Nationalism Flashcards
(203 cards)
1
Q
What is nationhood?
A
The status of being a nation, where people share a common identity or understanding of their community.
2
Q
What are three common factors that might define a nation?
A
- Common language
- Shared ethnicity or religion
- Geographical borders
3
Q
What is self-determination?
A
The ability of the people who form a nation to decide how that nation is governed.
4
Q
Which strand is most associated with self-determination?
A
Liberal nationalism and anti-/postcolonial nationalism.
5
Q
Which thinker is closely associated with self-determination?
A
Rousseau.
6
Q
What is the nation-state?
A
A geographic area with sovereignty and self-determination, usually organised as a centralised government.
7
Q
Which strand supports the nation-state as a product of self-determination?
A
Liberal nationalism.
8
Q
Which thinker supports the nation-state based on the ‘general will’?
A
Rousseau.
9
Q
What is culturalism in nationalism?
A
A belief in emotional and cultural ties to a unique identity formed over time within a nation.
10
Q
What concept did von Herder develop related to cultural identity?
A
Volksgeist – the unique spirit of a people.
11
Q
What does Volksgeist mean?
A
The unique identity of a nation based on its culture and historical experiences.
12
Q
Why can’t you just ‘opt into’ a nation, according to cultural nationalism?
A
Because shared cultural experiences and history take time and can’t be adopted instantly.
13
Q
What is racialism?
A
The belief that humans are divided into biologically distinct races, each with unique traits.
14
Q
How is racialism different from racism?
A
Racialism emphasises biological differences; racism asserts superiority of one race.
15
Q
Which thinkers are associated with racialism?
A
- Maurras
- Garvey
16
Q
What is internationalism in nationalism?
A
The belief in cooperation between nations and the legitimacy of self-determination for all.
17
Q
What is liberal internationalism?
A
Cooperation between sovereign nations to prevent conflict.
18
Q
What is socialist internationalism?
A
Workers uniting across borders to overcome capitalist divisions.
19
Q
Which thinker is linked to internationalism?
A
Mazzini.
20
Q
What does liberal nationalism support?
A
- Civic nationalism
- Self-determination
- Inclusivity
- Cooperation
- Multiculturalism
21
Q
Define civic nationalism.
A
A form of nationalism based on shared values and active citizen participation.
22
Q
What do conservative nationalists value?
A
- Tradition
- Exclusivity
- Monoculturalism
- Emotional ties to the nation
23
Q
What is monoculturalism?
A
The belief in preserving a single national culture.
24
Q
What do anti-/postcolonial nationalists believe?
A
- In self-determination
- Inclusivity
- Rejecting the systems of former colonial rulers
25
What is expansionist nationalism?
A belief in national superiority, imperialism, and racial exclusivity.
26
What is chauvinism in nationalism?
Belief that one's nation is superior to all others.
27
What is the core disagreement about human nature in nationalism?
Rational (liberal) vs. irrational (conservative/expansionist) views.
28
Which strand of nationalism values inclusive societies?
Liberal and anti-/postcolonial nationalism.
29
How do conservative nationalists view national identity?
As exclusive, rooted in tradition and culture.
30
What is integral nationalism?
A belief in subordinating individuals completely to the national interest (Maurras).
31
What is the economic view of most regressive nationalists?
Protectionism and economic self-sufficiency.
32
What is the economic stance of progressive nationalists?
Openness to trade and international cooperation.
33
What is meant by 'regressive' nationalism?
Nationalism that seeks to return to traditional values and practices.
34
What is meant by 'progressive' nationalism?
Nationalism that seeks improvement and often embraces diversity.
35
What kind of nationalism did Giuseppe Mazzini promote?
Unification/civic nationalism.
36
What key idea did Mazzini reject?
Rationalism – he supported ‘thought and action’.
37
Quote from Mazzini on the state?
“The Country is the idea which rises upon that foundation... love, fellowship...”
38
What is Rousseau’s key idea about government?
It must enforce the general will of the people.
