Native Americans

Question 1

Who were the Native Americans?

Answer 1

Native American tribes named Indians by Christopher Columbus in 1492 inhabited the North American continent for thousands of years before the White European settlers arrived.

At the beginning of the 19th century 86 independent tribes many large enough to be considered ‘Nations’ existed.

Question 2

What was impact of military expansion on the Native Americans?

Answer 2

Increasingly Native Americans were forced to change

Question 3

What was the impact of white settlement from 1850 onwards on Native Americans?

Answer 3

1850s onward - took their lands and displaced them

Question 4

What was the impact of the Treaty system ending in 1871 on Native Americans?

Answer 4

Stopped recognition of independent tribes

Question 5

What was the impact of the Dawes Act in 1887?

Answer 5

Recognises Native Americans as families and not tribes

Question 6

What was the impact of the Indian Affairs Policy on Native Americans?

Answer 6

Designed to ‘civilise’ Native Americans through boarding schools, to destroy their culture

Question 7

What was Westwards Expansion?

Answer 7

White settlers pushed Westwards beyond the natural frontier of the Appalachian Mountains, the Indians were gradually removed from their traditional lands - this was a result of the Gold Rush in 1840

Displaces Native Americans to worse land, away from their ancestral land

Question 8

What was the impact of Westwards Expansion on Native Americans?

Answer 8

The Westwards expansion of the US frontier from the early decades of the nineteenth century onwards was a significant factor in radically changing the way of life of the Indians

Displaced Native Americans to worse land, away from there ancestral land

Question 9

What was the American Civil War?

Answer 9

Outbreak of the civil war in 1861 affected the tribal life of the Plains Indians by 1865

War increased federal territories

Homestead Act, 1862, - 160 acres owned by white Americans

Question 10

What was the impact of the American Civil War on Native Americans?

Answer 10

Native Americans lacked protection and were restricted due to the war

Question 11

What was the Union Pacific Railway?

Answer 11

By 1865, the construction of the Union Pacific Railway was underway

This was a result of the federal governments determination to develop and expand their existing railway network in the East so that it stretched from coast to coast

Question 12

What was the impact of the Union Pacific Railway on Native Americans?

Answer 12

Effected he Native Americans as it cut through their ancestral land

Disrupted the buffalo herds - 300 million to around 300. This meant that many Native Americans were now without a food source and would die, fundamentally changing the way NA lived

Question 13

What is ‘Manifest Destiny’?

Answer 13

The 19th century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the United States throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable

Conflicted with the view of Native Americans creating tension between conflicting races and cultures

Question 14

What was Westwards Expansion?

Answer 14

White settlers pushed Westwards beyond the natural frontier of the Appalachian Mountains, the Indians were gradually removed from their traditional lands - this was a result of the Gold Rush in 1840

Displaces Native Americans to worse land, away from their ancestral land

Question 15

What was the impact of Westwards Expansion on Native Americans?

Answer 15

The Westwards expansion of the US frontier from the early decades of the nineteenth century onwards was a significant factor in radically changing the way of life of the Indians

Displaced Native Americans to worse land, away from there ancestral land

Question 16

What was the American Civil War?

Answer 16

Outbreak of the civil war in 1861 affected the tribal life of the Plains Indians by 1865

War increased federal territories

Homestead Act, 1862, - 160 acres owned by white Americans

Question 17

What was the impact of the American Civil War on Native Americans?

Answer 17

Native Americans lacked protection and were restricted due to the war

Question 18

What was the Union Pacific Railway?

Answer 18

By 1865, the construction of the Union Pacific Railway was underway

This was a result of the federal governments determination to develop and expand their existing railway network in the Easy so that it stretched from coast to coast

Question 19

What was the impact of the Union Pacific Railway on Native Americans?

Answer 19

Effected he Native Americans as it cut through their ancestral land

Disrupted the buffalo herds - 300 million to around 300. This meant that many Native Americans were now without a food source and would die, fundamentally changing the way NA lived

Question 20

What is ‘Manifest Destiny’?

Answer 20

The 19th century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the United States throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable

Conflicted with the view of Native Americans creating tension between conflicting races and cultures

Question 21

Arguments Native Americans did benefit from the Gilded Age:

Answer 21

Education provided gave some NAs the opportunity to find better jobs with some working for the Indian Agency and others as interpreters or scouts in the army.

