal

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24
Q

What structures is the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity associated with?

A

tympanic membrane with manubrium of malleus attached - tensor tympani m. attached to manubrium of malleus
chorda tympani - surrounded by malleus (superolaterally), incus (superomedially), and tensor tympani m. (inferiorly)

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25
What does the inner ear consist of, and what is it responsible for?
a bony apparatus lined by a series of membrane-lined bony passages which facilitate hearing and balance
26
How does the osseous tissue of the boney apparatus of the inner ear compare to that of the petrous of the temporal bone?
it is more dense
27
What is the central part of the bony apparatus referred to as?
the vestibule
28
What communications does the vestibule share with the inner ear?
the oval and round windows (fenestra vestibuli, and fenestra rotundum)
29
What is contained in the vestibule? What do they do?
vestibular sacs. They detect linear acceleration of the head to promote balance
30
What is the anteromedial portion of the bony apparatus referred to as? What is it shaped like? What does it do?
the cochlea : a snail shell : facilitates hearing
31
The parts of the bony apparatus include the vestibule, cochlea, and the ________________.
anterior, medial, and lateral semicircular canals
32
What are the semicircular canals responsible for?
the detect angular acceleration of the head to promote balance
33
Where are the external/internal ears in relation to the TMJ and oropharynx?
they are posterior to the TMJ and oropharynx
34
What two openings transfer nerves from the middle ear and TMJ?
the petrotympanic fissure, and the tympanic canaliculus
35
What does the petrotympanic fissure transmit?
the chorda tympani (preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the facial n. bound for the submandibular ganglion)
36
What does the tympanic canaliculus transmit?
the tympanic n. (preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal bound for the otic ganglion)
37
How does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx?
the pharyngotympanic tube
38
Where are the connections of the pharyngotympanic tube?
from the chamber of the middle ear, to the nasopharynx
39
What do the communications of the pharyngotympanic tube allow for?
equalization of pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx and draining of materials from the middle ear
40
How can an inner ear infection occur? What is it called?
otitis media can be caused by pathogens ascending the pharyngotympanic tube and beyond.
41
Although the middle ear is an air-filled cavity, unlike the external auditory canal _____________________________.
it is not in direct contact with the external atmosphere
42
What do the ossicles of the middle ear form?
a chain of bones that transmit sound via vibration from the tympanic membrane to the oval window (receives footplate of stapes). Each connected by its own synovial joint to the next
43
What is the shape of the malleus
Hammer shaped (head, neck, and manubrium)
44
What is the manubrium of the malleus attached to?
the tympanic membrane
45
What muscle has an attachment on the malleus? Where?
the tensor tympani : the neck
46
What does the malleus articulate with? What part of the malleus does?
the incus : the head
47
What is the malleus in close association with?
the chorda tympani
48
how large is the malleus?
the largest of the ossicles (still smallest bones in the body)
49
What is the shape of the incus?
anvil-shaped (body, short limb, long limb, facet for malleus)
50
What portion of the incus articulates with the malleus?
the facet for malleus
51
What portion of the incus articulates with the stapes?
the lenticular process of the long limb
52
What is the shape of the stapes?
stirrup-shaped (head, neck, anterior and posterior crura, and footplate)
53
What does the stapes articulate with?
the incus
54
What muscle attaches to the stapes? Where?
the stapedius m. : the neck
55
What is the stapes associated with on the medial side? What part is associated with it?
the oval window : the footplate
56
What is the size of the stapes bone?
it is the smallest of the ossicles
57
What do the ossicles of the ear work akin to?
a step up transformer
58
How do the ossicles help facilitate hearing?
air, membrane, bone, and fluid are all contained in the ear, each with different innate resistance to conduct sound (acoustic impedance). the ossicles bridge the gap of acoustic impedances to facilitate hearing
59
Where does evidence show the ossicles evolved from?
lower jaw bones of ray-finned fishes and non-mammalian amniotes
60
What facets of science show the development from jaw bone to ossicle?
embryology, paleontology, and phylogenetics.
61
What are the muscles of the inner ear that associate with the ossicles?
the tensor tympani m. and stapedius m.
62
What affect does the tensor tympani have on the malleus?
pulls it medially thereby tensing up the tympanic membrane and reducing the amplitude of its oscillations that could lead to damage of the inner ear
63
What nerve innervates the tensor tympani?
the medial pterygoid br. of V3 (trunk)
64
What affect does the stapedius m. have on the stapes?
pulls it posteriorly, tilting the base of the stapes in the oval window. This tightens the anular ligament and reduces the oscillatory range.
65
What nerve innervates the stapedius m.?
nerve to the stapedius (CN VII)
66
What is the origin and insertion of the stapedius m.?
pyramidal eminence (posterior wall) : neck of stapes
67
What is the origin and insertion of the tensor tympani m.?
Cartilaginous portion of pharyngotympanic tube & greater wing of sphenoid : manubrium of malleus
68
Where are the vibrations from the ossicles transmitted to?
through the oval window (fenestra vestibuli) to the vestibule and membranous passages of the cochlear duct
69
What happens with the fluid in the inner ear?
The fluid of the cochlear duct continues the conduction of vibrations, and the round window allows for expansion of the vibrating fluid
70
How do the vibrations turn in to sound preserved by the brain?