39
Quote from Rousseau on society?
“I prefer liberty with danger than peace with slavery.”
40
Quote from Rousseau on the state and property?
“The fruits of the earth belong to us all, and the earth itself to nobody.”
41
What did Charles Maurras believe about monarchy?
That one wise man in monarchy is better than relying on the wisdom of many in democracy.
42
What is militarism in Maurras’ view?
A strong military is essential to national unity and strength.
43
What did Marcus Garvey believe about black identity?
Black people should be proud of their heritage and not adopt white culture.
44
What is Pan-Africanism?
The belief that African people worldwide are united and should build strong African societies.
45
Quote from Garvey on society?
“A people without knowledge of their past... is like a tree without roots.”
46
What did Herder mean by the term 'Volk'?
That ‘people’ form the basis of a unique national cultural identity.
47
What was Herder’s view of national happiness?
“Each nation contains its centre of happiness within itself.”
48
What does Herder say about government?
“The most noble end of government is to become dispensable.”
49
How does liberal nationalism treat internationalism?
As beneficial and cooperative, avoiding conflict.
50
What differentiates inclusive from exclusive nationalism?
Inclusive allows entry based on shared values; exclusive demands shared heritage and history.
51
Which nationalism strand is most linked to patriotism?
Conservative nationalism.
52
Why is cultural nationalism often seen as irrational?
It values emotional, historical bonds over rational political choice.
53
Why do expansionist nationalists reject self-determination for all nations?
They believe in their nation’s superiority and dominance.
54
What form of nationalism is most likely to reject liberal democracy?
Expansionist/integral nationalism (e.g., Maurras).
55
What thinker promoted the idea that the general will should enforce national decisions?
Rousseau.
56
Why is nationhood sometimes a source of conflict?
Different groups may claim nationhood within the same geographic state.
57
What makes civic nationalism inclusive?
Anyone can join by accepting and participating in the nation's values.
58
What is one risk associated with culturalism?
It can lead to racism or xenophobia when cultures are seen as incompatible.
59
Why do some nationalists fear immigration?
It’s seen as a threat to the cultural or ethnic homogeneity of the nation.
60
What does anti-cosmopolitan mean in nationalism?
Opposition to adopting foreign customs and globalist ideals; favouring national traditions.
61
How do progressive nationalists view race?
As irrelevant to nationhood; they support multiculturalism.
62
Why is nationalism present across the political spectrum?
It can support both inclusive and exclusive ideologies depending on the interpretation.
63
What is the main aim of postcolonial nationalism?
To construct independent national identity after colonial rule.
64
How does liberal nationalism view identity?
As chosen and civic, not ethnically or culturally fixed.
65
What is the nationalist stance on sovereignty?
Most nationalists support national sovereignty and self-governance.
66
What does it mean for nationalism to be monocultural?
It promotes a single dominant culture within a nation.
67
What is corporatism in economic terms (as supported by Maurras)?
The organisation of society by corporate groups (e.g., trade unions, business), not individuals.
68
How do liberal nationalists justify self-determination?
As a rational and moral right of free individuals to form governments.
69
What separates socialist internationalism from liberal internationalism?
* Socialist focuses on class unity over national boundaries
* Liberal focuses on cooperation between states
70
What thinker is most associated with cultural nationalism?
Johann Gottfried von Herder.
71
Why does Garvey promote economic independence?
To empower black communities and end reliance on colonial economies.
72
What phrase captures Herder’s view on national uniqueness?
“Each nation contains its centre of happiness within itself.”
73
Which strand of nationalism is least likely to accept immigration?
Expansionist nationalism.
74
How do liberal nationalists treat immigration?
As acceptable if immigrants adopt national values and participate civically.
75
What is the difference between nationalism and internationalism?
Nationalism prioritises national sovereignty; internationalism prioritises cooperation.
76
What is the nationalist view on supranational organisations like the EU?
Varies: liberals may accept, conservatives and expansionists may oppose.
