National 5 Course Flashcards
(223 cards)
1
Q
What is a chemical reaction
A
When two or more REACTANTS react with one another to produce one or more PRODUCTS
2
Q
Why does a chemical reaction occur
A
As the particles of the two reactants collide with each other with enough energy to combine
3
Q
What is the rate of a reaction
A
The time taken for the reactants to turn into products
4
Q
What is the formula for rate of reaction
A
Rate = change in quantity/change in time
5
Q
What are the four variables that control the rate of a reaction
A
+ temperature
+ concentration
+ presence of a catalyst
+ particle size
6
Q
How does temperature affect the rate of a reaction?
A
Increasing the temperature of a reaction provides the particles with increased energy, in the form of heat, which they use as kinetic propellers. This results in the particles colliding more frequently and with an increased amount of energy.
Increase in temperature = increase in rate of reaction
7
Q
How does concentration affect the rate of a reaction?
A
By increasing the concentration of a reaction, more particles exist in the same fixed volume - resulting in them colliding more frequently
Increase in concentration = increase in rate of reaction
8
Q
What is a catalyst
A
A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction whilst remaining unchanged in the process.
9
Q
How does particle size affect the rate of a reaction?
A
By decreasing the particles size, more particles are able to exist within the volume - resulting in them colliding more often.
Decrease in particle size = increase in rate of reaction
10
Q
What are the two types of catalyst
A
+ HOMOgenous
+ HETEROgenous
11
Q
What is a homogenous catalyst
A
A catalyst which is in the same state of matter as the reactants
12
Q
What is a heterogenous catalyst
A
A catalyst which is in a different state of matter as the reactants
13
Q
What occurs to the reactants and product concentration as the reaction occurs
A
Reactant concentration decreases
Product concentration increases
14
Q
What are the three states of matter
A
+ solid
+ liquid
+ gas
15
Q
What is the structure of a solid
A
Tightly bound particles in a regular arrangement with a fixed volume and shape
16
Q
What is the structure of a liquid
A
Loosely bound particles with a fixed volume but no fixed shape.
17
Q
What is the structure of a gas
A
Free moving particles without a fixed mass or volume
18
Q
What is a mixture
A
Two or more elements mixed, but not joined, together.
19
Q
What is a compound
A
Two or more elements chemically joined together
20
Q
What is an element
A
A substance which contains only 1 type of atom
21
Q
What is the measure of a substance’s ability to dissolve in a solvent
A
Solubility
22
Q
What is the measure of a substance’s ability to mix with another substance
A
Miscibility
23
Q
What is a saturated solution (this topic only)
A
One in which no more solute can dissolve
24
Q
What is a group in the periodic table
A
A vertical column
25
What is a period in the periodic table
A horizontal row
26
What is the top-left number of an element in nuclide notation form
It’s mass number
27
What is the bottom-left number of an element in nuclide notation form
It’s atomic number
28
What is an element’s:
A: mass number
B: atomic number
A: It’s combined number of protons + neutrons
B: it’s number of protons
29
What is the name of the different levels of electron arrangement in an atom
Energy levels/ Valencia’s
30
What is a stable electron arrangement and what group in the periodic table naturally occur with this arrangement
A stable electron arrangement is when an atom has 8 electrons in its outer valency.
Group 8 (noble gases) have this arrangement
31
How do atoms attempt to achieve this stable arrangement
They either lose or gain electrons
32
What do atoms form when they lose/gain electrons and what is the name of this process
They form ions
Known as ionisation
33
What are isotopes
Elements which contain the same number of protons, however a different number of neutrons - meaning they have different mass numbers
34
What does -IDE mean on the end of a compound
There are two elements in the compound
35
What does -ATE mean on the end of a compound
There are three elements within the compound, one of which is oxygen
36
What are the two main types of bonding that atoms undergo
- covalent
| - ionic
37
What is covalent bonding
When two non-metals share a pair of outer electrons ( the electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus and are therefore not repelled by the electrons)
38
What are diatomic elements
Elements which naturally exist as two atoms, covalently bonded.
39
What are the seven diatomic elements
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- bromine
- iodine
- chlorine
- fluorine
-
40
What are the two types of covalent structures
+ covalent networks
| + covalent molecular
41
What is a covalent network
A 3 dimensional lattice of multiple covalently bonded atoms
42
What is a covalent molecule
Two or three atoms covalently bonded
43
Do... have high or low melting points and conduct electricity in any state?
