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Biology > Nat 5 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Nat 5 - Cell Biology Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To support the cell

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2
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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3
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what substances pass into and out of the cell

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5
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of most chemical reactions

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6
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap and regulates water content by osmosis

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cell activities

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8
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of the plasmid?

A

Controls cell activities in bacterial cells

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10
Q

Name the two components of the cell membrane

A

Proteins and phospholipids

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11
Q

Define the term passive transport

A

Transport that does not require energy e.g. Diffusion and osmosis

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12
Q

Define the term diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from an area of a high concentration to an area of a low concentration down a concentration gradient until evenly spread

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13
Q

Name the membrane protein involved in diffusion

A

Protein channel

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14
Q

Name three raw materials that would diffuse into cells

A

Oxygen, glucose and amino acids

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15
Q

Name one waste product that would diffuse out of cells

A

Carbon dioxide

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16
Q

State the importance of diffusion in living cells

A

It is the process by which useful molecules enter and waste products are removed

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17
Q

Define the term osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules from a high water concentration to a low water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

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18
Q

Name the membrane protein involved in osmosis

A

Protein channel

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19
Q

Describe what happens to an animal cell in pure water

A

Water moves in from a HWC to a LWC and the cell swells and bursts

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20
Q

Describe what happens to an animal cell in a strong salt solution

A

Water moves out from a HWC to a LWC and the cell shrinks

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21
Q

Describe what happens to a plant cell in pure water

A

Water moves in from a HWC to a LWC and the cell becomes turgid

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22
Q

Describe what happens to a plant cell in a strong salt solution

A

Water moves out from a HWC to a LWC and the cell becomes plasmolysed

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23
Q

Define the term active transport

A

The movement of ions or molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration against a concentration gradient