Some NAs used reservations to set up farming communities

Dawes Act turned some NAs into landowners giving them full rights as US citizens

Question 22

Arguments that Native Americans didn’t benefit from the Gilded Age:

Answer 22

By 1885 the extinction of the buffalo and the seizure of most NA land had destroyed the NAs traditional lifestyle and confined them to reservations

Reservation life was a failure

Government subsidies were insufficient and were often cut when there were national priorities

Atrocities were committed like the massacres at Wounded Knee in 1890

Education on the reservations was often poor quality

Most NAs were unable to adapt to the allotment policy - women in tribes lost status after the allotment policy as land was given to men of the family

Question 23

Arguments the New Deal did improve the position of Native Americans:

Answer 23

Indian Reorganisation Act of 1934 gave NAs greater role in the administration of reservations - act was turning point as first attempt by whites to protect NAs right to practice their own religion and assert their cultural identity

Children were allowed to attend local schools and learn about NA culture

Act ended the allotment policy

Federal government funding was provided to improve training in agricultural skills and better medical facilities

Reforms helped to create a greater respect for Native American culture and there were economic benefits too

Question 24

When was the Indian Reorganisation Act?

Answer 24

1934 - also known as Wheeler-Howard Act

Question 25

Argument the New Deal didn't improve the position of Native Americans:

Answer 25

Poverty of NAs was so great that these measures did little to relive their situation Only 39% of NAs voted for the IRA Improvements were not maintained after WW2 so they were only short term IRA was heavily diluted by Congress Insufficient federal funds to buy back former reservations lands and seizures of land valuable to whites continued despite the IRA

Question 26

When did the policy of termination begin?

Answer 26

1953

Question 27

What did the policy of termination mean?

Answer 27

Returned Native American reservation land to local governments

Question 28

When was the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) founded?

Answer 28

1960

Question 29

When was the National Advisory Council on Indian Education founded?

Answer 29

1965

Question 30

What was the National Advisory Council on Indian Education?

Answer 30

Aimed to increase literacy tests and any measures designed to prevent black people from voting

Question 31

When did the policy of termination end?

Answer 31

1966

Question 32

When was the Indian Resources Development Act?

Answer 32

1967

Question 33

What was the Indian Resources Development Act?

Answer 33

Allowed Native American tribes to sell and mortgage their land

Question 34

Arguments that the actions of Native Americans themselves contributed nothing to the advancement of their civil rights:

Answer 34

NAs were essentially at the mercy of whites' policy towards them: westward expansion 1851-90 destroyed their traditional lifestyle by wiping out the buffalo and seizing most of their land. NAs were divided about what "civil rights" actually meant First attempt to set up an Indian Civil Rights Group, the Society of American Indians, failed in 1911 b/c of tribal divisions and those for and against assimilation Whites ignored NAs views Any rights they gained were the result of federal legislation or by favourable Supreme Court decisions Red Power was arguably a less popular and less effective form of Black Power

Question 35

Arguments that the actions of Native Americans themselves did contribute to the advancement of their civil rights:

Answer 35

NAs were attempting organised political resistance from an early stage like the Muskogee Convention Federal government policy was often a reaction to Native Americans attitudes Contribution of NAs in both World Wars is widely recognised NCAI and NARF used legal action to promote NA civil rights Red Power and the occupation movement of the 1970s proved AIM to be a strong force, gained international media attention and inspired many more NAs to fight for land rights

Question 36

Arguments the policies of the federal government failed to support the civil rights of Native Americans:

Answer 36

Fed gov policy 1851-90 during the Indian Wars was to subject them militarily to white control and seize their land; this + the slaughter of the buffalo by 1885 destroyed NAs' traditional lifestyle Dawes Act 1887 - tried to break up their tribal structure by dividing up their land into individual or family allotments Supreme Court decided in the Lone Wolf v Hitchcock case 1903 that whites could take NA land without consulting them Indian Boarding schools like the one at Carlisle aimed to destroy NA culture by separating children from their families and forcing them to change their religion, language, clothes and lifestyle Indian Citizenship Act 1924 was part of the assimilation policy and in any case the federal government made no effort that NAs' right to vote was actually enforced in the states Despite IRA land seizures continued Government support for NAs declined when the USA entered WW2 in 1941, marking the effective end of the IRA Termination policy of the 1950s marked a return to forcible assimilation after the more sympathetic IRA Fed gov sympathy and support for NAs declined in the 1980s and NAs were hit by increased unemployment and poverty