77
Who argued that ‘the country is the idea... the sentiment of love’?
Giuseppe Mazzini.
78
What thinker emphasised black pride and returning to Africa?
Marcus Garvey.
79
What thinker described democracy as depending on mass wisdom?
Charles Maurras.
80
What is the conservative nationalist attitude toward reform?
Suspicion; preference for preserving existing national traditions.
81
What is integral nationalism’s view of the individual?
The individual must submit to the needs of the nation.
82
What is a key criticism of cultural nationalism?
It can create exclusionary or racist policies.
83
Which form of nationalism is most connected to national pride and history?
Conservative nationalism.
84
How do liberal nationalists see nationhood?
As voluntary and based on political values.
85
What type of nationalism believes in superiority and imperialism?
Expansionist nationalism.
86
What thinker is most critical of liberal democracy?
Charles Maurras.
87
What thinker advocates for national unity through shared spirituality?
Mazzini.
88
Why does postcolonial nationalism often reject liberalism?
It associates liberal democracy with colonial oppression.
89
What is the key focus of pan-Africanism?
Racial unity and African solidarity.
90
What does it mean for nationalism to be irrational?
It relies on myths, emotions, and historical memories rather than logic.
91
What thinker believed that identity forms through language and culture?
von Herder.
92
Which type of nationalism is least open to diversity?
Expansionist or racial nationalism.
93
What do all nationalists agree on?
That nations are central to human experience and political life.
94
Which nationalist strand most supports working-class unity across borders?
Socialist internationalism.
95
What does exclusive nationalism reject?
The idea that outsiders can join a nation without shared heritage.
96
How is the general will enforced under Rousseau’s theory?
Through democratic institutions reflecting collective interest.
97
How do different strands view multiculturalism?
* Liberals support it
* Conservatives and expansionists reject it
98
What role does history play in conservative nationalism?
It shapes national identity and provides stability.
99
Why do some nationalists prefer monarchy over democracy?
They believe order and hierarchy are better ensured.
100
What does 'rational' nationalism seek to achieve?
A logical, moral structure for governance based on participation and consent.
101
What separates socialist internationalism from liberal internationalism?
Socialist focuses on class unity over national boundaries; liberal focuses on cooperation between states.
102
What phrase captures Herder’s view on national uniqueness?
Each nation contains its centre of happiness within itself.
103
How do different strands view multiculturalism?
Liberals support it; conservatives and expansionists reject it.
104
What does the term ‘inclusive nationalism’ imply?
That anyone can become part of the nation by adopting its values.
105
What is meant by ‘exclusive nationalism’?
Only those with shared heritage and history can be considered part of the nation.
106
What thinker viewed liberty and nationality as inseparable?
Giuseppe Mazzini.
107
What does expansionist nationalism believe about other nations?
That they are inferior and can be dominated.
108
Why do anti-/postcolonial nationalists value self-determination?
It enables freedom from colonial oppression and creates legitimate governance.
109
What role does education play in civic nationalism?
It fosters shared values and participation in the nation.
110
What does Mazzini mean by ‘action’?
Nationalism requires active commitment, not just belief.
111
Why is cultural nationalism described as organic?
Nations evolve naturally from language, history, and shared experience.
112
What is meant by 'homogenous society' in nationalism?
A society where all members share a common culture or identity.
113
How do regressive nationalists use history?
To justify returning to traditional values and practices.
114
What strand promotes binding together people with shared culture?
Conservative nationalism.
115
Which thinker’s nationalism is most spiritual and romantic?
Mazzini.
116
Why is liberal nationalism considered rational?
It is based on logical, inclusive governance and mutual cooperation.
117
What does ‘patriotism’ mean in nationalist theory?
A deep emotional loyalty to the nation and its traditions.
118
What is the nationalist view on capitalism?
Varies – socialist nationalists oppose it; others may support protectionism.
119
How does nationalism approach the concept of ‘the people’?
As the core unit of the nation, defined either culturally or civically.
120
What thinker linked race to national identity?
