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Native Americans Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Sand Creek Massacre

A

1864

  • Cheyenne and Arapaho massacred by Colonel Chivington’s Colorado volunteers
  • The cause was the long conflict for control of the plains of eastern Colorado
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2
Q

Transcontinental Railway

A

1868

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3
Q

Great Sioux Reservation

A

1868

- established by Fort Laramie

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4
Q

Indian Appropriation Act

A

1871

  • wards of the US government
  • “no tribe would be recognized as an independent nation…with whom the US should contract with treaty”
  • Meant all previous treaties made with the government invalid.
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5
Q

Battle of Little Bighorn

A

1876

  • NA victory
  • Confirmed for many whites that NA were savages and dangerous
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6
Q

Carlisle Boarding School / Boarding Schools

A

1879

  • purpose was to civilise NA
  • couldn’t speak native language at school
  • Tribes rations were suspended if they refused to send their children to the school
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7
Q

Indian Rights Assocaition

A

1882

- Group of white social activists dedicated to helping NA

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8
Q

Code of Religious Offences

A

1883

-restricted the religious practises of and ceremonies of NA

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9
Q

Crow Dog

A

1883
- Supreme Court ruled that Crow Dog would only face tribal punishment because the act of murder against another NA occurred in NA territory

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10
Q

Major Crimes Act

A

1885

  • In response to Crow Dog
  • Congress passed the act drawing certain crimes under federal jurisdiction
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11
Q

Dawes Act

A

1887
E - 160 acres of land allocated to each male head of the family
E - 2/3 of NA land lost, 90 million acres
S - Matriarchal tribes disrespected, tribal leadership and communal living changed
P - given citizenship but unable to vote

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12
Q

Curtis Act

A

1898

- land allotment process for the 5 civilised tribes

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13
Q

Wounded Knee Massacre

A

1890
NA lost the battle but gained white sympathy
- 300 Lakota massacred

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14
Q

Lone Wolf v Hitchcock

A

1902

- Ruled that any treaty made with NA could be overturned

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15
Q

Cherokee v Hitchcock

A

1903

- Ruled that congress had the power to modify or terminate any treaties with NA without their consent

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16
Q

Muskogee Convention

A

1905

- Attempt of the 5 civilized tribes to create a NA state

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17
Q

Society of American Indian

A

1911

  • 50 NA formed the group
  • formed to address issues such as NA healthcare, education and Civil Rights
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18
Q

Indian Citizenship Act

A

1924

- Gave NA citizenship

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19
Q

American Indian Defence Association (AIDA)

A

1923

  • Formed by John Collier
  • fought to protect religious freedom and tribal property for NA in the US
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20
Q

Dance Order (Leavitt BIll)

A

1923
- This bill threatened to remove the right of Pueblo Indians to perform some of their traditional dances in New Mexico.
However, AIDA was able to block the bill successfully.

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21
Q

Bursum Bill

A

1922

  • Allowed non-NA to retain any NA land they had previously squatted on
  • The Bursum Bill of 1922 posed a threat as it would authorize the acquisition of Pueblo lands
  • AIDA was able to successfully block the bill
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22
Q

Meriam Report

A

1928

  • Report investigating the condition NA faced
  • Found that the government was failing to look after NA
  • Influenced future policy on NA
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23
Q

Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)

A

1934

  • John Collier is responsible for getting it through BIA
  • gave NA recognition as a sovereign nation and allowed them to contract with the congres
  • Ended the Dawes allotment policy
  • restored some NA land that had been lost
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24
Q

WW2

A

Urbanization - S - NA drawn to cities lived in ghettos and spoke tribal languages
E - improve the economic status of individuals
- 1945 NA salary was £2500 double what they earned in 1940

S - NA fought with whites, and used tribal languages to communicate as a form of code taking.
- recognition for their bravery and military talent and tactic

