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Nat 5 Biology Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls cell activity

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

To control the entry and exit of substances into and out the cell

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cell chemical reactions take place

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4
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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5
Q

Ribosome

A

Structure responsible for protein synthesis

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6
Q

Function of a cell wall in a plant cell

A

Made up of the structural carbohydrate called cellulose it’s function is for support it helps the plant keep shape

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7
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap

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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contains the green chemical chlorophyll chlorophyll traps light energy so that the plant can carry out photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is bacterial cell wall made of

A

Peptidoglycan

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10
Q

What is a fungal cell wall made of

A

Chitin

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11
Q

Does a fungal cell photosynthesise

A

No

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12
Q

Why makes up an animal cell

A 
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Nucleus 
Mitochondrion 
Ribosome
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13
Q

What makes up a plant cell

A 
Cell wall 
Cell membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Chloroplast
Vacuole 
Nucleus 
Mitochondrion 
Ribosome 
Nuclear membrane
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14
Q

What makes up a fungal cell

A 
Cell membrane 
Ribosome 
Cell wall 
Nucleus 
Mitochondrion
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15
Q

What makes up a bacterial cell

A 
Cell wall 
Circular DNA 
Ribosome 
Capsule 
Cytoplasm 
Plasmid
Cytoplasmic cell membrane
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16
Q

What is the cell membrane known to consist

A

Protein and phosolipids and molecules

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17
Q

Name molecules that do not pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer

A

Glucose and amino acids ions such as potassium

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18
Q

What does selectively permeable mean

A

Large molecules such as starch and proteins are unable to pass through

The cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable

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19
Q

What is passive transport

A

Passive transport means molecules always move down a concentration gradient from high to low concentration

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20
Q

Give two examples of passive transport

A

Diffusion and osmosis

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21
Q

Does passive transport require energy

A

No

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22
Q

Meaning of diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until the concentration becomes equal

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23
Q

Meaning of osmosis

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

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24
Q

What is active transport

A

Active transport is the movement of molecules and ions across the cell membrane from low to high concentration

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25
Is active transport against a concentration gradient
Yes
26
Does active transport require energy
Yes this energy is released during respiration
27
What is a gene
Genes are sections of dna containing coded instructions for making specific protein
28
What is dna
DNA is a double stranded molecule twisted into a coil called double helix
29
What are the rungs
Chemicals called bases
30
``` DNA bases A= C= T= G= ```
A-adenine C-cytosine T-thymine G-guanine
31
What bases always go together
A-T | C-G
32
Different combinations of amino acids make ?
Different amino Acids
33
DNA————> mRNA——-> proteins
Word equations
34
When the DNA sequences of a gene is copied what is this called
This is called messenger RNA (mRNA)
35
What does mRNA do
mRNA takes the complimentary copy out the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
36
Read
In the cytoplasm the mRNA is read by a ribosome which uses the code to make the protein from amino acids
37
What determines the shape of the protein
The shape of the protein is determined by the order in which is determined indirectly by the order of bases on DNA
38
Name protein functions
``` Receptors Antibodies haemoglobin Hormones Structural Enzymes ```
39
What does structural proteins include
Muscles tendons and ligaments
40
Tendons and ligaments have proteins collagen what does this do
Makes these structures stronger and in elastic
41
What allows muscles to contract allowing them to move
Proteins called actin and myosin have structural property’s of making muscles contact and allowing them to move
42
What are antibodies
Antibodies are proteins they are made by white blood cells called lymphocytes and their function is to defend the body against antigens
43
What is haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is protein that gives red blood cells their characteristic colour it’s function is to transport oxygen
44
What are hormones
Hormones are made of protein they are chemical messengers
45
What are receptors
A receptor is a protein molecules that revives chemical signals from outside a cell
46
Enzymes protein function
The enzymes amylase pepsin trypsin and lipase are necessary for breakdown of our food in our digestive system of proteins
47
What are enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalyst they speed up cellular reactions allowing them to proceed rapidly
48
Why are enzymes only able to act on one type of substrate
An enzyme is able to act on one type of substrate since this is the only substance whose molecules fit exactly the enzymes active site
49
What does the salivary amalase break down the substrate starch into
Maltose
50
Amylase word equation
Starch——> maltose———amylase Example of degradation reaction
51
Catalase word equation
Hydrogen——> water+ oxygen peroxide catalase Example of degradation reaction
52
Give two examples of degradation reactions
Amylase Starch ——- maltose—— amylase Catalase Hydrogen——water+oxygen peroxide catalase
53
What factors may effect how fast or slow enzymes work
Enzymes can be effected by both ph and temperature
54
Enzymes have specific conditions at which they are most effective what is this known as
Optimum conditions
55
What do enzymes do at a low temperature
At a low temperature enzymes and substrate molecules move around slowly they meet only rarely and the rate of enzyme activity is low
56
What happens as temperatures increase
Enzyme activity increses
57
What is the optimum temperature for human enzymes
37*c
58
What happens to enzymes At temperatures above 40*c
Activity starts to decrease
59
What happens to enzymes at high temperatures
The shape of the active site is changed permanently halting all the activity and enzyme is denatured
60
What does denaturing mean
An enzyme becomes denatured when the shape of active sire is irreversibly changed meaning it can no longer fit with its complimentary substrate
61
What is genetic engineering
Genetic engineering is the process by which genes pieces of chromosomes DNA are transferred from one living organisms to another
62
What is respiration
Respiration is a series of enzyme controlled reactions which releases energy from glucose this happens in all cells
63
What is atp
When glucose is broken down the energy released is used to make chemical called adenosine try phosphate
64
Where does glycolysis take place
In the cytoplasm
65
What is glucose broken down into
Pyruvate
66
Every glucose molecule releases enough energy to make how much atp
Ever glucose molecule releases enough energy to make 2 molecules of atp
67
Does glycolysis require oxygen
Glycolysis does not require oxygen it is an aerobic process
68
Aerobic respiration can occur if what is present
If oxygen is present aerobic respiration can occur
69
Where does aerobic respiration take place
In the mitochondrion
70
Each pyruvate is further broken down to produce what
Atp carbon dioxide and water

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