Question 37

Arguments the policies of the Federal Government did support the civil rights of Native Americans:

Answer 37

Indian Citizenship Act could be seen as a genuine effort by the fed gov to give NAs civil rights which were thwarted by states using poll taxes and literacy tests to disenfranchise them Collier's IRA ended the allotment policy, banned the further sale of NA land and said any unallotted land not yet sold should be retuned From the end of Termination in 1968 fed gov policy became much more sympathetic, finally abandoning forcible assimilation Supreme Court made a series of judgements in favour of NAs

Question 38

How did the Federal Government force assimilation?

Answer 38

Reservation Policy - attempt to assimilate through education and other policies, controlled by fed gov as an Indian Agent was appointed to each reservation

Question 39

When was the Dawes Act?

Answer 39

1887

Question 40

What was the aim of the Dawes Act?

Answer 40

Tried to break up their tribal structure by dividing up their land into individual or family allotments

Question 41

When was Lone Wolf v Hitchcock?

Answer 41

1903

Question 42

What was Lone Wolf v Hitchcock?

Answer 42

Supreme Court decided in the Lone Wolf v Hitchcock case 1903 that whites could take NA land without consulting them

Question 43

What was the purpose of Indian Boarding Schools?

Answer 43

Indian Boarding schools like the one at Carlisle aimed to destroy NA culture by separating children from their families and forcing them to change their religion, language, clothes and lifestyle

Question 44

When was the Indian Citizenship Act?

Answer 44

1924

Question 45

What was the Indian Citizenship Act?

Answer 45

Indian Citizenship Act 1924 was part of the assimilation policy and in any case the federal government made no effort that NAs' right to vote was actually enforced in the states

Question 46

What were the Plains Wars?

Answer 46

The Plains War was ultimately a series of clashes the main of which were Little Crow's war (Sioux 1862), Cheyenne uprising of 1863, Red Clouds War 1867 (Sioux) and the Winter Campaign of 1868 against the Cheyenne

Question 47

When were the Plains Wars?

Answer 47

1862-1868

Question 48

What was the Reservation Policy?

Answer 48

Reaction to the Plains War + their belief in manifest destiny the government policy was adopted to 'Americanise' the Indians, who were considered savages In order to achieve this tribal bonds + the traditional communal lifestyle had to be destroyed

Question 49

Impact of the Reservation Policy:

Answer 49

Many of the tribes were now forced to relocate onto small portions of their former homelands Late 19th century Indian Policy was based on the assumption that the NAs would become farmers, Christians + citizens In 1870, Supreme Court ruled that congress had power to supersede or even annul the treaties within the Indian tribes 1885, Congress passed the Indian Appropriation Act taking away the right of tribal governments to operate under their own traditional + customary laws and extended federal law to the reservations under the Major Crimes Act of the same year

Question 50

Aims of the Reservation Policy:

Answer 50

Goal was to make white men of them, to weaken + destroy their tribal relations and individualise them by giving them a separate home, break up the community system

Question 51

Education Policy towards NAs:

Answer 51

Education for NA children was not seen as a right but as a part of the process of Americanisation and the destruction of tribal culture Clear intention was to purge young people of their tribal lifestyle

Question 52

What was education like in reservations?

Answer 52

Education in the reservation schools was usually poor quality + money was sometimes taken by the Indian agents Curriculum was limited + included English, reading, writing and basic arithmetic

Question 53

Types of schools:

Answer 53

In addition to the government there was also private charitable organisations which became involved like the Indian Rights Association They were often critical of the government organisations like the Board of Indian Commissioners

Question 54

What was the Dawes Act?

Answer 54

Decision was taken by Congress to divide up the reservation lands into Homesteads and allocate these to NA families in the hope this would break up the tribal culture

Question 55

What was the Ghost Dance?

Answer 55

Considered a religion - would bring back the Buffalo, get rid of white men + bring back dead souls Desperate attempt to try + halt progression

Question 56

What was the Massacre of Wounded Knee?

Answer 56

150 women + children died Lost control of their troops as they opened fire at women + children whilst they tried to take cover

Question 57

When was the Massacre of Wounded Knee?