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25
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)
1944 - Founded to represent tribes and resist Federal Government pressure to terminate tribal rights and resort to assimilation
26
Harrison v Laveen
1948 | - Result - NA in Arizona given suffrage de jure
27
Indian Claims Commission
1948 | - helped mediate between NA and US Gov to win compensation for NA for stolen land lost
28
Bureau of Indian Affairs
1948 - John Collier was FDR's Commissioner for the BIA - Aimed to work out what NA needed and fund them
29
Termination
1953 - 1970 - Eisenhower's policy - Ended treatment of NA as a sovereign Nation - Full cultural Assimilation of NA
30
Termination
1953 - 1960 - Eisenhower's policy - Ended treatment of NA as a sovereign Nation - Full cultural Assimilation of NA
31
Indian Vocational Training Act
1956 | - US law to encourage NA to leave their reservations
32
Red Power
- Emerged in 1960's
33
National Indian Youth Council
1961 1960's - NIYC worked to preserve fishing rights The 1970s - NIYC focused on environmental concerns and aided tribes suffering from the adverse effects of contamination from coal strip mining and uranium mining. - The NIYC focused on improving public education and job training for NA promoting religious freedom, and increasing political participation
34
Indian Civil Rights Act
1968 | - E - Improved NA living conditions
35
Affirmative Action
1968 - Nixons - Nixons pledge to restore lost land
36
Siege of Alcatraz
1969
37
American Indian Movement (AIM)
1968 - centered in urban areas to address systematic issues of poverty -
38
Native American Rights Fund = NARF What were the court cases the handled ?
1970 - NA CR group used the courts to gain - 1974 Oneida Tribe v Oneidaa County - 1976 Fisher v Montana - 1980 Us v Sioux Nation - 1988 Carrier v Bell
39
Trail of Broken Treaties
1972 - AIM occupied the BIA - violence between NA and US guards
40
Title VII
1972 | - Employment preference for NA in the BIA
41
Indian Education Act
1972 | - FUnds for NA schools substantially increased
42
Indian Policy Review Commission
1975
43
Oneida State v Oneida Nation
1975 | - Result - Oneida tribe had their land returned
44
Fisher v Montana
1976 | - Tribes allowed to decide on adoption parents
45
Religious Freedoms Act
1978 | - Allowed NA to practise their own religion
46
Women of All Red Nations
1974 - 300 women from 30 tribes - worked for NA health and restoring treaty rights - fought commercialization of NA culture
47
Indian Child Welfare Act
1978 | - Gave tribes the right to decide on adoption
48
Reagan
The 1980s - NA capitalism - Aimed to make NA self-sufficient
49
United States v Sioux Nation
1980 - SC ruled Sioux were entitled to financial compensation for the Black Hills of Dakota - Refused it
50
Seminole v Butterworth
1982 | - Ruled Seminole could run a Bingo Bussiness on their Reservation
51
Carrier v Bell
1988 | - All NA artifacts found in Louisiana county were to be returned to the tribes
52
Graves Act
1990 | - NA artifacts in museums must be returned
53
NA languages Act
1990 | - Allowed the use of NA languages as a medium of instruction in schools
54
Occupation of Pine Ridge
1973 | - Protesting against BIA and the broken treaties
55
Longest Walk
1978 - Final event of the Red Power Movement - NA marched from San Fran to Washington DC to symbolize the forced removal of NA form their homeland through Trail of Tears
56
Indian Self Determination Act
1975 P - Gove abandoned the policy of assimilation - Tribes free to govern themselves and could negotiate contracts - E - gave NA funds to work towards self sufficiency
57
Indian Healthcare Improvement Act
1976 | - medicine scholarships for NA
58
Great Society Programme
1963 | - Aimed to improve NA lives
59
National Council of Indian Opportunity
- Improve education, provide adequate housing and give legal help
60
Medicine Lodge Treaty
1967 | - Created a reservation Oklahoma for five NA tribes
61
Porter v Hall
1928 | - limited NA vote in Arizona

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