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24
Q

Name the membrane protein involved in active transport

A

Protein pump

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25
Describe the importance of mitosis
It is essential for growth and repair
26
Define the term diploid
Containing two sets of chromosomes
27
Describe stage one of mitosis
Chromosomes in the nucleus become visible
28
Describe stage two of mitosis
Chromosomes replicate to become two identical chromatids
29
Describe stage three of mitosis
Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
30
Describe stage four of mitosis
Spindle fibres pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cells
31
Describe stage five of mitosis
Two new nuclei form and cytoplasm splits
32
Describe stage six of mitosis
Two daughter cells are formed, identical to mother cells
33
Define the term chromatid
Each of the two thread-like strands which a chromosome divides into during mitosis
34
Define the term equator
The line across the centre of the cell
35
Describe the role of the spindle fibres
They pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cell
36
Explain how mitosis maintains the diploid chromosomes complement
The number of chromosomes in the nucleus are doubled and then divided between the nuclei of the two daughter cells produced. This ensures that the diploid chromosome complement is maintained
37
Explain why aseptic technique must be used when culturing cells
To prevent contamination from unwanted bacteria and micro organisms
38
Name two types of growth medium
Nutrient agar and liquid broth
39
Name three factors that must be controlled when culturing cells
Temperature, oxygen concentration and pH
40
State what molecule DNA codes for
Proteins
41
Describe the structure of a DNA molecule
DNA molecules consist of two strands twisted together to form a spiral known as a double helix. Each strand is made up of many smaller units called nucleotides. They also have complementary base pairs.
42
Describe the complementary base pairs in DNA
There are four DNA bases - adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. Each base's molecular structure can only fit one other type of base - A fits T and G fits C
43
State what determines the amino acid sequence of a protein
The order of the bases
44
State where mRNA is formed in the cell
Nucleus
45
Describe the role of mRNA in the production of proteins
It carries a complementary code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes
46
State where the protein is assembled in the cell
Ribosomes
47
State what determines the shape and function of a protein
The sequence of amino acids
48
State five functions of proteins in the cell
Structural, hormones, enzymes, antibodies and receptors
49
Define the term enzyme
A biological catalyst
50
State two properties of enzymes
They speed up chemical reactions and are unchanged by a reaction
51
Describe the role of the active site in enzyme action
The active site is complementary to a specific substrate and fits with that substrate in enzyme action
52
Define the term substrate
The molecule that an enzyme works on
53
Define the term product
The molecule that results from enzyme action
54
Describe a degradation reaction with an example
When large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules e.g.
55
Describe a synthesis reaction with an example
When smaller molecules are built up into larger molecules e.g.
56
State two factors that affect enzyme activity
Temperature and pH
57
Define the term optimum
The condition at which an enzyme works best
58
Define the term denatured
The change of shape of an enzymes active site due to high temperatures
59
Explain why an enzyme becoming denatured affects the rate of reaction
The active site loses its shape and the enzyme can no longer fit with their specific substrate
60
Define the term genetic engineering
The process by which DNA is transferred from one organism to another
61
State two types of cells that can transfer DNA naturally
Bacterial cells and viruses
62
Name the organism used in genetic engineering and the structure extracted from this organism
Animals | Chromosome is extracted
63
Describe stage one of genetic engineering
The chromosome in the human cell is identified
64
Describe stage two of genetic engineering
The required gene is removed from the human chromosome using enzymes
65
Describe stage three of genetic engineering
The plasmid is identified in the bacterial
66
Describe stage four of genetic engineering
The plasmid is removed from the bacterial cell and cut open with enzymes
67
Describe stage five of genetic engineering
The gene is sealed into the plasmid
68
Describe stage six of genetic engineering
The plasmid with the human gene is inserted back into the bacterial cell
69
Describe stage seven of genetic engineering
The bacterial cell containing the plasmid with the human gene is grown
70
Describe stage eight of genetic engineering
The product is extracted from bacterial cells
71
Describe the role of enzymes in genetic engineering
They are used to cut pieces of DNA from one organism and put it into the gap in the DNA of another organism
72
Define the term photosynthesis
The process by which plants make their own chemical food using light energy from the sun
73
State the word equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water - light energy/chlorophyll - sugar + oxygen
74
Name stage one of photosynthesis
Light dependent stage
75
Name the pigment that traps light energy
Chlorophyll
76
Describe the energy change that takes place in stage one of photosynthesis
Light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP
77
Describe what happens to water molecules in stage one of photosynthesis
Water molecules are broken down into oxygen and hydrogen
78
State which products from stage one of photosynthesis are required for stage two of photosynthesis
Hydrogen and ATP
79
Name the by-product of stage one of photosynthesis
Oxygen
80
Name stage two of photosynthesis
Carbon fixation stage
81
State what controls stage two of photosynthesis
Enzymes
82
State what is combined with the products from stage one to produce sugar in stage two of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide
83
Give three fates of sugar
It can be converted into starch or cellulose and can be used for respiration
84
Name three limiting factors of photosynthesis
Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature
85
Define the term respiration
The process by which chemical energy is released during the breakdown of a food such as glucose
86
State the type of energy stored in ATP
Chemical energy
87
Describe how energy is released from ATP
When the final phosphate bond is broken to make ADP
88
Name the molecules produced following energy release
ADP + Pi
89
State four uses of energy in cells
Growth, repair, mitosis and muscle contraction
90
Describe how ATP is regenerated
When glucose is broken down during respiration, it releases energy that is used to regenerate ATP
91
State the word equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water + energy
92
Name the molecule that is formed when glucose is broken down during respiration
Pyruvate
93
State where aerobic respiration occurs in the cell
``` Stage one (glycolysis) - cytoplasm Stage two - mitochondria ```
94
State the total number of ATP molecules produced when oxygen is available
38 ATP
95
Name the end products of aerobic respiration
Carbon dioxide and water
96
Give two examples of cells that require many mitochondria and why
Sperm cell - needs energy to swim to the egg | Muscle cell - makes up for all the muscles in the body
97
Name the type of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen
Fermentation
98
State the number of ATP molecules produced in the absence of oxygen
2 ATP
99
State the word equation for fermentation in animals
Glucose - pyruvate lactic acid
100
Name the molecule produced as a result of fermentation in animals
Lactic acid
101
State where fermentation occurs
Cytoplasm
102
State the word equation for fermentation in plants and yeast
Glucose - pyruvate - carbon dioxide + ethanol
103
Name the end products of fermentation in plants and yeast
Carbon dioxide and ethanol
104
Explain why fermentation is reversible in animals but irreversible in plants
In plants, gas is made which automatically diffuses out of the cell

Biology (5 decks)

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