Answer 57

1890

Question 58

When was the Society of American Indians founded?

Answer 58

1911

Question 59

What was the Society of American Indians?

Answer 59

in 1911, a group of fifty educated American Indian men + women joined together to form the SAI SAI was the first attempt at establishing an inter-tribal pressure group with the purpose of campaigning for improvement in education + better health care

Question 60

Impact of the Society of American Indians?

Answer 60

Impact was limited partly by a shortage of funds to challenge discrimination in the courts but largely because of the lack of mass support from NAs themselves SIA members themselves were not united in their vision for the future of the NA people - majority believed that assimilation was the only route to real improvement

Question 61

When was the Curtis Act?

Answer 61

1898

Question 62

What was the Curtis Act?

Answer 62

An amendment to the Dawes Act - obviously entitled the Act for Protection of the People of Indian Territory Key feature of the act was that it authorised the application of the allotment system to the five 'civilised' tribes of Oklahoma, basically ending the independence of those tribes by removing their right to be subject to their own lands + government Curtis Act proposed the termination of the right of these tribes to be self-governing by 1906 Tribes responded with the Muskogee Convention in 1905 where they proposed a separate state called Sequoyah which would cover their lands - Congress rejected the proposal

Question 63

Impact of the Curtis Act?

Answer 63

Between 1898 + 1907 100,000 NAs from Oklahoma were assigned land under the allotment policy + a further 2 million acres of former NA land were opened up for white settlements

Question 64

Impact of WW1 on NAs:

Answer 64

Approximately 10,000 NA men fought in the war + gained recognition by the government for their bravery They were not segregated in separate units and so had the opportunity to integrate with white Americans

Question 65

Impact of the Indian Citizenship Act (1924):

Answer 65

In some senses the act did empower the NAs as citizenship technically gave rights nevertheless it could be argued the act made little difference By 1924, number of NAs who had the right to vote had increased to almost 2/3 of the NA population - partly due to inter-marriage but largely as a result of the allotment system under the Dawes Act of 1887 Extension of the vote to Indians on the reservations in 1924 was therefore more about assimilation than empowerment

Question 66

When was the Meriam Report?

Answer 66

1928

Question 67

What was the Meriam Report?

Answer 67

Report was the result of 2 years research by a group of social scientists under Lewis Meriam Report condemned the allotment policy of the Dawes Act for depriving the American Indians of the land and failing to provide support Recommended that the government should prioritise the economic + social advancement of the Indians so they could be absorbed into the prevailing society with at least a minimum standard of health + decency

Question 68

Impact of the Meriam Report?

Answer 68

President Hoover supported the findings and appointed a new Indian Commissioner, Charles Rhoads to put together a reform package - this included the closure of off reservation schools + the improvement of schools on the reservation + improved medical funding Nothing was done to address the issue of allotted land

Question 69

Cultural Impact of the Wheeler Howard Act on NAs:

Answer 69

Reforms helped to create greater respect for the NA culture Indian Reorganisation Act gave NAs the right to practice their own religion + assert their cultural identity

Question 70

Economic Impact of the Wheeler Howard Act on NAs:

Answer 70

Poverty was so great, the measure, did little to relieve it Act stopped the sale of NA lands Insufficient funds Indian Reorganisation Act of 1934 gave NAs a greater role in the administrations of their reservations

Question 71

When was the Indian Reorganisation Act?

Answer 71

1934

Question 72

Social Impact of the Wheeler Howard Act on NAs:

Answer 72

Training in farming was provided + better medical services were enforced Their children were allowed to attend schools + learn about NA culture - off reservation was banned

Question 73

Political Impact of the Wheeler Howard Act on NAs:

Answer 73

NAs saw the policy of democracy as alien + part of the 'white man's culture' Greater involvement in the Indian Bureau Tribes that still lived on the reservations were once again led by the tribal councils + helped encourage tribal loyalties NAs didn't have independent courts

Question 74

Who became commissioner for Indian Affairs in 1933:

Answer 74

John Collier

Question 75

Aims of John Collier:

Answer 75

Wanted NA reservations to be permanent, sovereign homelands Centrepiece of his new policy = 1934 IRA which ended policy of allotment, banned further sale of Indian land and decreed that any un-allotted land not yet sold should be retuned to tribal control Collier by directing New Deal funds towards the regeneration of Indian Reservations, successfully encouraged a renewed respect for NA culture + traditions