specialized sound receptors (hair cells) transform vibrations into neural action potentials
71
What is the greater petrosal n.'s relationship with the middle ear?
Never enters the middle ear, but courses superior to the tympanic cavity in the vicinity of the stapedius m.
72
What are the superior and middle nasal conchae?
The superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates) are scroll shaped components of the ethmoid bone located on the later wall of the nasal cavity
73
What are the sizes of the nasal conchae?
the superior is the smallest, middle is intermediate, and inferior is largest
74
What bone are the inferior nasal conchae a component of?
they are not a component of any bone
75
What extra concha is sometimes present?
occasionally there are highest (supreme) nasal conchae
76
Where would the supreme nasal conchae be if they were present?
within the sphenoethmoidal recess
77
What lines the nasal conchae?
a thick lining of nasal mucosa
78
What are the functions of nasal conchae?
increase surface area of nasal cavity, humidification and filtration of inspired air, and direction of airflow
79
What are the 4 meatuses (recesses) associated with the nasal conchae?
Sphenoethmoidal recess : Superior nasal meatus : Middle nasal meatus : and Inferior nasal meatus
80
Where is the spheno-ethmoidal recess located?
superior to the superior nasal concha
81
Where is the superior nasal meatus?
between the superior and middle nasal conchae
82
Where is the middle nasal meatus?
between the middle and inferior nasal conchae
83
Where is the inferior nasal meatus?
below the inferior nasal concha
84
What opening is located within the spheno-ethmoidal recess?
the opening of the sphenoidal sinus
85
What is located within the superior nasal meatus?
the openings of the posterior ethmoidal cells
86
What sinus openings are found within the middle nasal meatus?
middle ethmoidal cells, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, and anterior ethmoidal cells
87
What important structures are located within the middle nasal meatus?
the ethmoidal bulla, semilunar hiatus, and the ethmoidal infundibulum
88
What is the ethmoidal bulla?
a noticeable projection just inferior to the middle nasal concha, caused by the middle ethmoidal cells
89
What is the semilunar hiatus?
a slit like opening inferior to the ethmoidal bulla that hosts openings for the anterior ethmoidal cells and maxillary sinus.
90
What does the semilunar hiatus expand into?
the anterosuperior portion expands into a funnel shaped opening: the ethmoidal infundibulum
91
What drains into the ethmoidal infundibulum?
the frontonasal duct of the frontal sinus
92
What is contained within the inferior nasal meatus?
the nasolacrimal duct
93
What is the medial wall of the nasal cavity referred to as?
the nasal septum
94
What three sources supply the nasal septum?
Anterior (anterior septal brs.) and posterior ethmoidal aa., sphenopalatine a. (posterior septal brs.), superior labial a. (nasal septal brs.), and greater palatine a.
95
What arteries supply the superior nasal septum?
the anterior ethmoidal a. (via the anterior septal bus.) and posterior ethmoidal a.
96
What arteries supply the posterior nasal septum?
the sphenopalatine a. (via the posterior septal brs.)
97
What arteries supply the anterior nasal septum?
the superior labial a. (via the nasal septal brs.) and greater palatine a.
98
What main arteries give the branches that supply the nasal septum?
Ophthalmic a. (anterior and posterior ethmoidal aa.), maxillary a. (sphenopalatine and greater palatine aa.), and the facial a. (superior labial a.)
99
What is the anastomoses of the arteries of the nasal septum known as? Where does it happen?
Kiesselbach’s area : anterior nasal septum
100
What is the term for a nose bleed?
epistaxis
101
Where do most episodes of epistaxis occur?
kiesselbach's area
102
What nerves innervate the nasal septum?
Ophthalmic (V1) and Maxillary (V2)
103
How does V1 supply the nasal septum?
V1 > anterior ethmoidal n. > internal nasal brs. > medial nasal brs.
104
How does V2 supply the nasal septum?
nasopalatine n., and posterior superior medial nasal brs.
105
What nerve innervates most of the nasal septum?
the nasopalatine n. (V2)
106
What area of the septum does the posterior superior medial brs. innervate?
a small part of the nasal roof and superior part of the septum
107
What area of the septum does the medial nasal brs. innervate?
the anterior portion of the nasal septum
108
Where do the special sensory fibers that serve the nasal cavity originate from? how do they enter the nasal cavity?
from the olfactory n. : branches descend inferiorly from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
109
What arteries supply the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Same that supply the medial wall, with different branches: anterior ethmoidal a. (via anterior lateral septal brs.) and posterior ethmoidal a., sphenopalatine a. (via posterior lateral nasal aa.), and facial a. (via lateral nasal br.)
110
What nerves innervate the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Ophthalmic and maxillary n.
111
How does the ophthalmic n. serve the lateral nasal cavity?
V1 > anterior ethmoidal n. > internal nasal brs. > lateral nasal brs.
112
how does V2 innervate the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
posterior superior lateral nasal brs., posterior inferior lateral nasal brs. (from greater palatine), nasal brs. of anterior superior alveolar n., internal nasal br. of infra-orbital n.
113
What innervates the mid- to posterior aspects of the lateral nasal cavity?
the posterior superior, and posterior inferior lateral nasal brs. (inferior from greater palatine)
114
What specifically does the posterior superior lateral nasal brs. innervate?
the superior and middle nasal meatuses
115
What specifically does the posterior inferior lateral nasal brs. innervate?
the middle and inferior nasal meatuses
116
What is the anterosuperior portion of the lateral nasal wall innervated by?
the lateral nasal brs. (anterior ethmoidal > internal nasal > lateral nasal)
117
what is the anteroinferior portion of the lateral nasal wall innervated by?
nasal brs. and internal nasal brs.

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