A: covalent networks
B: covalent molecules
A: very high melting and boiling points
Doesn’t conduct electricity in any state
B: low melting and boiling points
Doesn’t conduct electricity in any state
44
What are ionic bonds
When a metal and a non-metal exchange at least 1 electron in an attempt to both gain a stable arrangement
45
Upon ionic bonding, what do the atoms become
Charged ions
46
What holds ionic bonds together
The electrostatic force of attraction between the positive and negative ions
47
What is the name of the structure of an ionic compound
An ionic lattice
48
Do ionic compounds have high or low melting points and do they conduct electricity?
They have high melting and boiling points
They conduct electricity when molten or in solution as the ions are free to move
49
What does the chemical formula of a compound show
The type of elements in the compound as well as the number of atoms of each element
50
```
What does the prefix... mean?
A: mono
B: di
C: tri
D: tetra
E: penta
F: hexa
```
```
A: 1
B: 2
C: 3
D: 4
E: 5
F: 6
```
51
When a metal loses electrons does it become a positive or negative ion
Positive
52
When a metal gains electrons does it become a positive or negative ion
Negative
53
How many atoms of oxygen are there nitrogen trioxide
3
54
How do you find the chemical formula of a compound
1: take the Valencies of both elements
2: swap them so that each element has the opposite valency
3: drop the new valencies to the bottom right corner of each element symbol
55
What must you include in ionic equations
The charge of the element
56
What must you include in state equations
The state of matter of all the involved elements
57
What is balanced equation
One that has an equal number if atoms of each element on both sides of the equation
58
Where do you place the numbers in an equation to balance it
In front of the element or compound
59
What is the equation used to find the Relative atomic mass of an element with multiple isotopes
(% x mass of isotope A) + (% x mass of isotope B).../ 100
60
How do you find the relative formula mass of a singular compound
Add the combined masses of each element in the compound (remembering to take into account the number of each atom)
61
If given mass and gfm what is the equation to find the number of moles of a substance
N = m/gfm
62
If given concentration and volume what is the equation to find the number of moles in a substance
N = C x V
63
What is the pH of a substance
It’s concentration of hydrogen ions
64
What are the two types of substance - based on their pH
+ Acids
| + Alkalis
65
What pH do acids have
Less than 7 on the pH scale
66
What pH do alkali have
More than 7 on the pH scale
67
How does an alkali form
When a metal oxide dissolves in water (soluble base)
68
How does an acid form
When a non-metal oxide dissolves in water
69
How can you determine if a substance is an acid or alkali based on its concentration of hydrogen ions
Acids have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions
Alkalis have a higher concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions
70
What is the name of the reaction between an acid and an alkali, in which the pH rises/falls to 7
Neutralisation
71
What is the name of the reaction when water is added to an acid or alkali, resulting in the pH falling/rising to 7
Dilution
72
What is formed from an acid and a METAL reacting
A salt + hydrogen
73
What is formed from an acid and a metal CARBONATE reacting
A salt + water + carbon dioxide
74
What is formed from acid reacting with a metal OXIDE
A salt + water
75
What is formed from acid reacting with a metal HYDROXIDE
Salt + water
76
How do you name the salt that is formed
1: take the name of the metal
2: identify the type of acid and it’s salt ending
3: combine them
E.g. copper + sulphuric acid —> copper sulphate
77
What is a spectator ion
One which is unchanged (does not change state) on both sides of the reaction.
78
What is a titration
An experiment in which the exact volume of reactants is measured to find the volume, number of moles, mass, gfm or concentration.
79
What is a homologous series
A group of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties that share the same general formula
80
What is a hydrocarbon
A compound containing the elements hydrogen and carbon
81
What is the general formula of an alkane
CnH2n+2
82
How do you name an alkane
1: find the length if the longest row of carbon backbone atoms within the molecule and use its prefix
2: indicate the position of the branch using numbers, based on which carbon backbone atom the branch is on
3: indicate the quality of the branch depending on how long it is
H H H H
E.g. I I I I
H-C-C-C-C-H 2 - methylbutane
I I I I
H ch3 H H
83
What are the prefixes used to indicate the number of branches
Di, tri, tetra...