Question 76

Impact of WW2:

Answer 76

WW2 further damaged the Indian New Deal - BIA office moved from Washington to Chicago in 1942 + budget was cut as federal resources were devoted to more urgent war-related activities Experience of war transformed lives + attitudes of NAs - 350,000 NAs in Us in 1941, 25,000 served in armed forces, higher proportion than any other ethnic minority 40,000 NA's worked in war-related industries. For many, this involved a permanent relocation to the cities + a willingness to assimilate into mainstream white culture Collier himself recognised that the fed gov would need to change its NA policy fundamentally as result of war War accelerated the migration of NAs into towns + cities

Question 77

Arguments WW2 was a turning point for NAs:

Answer 77

100,000 NAs left the reservations 25,000 NAs served in armed forces 75,000 moved to urban areas to work Integrated more in the cities than had done on reservations National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) formed in 1944 - united NA in protest Over next 10 years the NCAI copied the actions of the NAACP + worked through the courts to challenge discrimination in employment + education WW2 began process of urbanisation

Question 78

Arguments WW2 was not a turning point for NAs:

Answer 78

For those who remained on the reservations it was a time of great hardship as resources were poured into the war Many returning NA soldiers were effectively forced back onto the reservations at the end of the war Many munitions workers were also driven back to the reservations by prejudice + discrimination

Question 79

When was the Indian Claims Commission?

Answer 79

1946

Question 80

What was the Indian Claims Commission?

Answer 80

First step towards terminating reservations came in 1946 when Congress, in part to reward NAs for contribution to the war, set up Indian Claims Commission ICC set up to hear Indian claims for any lands stolen from them since creation of USA in 1776 Commission was initially supported by the NCAI because they welcomed a federal initiative to deal with long standing grievances. Clear Commission would provide only financial compensation + not return any lands

Question 81

When was the start of the Policy of Termination?

Answer 81

1953

Question 82

What was the Policy of Termination?

Answer 82

August 1953, Congress endorsed House Concurrent Resolution 108 which is widely regarded as the principle statement of the termination policy Many NAs were alarmed about Termination but termination proved hard to resist Termination would open up yet more valuable NA land + resources to white purchases - coincidently at a time when there was increasing interest shown by timber + mining companies in NA lands

Question 83

When did Termination end?

Answer 83

1968

Question 84

What was the End of Termination?

Answer 84

Pace of termination slowed in the mid 1950s as it became clear that many NAs had not been properly consulted and few fully understood its implications In the 1960s, policy was abandoned - NAs now had highest rates of illiteracy, disease + unemployment in US

Question 85

Impact of Urbanisation of NAs:

Answer 85

Impact of termination was small - affected just over 13,000 out of a total NA population of 400,000, only about 3% of reservation land was lost Caused huge anxiety amongst NAs Had the ironic result of stimulating the formation of 'Red Power' protest movement of the 1960s By 1960, around 60,000 NAs had left the reservations + gravitated mainly to the cities nearest their reservations - Chicago, San Fran, Oakland + Oklahoma

Question 86

Impact of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s on the NCAI:

Answer 86

During 1960s, the National Congress of American Indians had some civil rights success in the courts + obtained a pledge from Kennedy to develop the human and natural resources of the reservations NCAI's legal approach suggested working within the US system + went against many in the movement who still wanted to resist assimilation

Question 87

Impact of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s on the NIYC:

Answer 87

National Indian Youth Council (NICY) was set up in 1961 NICY took a more active role in protest + in 1964 hundreds of NAs gathered in Washington for recognition in LBJ's war on poverty NICY brought court cases with some success

Question 88

When was the NICY set up:

Answer 88

1961

Question 89

When was AIM set up:

Answer 89

1968

Question 90

Impact of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s on AIM:

Answer 90

Inspired by the Black Power movement the American Indian Movement (AIM) was established in 1968 beginning the more radical emergence of the Red Power movement

Question 91

Red Power:

Answer 91

In response to the emerging black power movement red power began to be used Engaged in a number of high profile activities to gain media attention + also benefitted from the momentum of other protest movements

Question 92

Methods of Red Power:

Answer 92

Engaged in a number of high profile activities to gain media attention + also benefitted from the momentum of other protest movements By 1968, protest was growing strongly particularly among younger NAs In 1968, NAs in Washington state asserted their old treaty rights to fish in the Columbia river - a 'fish in' was staged after the state supreme court failed to uphold these rights Same year the AIM movement began their own version of the 'patrol the pigs' campaign wearing red berets + jackets and monitoring police activity - as a result there was a decline in arrests of young NA offenders Combined with a more vigorous pursuit of the return of Native sovereignty in the courts and campaigned for the return of tribal lands

Question 93

When was the Siege of Alcatraz?