Marcus Garvey.
121
Which strand seeks to avoid international conflict through cooperation?
Liberal internationalism.
122
Why is Herder not considered a racist nationalist?
He celebrated cultural uniqueness, not superiority.
123
What kind of nationalism views identity as fixed and inherited?
Racial and cultural nationalism.
124
How do nationalists differ on the economy?
No fixed model – some support socialism, others support protectionism.
125
What is the link between nationalism and the economy in Garvey’s thought?
Economic independence is crucial for black self-determination.
126
How do socialist nationalists view national borders?
As artificial divisions that workers should overcome.
127
What is the main goal of expansionist nationalism?
To extend a nation’s power over others.
128
Why is liberal nationalism open to supranational cooperation?
It believes in mutual respect and benefit between nations.
129
What is the role of shared experience in cultural nationalism?
It binds members of the nation through a common history.
130
What is a common criticism of civic nationalism?
It may ignore deep-rooted cultural tensions or divisions.
131
What’s the nationalist concern with globalisation?
It erodes distinct national identities and sovereignty.
132
What does it mean to have national unity through language?
A shared language fosters communication and cultural solidarity.
133
What thinker called for a return to Africa?
Marcus Garvey.
134
Why is the general will not the same as majority opinion?
It reflects the collective good, not just numerical preference.
135
What kind of nationalism could be described as ‘emotional’ and ‘romantic’?
Cultural or expansionist nationalism.
136
How does nationalism respond to multiculturalism?
Progressive nationalists support it; regressive ones often oppose it.
137
What thinker said, “Accomplish what you will”?
Marcus Garvey.
138
What does monoculturalism seek to preserve?
A single, dominant national culture.
139
What is Maurras’ attitude toward democracy?
He believed monarchy was more stable than rule by the majority.
140
Why do postcolonial nationalists often reject western models of the state?
They associate them with historical oppression and imperialism.
141
What thinker argued that humans are naturally good but corrupted by society?
Rousseau.
142
What kind of nationalism is ‘the nation above all’?
Integral nationalism (Maurras).
143
Why is expansionist nationalism described as irrational?
It relies on emotion, myths of superiority, and rejection of others’ sovereignty.
144
What does ‘corporatism’ mean in Maurras’ economic thought?
A top-down, collective approach to the economy with no focus on individuals.
145
What thinker said society is “like a tree without roots” without history?
Marcus Garvey.
146
What is the importance of national traditions in conservative thought?
They provide stability and unity in a changing world.
147
What does ‘pan-nationalism’ refer to?
A movement aiming to unify people across multiple states based on shared identity (e.g. Pan-Africanism).
148
What does sovereignty mean in a nationalist context?
Full control of a nation over its own territory and governance.
149
What makes a nationalism ‘civic’?
It is based on shared political values, not ethnicity or culture.
150
How do thinkers differ on the link between race and nation?
Garvey embraces it; Herder rejects race-based superiority.
151
What thinker supports a government becoming ‘dispensable’?
von Herder.
152
What is the liberal nationalist stance on colonialism?
It opposes colonialism and supports national self-rule.
153
What role do myths play in irrational nationalism?
They create emotional attachment and justify superiority or dominance.
154
What thinker believed that government should be “based on the general will”?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
155
Which strand of nationalism most supports militarism?
Expansionist/integral nationalism.
156
What strand is most likely to reject immigration and multiculturalism?
Conservative and expansionist nationalism.
157
What does it mean to say nationalism is ‘constructed’?
That nations are imagined communities formed by shared experiences and symbols.
158
What does the ‘general will’ enforce in Rousseau’s view?
The collective good and common interest of all citizens.
159
What do conservative nationalists believe preserves national identity?
Common traditions, culture, and shared historical experiences.
160
What thinker said “Each nation contains its centre of happiness within itself”?
Johann Gottfried von Herder.
161
What role does language play in Herder’s nationalism?
It’s central to expressing and forming national identity.