84
What are the prefixes used to indicate how many carbon atoms are on the branch
Methyl (one Carbon), ethyl (two carbons)
85
What are the prefixes used to indicate the longest chain of carbon atoms
Meth- (1), eth- (2), pro- (3), but- (4), pent- (5), hex- (6), hept- (7), oct- (8)
86
What happens to the solubility and miscibility of hydrocarbons as the number of carbon atoms increases
The solubility and miscibility decrease (up to around butane they hydrocarbons are soluble and miscible, the larger ones are not)
87
What do all alkanes end with
-ane
88
What is the general formula of the alkene series
CnH2n
89
What do all alkenes end with
-ene
90
Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated
Unsaturated
91
What does it mean if a molecule is unsaturated
It contains a carbon=carbon double bond
92
How do you name an alkene
1: first 3 steps are the same as naming alkanes
2: indicate the position of the double bond by placing the number in between two hyphens
H H H H
E.g. I I I I
H-C-C-C=C-H Bute-1-ene
I I
H H
93
What is the general formula of a cycloalkane
CnH2n
94
What do all cycloalkanes begin with
Cyclo-
95
Are cyclo alkanes saturated or unsaturated
Saturated
96
What is the structure of a cyclolalkane
Ring like structure
97
How do you name a cycloalkane
Simply add cycloalkane onto the prefix of the number of carbon atoms. There are no bonds to label.
98
What are isomers
Compounds (usually hydrocarbons) with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
99
What is a combustion reaction
When a substance, often a hydrocarbon, reacts (burns) with a plentiful supply of air
100
What are the products of complete combustion
Water and carbon dioxide
101
What may occur if a hydrocarbon is burned in a finite supply of air
An explosion may occur due to the fact that the hydrocarbon will eventually utilise the total mass of oxygen. This can also result in the production of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide
102
What is an addition reaction
When an unsaturated alkene has a saturated molecule added to it, across the double bond, resulting in the formation of an unsaturated alkane
103
What is the name given to the addition of a water molecule
Hydration
104
What is the name given to the addition of a (diatomic) hydrogen molecule
Hydrogenation
105
What is a test that could be used to determine wether a hydrocarbon is unsaturated or saturated
When passed through a bromine water solution, unsaturated molecules decolourise the solution quickly. Therefore, saturated and unsaturated molecules can be separated by their ability to decolourise the solution.
106
Is a saturated or an unsaturated molecule more reactive than the other
Unsaturated, due to the fact that an increased amount of energy is required to break the strong carbon=carbon double bonds.
107
What is the herbal formula of the alkanol homologous series
CnH2n+1 OH
108
What is the name of the functional group within an alkanol
The hydroxyl group
OH (hydrogen and oxygen)
109
What reaction must occur for alkanol to form
Hydration as the water: molecules provide the hydrocarbon with oxygen molecules to form a hydroxyl group
110
How do you name an alkanol
1: same process as the naming of alkanes
2: indicate the position of the hydroxyl group by placing the number of the carbon molecule it is situated on between two hyphens
H H H
I I I
E.g. H-C-C-C-OH Propan-1-ol
I I I
H H H
111
What is the general formula of the carboxylic acids
CnH2n+1 COOH
112
What is the name of the functional group within the carboxylic acids
Carboxyl group
O
II
C-OH
113
How do name a carboxylic acid
Count the number of carbon molecule and its specific prefix. Then add -anoic acid
```
H H O
I I II
E.g. H-C-C-C Propanoic acid
I I I
H H H
```
114
What happens to the melting and boiling point of a hydrocarbon as the number of carbon molecule increases
The melting and boiling point increase
115
What is the general name of the toxic products of incomplete production
Particulates
116
What is the particulate produced from the incomplete combustion of carbon
Carbon monoxide
117
What is the particulate produced from the incomplete combustion of sulphur
Sulphur dioxide
118
What is the particulate produced from the incomplete combustion of nitrogen
Nitrogen dioxide
119
What is the difference between a combustion equation and regular equation
You are allowed to use half molecules when balancing a combustion equation
120
What is the equation to find the energy produced from a reaction, involving the specific heat capacity of the reactants
Eh=cm ΔT
```
Eh= energy produced
C= specific heat capacity of reactant
M= mass ALWAYS IN KG
ΔT= change in temperature
```
121
What is the activation energy of a reaction
The energy required to turn the reactants into products
122
What is a metal composed of
Positive ions and delocalised electrons
123
What are metals held together by
The electrostatic force of attraction between the electrons and ions
124
Are metals conductors of electricity
yes as their delocalised electrons allows the current to be carried throughout
125
What is the structure of a metal
A metallic lattice
126
What is the name of the measure of how readily an atom loses its outer electrons
It’s reactivity
127
What is the name of the table in which the elements are arranged in order of reactivity
The electrochemical series (back of data booklet)
128
Are the most reactive metals at the top or bottom of the electrochemical series
Top
129
What are the two ways in which metals exist in the earths crust
+ combined
| + uncombined
130
What is a combined metal
An ore. Which is a naturally occurring compound containing more than one element - one of which is the metal.
