Native American, Hispanic, Gay Rights 1960-1980 Flashcards
(46 cards)
What were the two main issues facing Native Americans
- They wanted to be returned their tribal homelands
- They wanted the right to self determination and not to be forced into an American culture or lifestyle
What law forced tribes to relocate away from their sacred land to other places, such as cities, in exchange for a small amount of money
The 1830 Indian Removal Act
Who are the BIA
Bureau of Indian Affairs, who controlled and oversaw the tribes
Why did Native Americans dislike the BIA
It tried to Americanise them, forcing Native Americans to speak English, wear Western clothes and give up native customs, so the Native Americans wanted to be free from them for self-determination
What was the 1956 Indian Relocation Act
It encouraged young Native American adults to move to towns and cities instead of living with a tribe, which both disappointed the young adults who did not enjoy the life, causing about 30% to move back, and broke the tribal structure of many
What was the name of the main Native American rights group and what year was it set up
What did they do as part of their protest for Native rights
American Indian Movement (AIM) - 1968
They led sit-ins, demonstrations and occupations of both tribal land and federal buildings
When did AIM occupy Alcatraz island and how many people did this?
1969-71, 89 AIM affiliates
When and how did AIM protest in Washington D.C?
Occupied BIA government building in Washington D.C, 1972.
What happened at Wounded Knee and when?
- In 1973, the AIM occupied the village of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, and declared independence as the Oglala Sioux Nation.
- The government had to siege the town for 71 days, and the AIM only gives in when the government agrees to investigate AIM demands.
Which President sympathised for the Native American cause most
Richard Nixon
Name 3 examples of legislation passed in the 1970s which benefitted Native Americans?
- Indian Education Act 1972
- Indian Self-Determination Act 1975
- Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 1971
When and what was the Indian Education Act?
- 1972
- Funded Native American schools.
When and what was the Indian Self-Determination Act?
- 1975
- Reduced involvement of the BIA in day to day life and education.
When and what was the Alaskan Native Claims Settlement Act?
- 1971
- Gave 40 million acres of land and $462.5 million to Native Alaskans.
How was the issue of sacred land solved?
It wasn’t ever solved, and some states continued to evict Natives for land as late as 1971, when Hawaii did so they could do building work
What is the Bracero Programme and when was it?
A US Programme from 1942-64 that allowed Mexicans to work and live in the USA in return for a guaranteed level of housing and working conditions
How many contracts were signed under the Bracero Programme
4.6 million
What were the 4 main issues Hispanic rights covered
- Land
- Workers Rights
- Discrimination
- Deportation
Why was Land an issue for Hispanic Civil Rights?
In 1848, the USA beat Mexico in a war and annexed some land, which meant some Mexicans went from living in Mexican borders to US ones.
Why were worker rights an issue for Hispanic Civil Rights?
Many farmers, especially ones under the Bracero Programme, had a terrible quality of life, and had to stay because it was a better alternative than returning to Mexico
Why was discrimination an issue for Hispanic Civil Rights?
Hispanics encountered similar problems to black people with discrimination, often having to live in Barrios (Spanish speaking areas in the US cities) which were often the poorest areas. They usually lived side by side with black people, sometimes peacefully, sometimes not
What programme led to deportation of many Hispanics and how many were deported? Also during what years was the programme active?
From 1953-58, Operation Wetback deported 3.8 million illegal Mexican immigrants back to Mexico
Who set up the NFWA (National Farm Workers Association), and in what year
Cesar Chavez, 1962
What major strike did Chavez and the NFWA go on in 1965
The Delano Grape Strike