162
What thinker believed “the earth belongs to nobody”?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
163
Why do expansionist nationalists oppose equality between nations?
They view some nations as inherently superior and entitled to dominance.
164
What type of nationalism believes in strong state control and hierarchy?
Authoritarian/integral nationalism (Maurras).
165
What kind of nationalism encourages collective memory and folklore?
Cultural nationalism.
166
Why is nationalism sometimes seen as anti-modern?
It romanticises the past and can resist change.
167
What thinker inspired later black civil rights and anti-colonial movements?
Marcus Garvey.
168
Why is Mazzini’s nationalism considered idealistic?
It combines nationalism with spiritual destiny and romantic action.
169
What thinker said “Slumber not in the tents of your fathers”?
Giuseppe Mazzini.
170
Why is liberal nationalism compatible with global governance?
It supports cooperation and respects others' sovereignty.
171
What thinker emphasised commitment above individuality?
Charles Maurras.
172
What strand supports strong emotional ties but rejects superiority?
Cultural nationalism (e.g. Herder).
173
What is the core disagreement over ‘society’ among nationalists?
Inclusive vs. exclusive: shared values vs. shared heritage.
174
What do postcolonial nationalists seek after independence?
New national systems free from colonial structures.
175
How does Herder’s nationalism contrast with Garvey’s?
Herder’s is cultural and anti-superiority; Garvey’s is racial and separatist.
176
Why does Garvey reject assimilation into white culture?
He believes black identity and culture should be preserved and celebrated.
177
How do liberal nationalists approach equality?
They believe all nations are equal and deserving of self-rule.
178
What is the importance of national self-sufficiency in expansionist nationalism?
It ensures autonomy and supports military strength.
179
What thinker uses the metaphor of a tree without roots?
Marcus Garvey, referring to a people without history.
180
Why is nationalism attractive to postcolonial movements?
It provides a framework for independence and identity formation.
181
What kind of nationalism is most focused on emotion and tradition?
Conservative nationalism.
182
How is internationalism viewed in socialist nationalism?
As a tool to unite workers globally and fight capitalism.
183
Which thinker stressed that action was vital to nation-building?
Giuseppe Mazzini.
184
What is a key moral justification for nationalism?
People should govern themselves in alignment with their identity.
185
What thinker claimed, “The most noble end of government is to become dispensable”?
Johann Gottfried von Herder.
186
What does Herder’s quote suggest about governance?
Ideally, a mature nation should not need rulers—self-governance should prevail.
187
What thinker influenced ideas of black separatism?
Marcus Garvey.
188
What strand focuses on rational principles and consent?
Liberal nationalism.
189
Why do some nationalists reject international bodies like the UN?
They view them as threats to sovereignty.
190
What does ‘thought and action’ imply in Mazzini’s theory?
Ideals are meaningless without practical pursuit of national goals.
191
What does Maurras’ nationalism sacrifice for unity?
Individual freedom and diversity.
192
What thinker views cultural uniqueness as sacred?
Johann Gottfried von Herder.
193
What thinker aligns most with civic participation and direct democracy?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
194
What do regressive nationalists think about change?
They resist it and seek to preserve traditional values.
195
Why is expansionist nationalism dangerous?
It justifies colonialism, racism, and oppression.
196
What thinker said monarchy works if one man is wise?
Charles Maurras.
197
What is nationalism’s role in identity formation?
It offers individuals a sense of belonging and meaning.
198
What does civic nationalism require of its citizens?
Active participation and loyalty to shared political values.
199
What thinker sees the nation as a spiritual concept?
Giuseppe Mazzini.
200
What is the ‘Volk’ in Herder’s theory?
The people as a unique cultural entity.
201
What makes nationalism a unifying ideology?
It appeals to shared symbols, language, and collective memory.
202
What is a major risk of exclusive nationalism?
It fosters division, discrimination, and exclusion.
203
How do nationalists disagree on human nature?
Rationalists see humans as reasoning citizens; others see them as emotionally tied to heritage.