131
What is an uncombined metal
A metal which is found naturally as a singular element in the earths crust and requires no extraction
132
What are the three methods of extracting a metal from its compound
- electrolysis
- heating with carbon
- heating
133
How are the most reactive metals extracted form their ore
Electrolysis
134
How are the relatively reactive metals extracted from their ore
Heating with carbon
135
How are the least reactive metals extracted from their ore
Heating
136
Which metals are found naturally uncombined in the earths crust
The least reactive ones (gold,silver...)
137
What are the two outcomes of a metal reaction:
1: metal atoms lose electrons to form metal ions
2: metal ions gain electrons to form metal atoms
138
What is the name of a reaction in which a metal atom loses electrons to become an ion
Oxidation
139
What is the name of a reaction in which a metal ion gains electrons to form an atom
Reduction
140
What is a redox reaction
One in which both an oxidation and reduction reaction occur
141
In a redox reaction, what does the number of molecules of a reducing agent equate to
The charge of the reduced element
2+ 3+
E.g. 3Cu + 2Al —> 3Cu + 2Al
142
What is electrolysis
The decomposition of a metal compound into its separate elements by passing electricity through it
143
What type of current does electrolysis require and why
DC
As AC currents have no constant direction and would therefore constantly switch the positions of the anode and cathode
144
In an electrolysis cell is the anode positive or negative
Positive
145
In an electrolysis cell is the cathode positive or negative
Negative
146
What is an electrolyte
An electrically conducting solution that contains ions
147
How can you form an electrochemical cell
By placing two metal electrodes in solutions of their own ions, connected by an ion bridge
148
What occurs when an electrochemical cell is made
The metal atoms in the electrodes lose electrons as they flow between the electrodes, forming ions which join the surrounding solution. The electrodes therefore lose mass.
149
What is the function of the ion bridge
It complete the circuit by allowing ions to flow between the two solutions
150
In an electrochemical cell, what direction do the electrons flow and in what part of the cell
Lecterns flow from most—> least reactive metal, through the wiring that connects the two electrodes.
151
What affects the obtained voltage from an electrochemical cell
The distance between the two metals, that form the electrodes, in the electrochemical series.
152
What metals create the highest voltage
The further apart the metals in the electrochemical series, the higher the voltage obtained from the cell
153
In a redox reaction, what is the reducing agent
The metal that is being oxidised (and vice versa)
154
How can you use your data booklet to write redox reactions
Use the Z rule
155
How do you use the Z rule
1: identify the two metals in the electrochemical series as the back of the data booklet
2: draw a Z to join them
3: inverse the top line to form your overall equation
156
What is a plastic
A synthetic material which can changeant remain in a new shape when force is applied to it
157
What are the main properties of plastics
+ lightweight
+ waterproof
+ electrical insulators
158
Where do the majority of the elements in plastics originate
Crude oil
159
What is the name of the family of substances that plastics belong to
The polymers
160
What are polymers
Chain-like molecules that consist of smaller molecules known as monomers
161
What is the process by which monomers are joined to form polymers known as
Polymerisation
162
What is a resin
A group of polymer chains
163
What is a fibre
An individual strand of a larger polymer chain
164
What is the main type of polymerisation known as
Addition
165
What occurs during addition polymerisation
An unsaturated alkene monomer is added to another molecule, opening their double bond, to form an alkane/saturated molecule
166
What is a condensation polymer
One which is formed from a condensation reaction
167
How can you tell condensation polymerisation apart from addition polymerisation
Condensation monomers usually contain at least one functional group (hydroxyl, carboxyl...)
168
How do you name a polymer
Place poly- in front of the name of the original monomer of which the polymer is constructed
E.g. poly(ethene) or poly(butene)
169
What is the difference between the repeating unit of a polymer and a monomer
The repeating unit does not contain a double bond between its carbon atoms and has open bonds on either end
H OH H OH
I I I I
E.g. REPEATING UNIT: -C-C- MONOMER: C=C
I I I I
H H H H
170
What is the name of a polymer which contains more than one monomer
A co-polymer
171
What are produced from the burning of plastics
Toxic gases
172
What is a thermo-setting plastic
One which does not melt upon heating and cannot be re-shaped from its original structure
173
What is a thermo-softening plastic/thermoplastic
One which melts upon heating and can be re-shaped afterwards
174
What is radiation
The breakup of unstable atoms.
175
What is the stability of an atom measured by
The proton:neutron ratio
176
What are the three main types of radiation
- alpha α
- beta β
- gamma γ
177
What is alpha radiation
A helium nucleus that consists of two protons and two neutrons
178
What is beta radiation
A fast moving electron
179
What is gamma radiation
High frequency Electromagnetic waves
180
What is the charge on... radiation:
A: alpha
B: beta
C: gamma
A: 2+
B: 1-
C: 0
181
What is the mass of... radiation:
A: alpha
B: beta
C: gamma
A: 4
B: 0
C: 0
182
What is alpha radiation absorbed by
A sheet of paper
183
What is beta radiation absorbed by
0.5 cm of lead
184
What is gamma radiation absorbed by
Thick concrete
185
What is the range of... radiation in air
A: alpha
B: beta
C: gamma
A: 5 centimetres
B: 1 metre
C: almost infinite
186
What form of radiation is the most ionising
Alpha
187
What is one method of detecting radiation
By using a Geiger-muller tube
188
What must be equal on both sides of a nuclear equation
The mass number and the atomic number
189
REVISE NUCLEAR EQUATIONS
NOW
190
What is the half life of a radioactive substance
The time taken for the activity (number of decayed nuclei per second) of the substance to half in value
191
What is half life affected by
Nothing
192
How do you determine the Half life of a substance from a graph
1: find an easily halved point in the y-axis and record it’s x-axis value.
2: halve the y-axis value and record its x-axis value.
3: the difference in x-axis values is the half life
193
What are some uses of radioisotopes in medicine
+ killing of cancerous cells
| + treatment of glandular swelling
194
What is radioactive dating
The process by which the level of carbon-14, that is present in all living organisms, is measure through its beta emission. The level of emission can be use to calculate how old the organism is or how long it has been dead.
195
What are fertilisers
Substances which are added to soil to increase its fertility by providing it with nutrient sand essential elements
196
What are the three elements that are required to increase plant growth
+ nitrogen
+ potassium
+ phosphorus
197
What is the role of .... in plants:
A: nitrogen
B: potassium
C: phosphorus
A: INCREASES PROTEIN PRODUCTION BY INCREASING AMINO ACID PRODUCTION
B: has a role in root formation
C: has a role in photosynthesis and respiration
198
What is the process of leaching
When a fertiliser runs into a nearby water source, increasing the nutrient levels within the marine ecosystem. This results in increased algal bloom as they grow due to the nutrient levels, blocking sunlight from reaching the marine plants. This means the plants cannot photosynthesise and no oxygen is produced - resulting in the death of fish and all other mammals in the water source
199
What is the purpose of a farmer planting legumes in their fields
They provide the soil with natural nutrients for following crops
200
What is the main producer of fertilisers
Ammonia
201
What is ammonia
A clear, pungent, colourless has that produces nitrogen salts that can be used as fertiliser
202
What is the name of the chemical process by which ammonia is manufactured
The Haber process
203
What are the reactants in the haber process
Nitrogen and hydrogen
204
What is the catalyst in the haber process
Iron
205
How is the haber process made more economical
Unused reactants are recycled and send in later reactions
206
What is ammonia turned into to produce fertilisers
Nitric acid
207
What is the process by which nitric acid is formed
The Ostwald process
208
What are the reactants in the Ostwald process
Ammonia and oxygen
209
What is the catalyst in the Ostwald process
Platinum
210
What is added to the Ostwald process at the bottom
Water
211
What is the percentage composition of an element
The percentage of a compound that is made up by that certain element
212
What is the equation for percentage composition
%= (mass of element/gfm of compound) x 100
213
What is the desired product of a blast furnace, that comes out at the very bottom of the furnace
(Molten) iron
214
What is the waste product that is produced in a blast furnace
Slag
215
Why must the bottom of the blast furnace maintain a heat of 1538 degrees Celsius
As that is the melting point of iron and if the iron does not melt it cannot flow out of the furnace and be collected
216
What is the equation to find the number of moles if given volume and concentration
N = CV
217
What is the equation to find the number of moles if given the mass and gfm
N = M/GFM
218
What colour precipitate does calcium form
White
219
What colour precipitate does copper form
Blue
220
What colour precipitate does iron (II) form
Green
221
What colour precipitate does iron (III) form
Rust
222
What colour precipitate does zinc form
White
223
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