Answer 93

1969

Question 94

What was the aims of the Siege of Alcatraz?

Answer 94

In 1969, the quest for sovereignty reached now + defiant heights when fourteen Indian men + women from all tribes, occupied the deserted prison on Alcatraz island in San Francisco Bay Led by the young + charismatic Richard Oakes with negotiations carried out by Adam Fortunate Eagle Island had belonged to the Ohlone Indians before being made a prison in the 18th Century - now deserted the NAs campaigned for its return pointing out the government had brought Manhatten Island from the NAs for $24 in beads + cloth. This was therefore the same amount they offered for the island. When this was refused 80 NAs occupied Alcatraz.

Question 95

Significance of the Siege of Alcatraz:

Answer 95

Siege failed to regain Sovereignty of the Island but it received huge media attention Lasted until June 1971 making it a very long running news issue Reminiscent of the cinematic struggles of the westerns only now with American Indians as heroes Spread beyond American to the international news raising awareness of NA land issues + poverty Stirred up young NAs and led to more land claims under the leadership of AIM During the occupation around 10,000 NAs visited the Island Could be seen as an influential factor in the reappraisal of government policy in the 1970s Inspired a wave of other occupations across the nation

Question 96

When was the Occupation of Mount Rushmore?

Answer 96

1971

Question 97

When did AIM take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington DC?

Answer 97

1972

Question 98

When was the Occupation of Wounded Knee?

Answer 98

1973

Question 99

What was the Occupation of Mount Rushmore?

Answer 99

Attempt to reassert the disputed ownership of the sacred burial grounds on the Lakota Sioux Indians Protesters were eventually evicted, yet NAs subsequently laid claim to the Black Hills by setting up camps there Ownership of the territory is still disputed Brought issue of NA land to the forefront of the governments minds Attracted media attention

Question 100

What was the significance of the AIM takeover of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington DC?

Answer 100

With a presidential election imminent, its purpose was to raise awareness of the plight of NAs as a result of their unjust treatment since the middle of the 19th century Violence was used Although it was intended as a peaceful protest the marches found themselves without accommodation in the city + so occupied the offices of the BIA

Question 101

What was the significance of the Occupation of Wounded Knee?

Answer 101

It was the sight of the 1890 massacre of the Sioux + was therefore a highly evocative place for all the Indians Violent occupation of the Hamlet of the Wounded Knee lasted for 71 days + involved resistance to federal marshals, FBI agents + military personnel Use violent + radical tactics Acted out with full media coverage from across the USA and the World Ended with a negotiated settlement

Question 102

Nixon's view on NAs:

Answer 102

8th July, Nixon delivered his presidential message to congress in which he criticised the treatment of NAs since the mid-19th Century Nixon particularly condemned the termination policy + called on Congress to recognise the poverty + stress caused on NAs - as a result termination was ended in 1969

Question 103

Nixon's positive attitudes for NAs:

Answer 103

Termination was ended in 1969 In 1969, Nixon appointed Louis R Bruce Jnr as Commission for Indian Affairs In 1970, the pledge to return Indian lands began with a number of laws authorising the return of tribal lands to the Makah and the Taos Pueblo Indians Some Indian Nations which had lost official status as a result of termination regained this giving them access to the federal courts - cultural identity regained In 1972, NAs were given preferential employment rights in the Bureau of Indian Affairs to ensure greater Indian leadership of funding Nixon put greater emphasis on the improvement of education and the 1972 Indian Education Act involved a substantial increase in federal funding for NA schools

Question 104

NAs attitude to Nixon:

Answer 104

Nixon was very popular with NAs however his impeachment in 1974 came before any real progress had been made in the big claims between the tribes + the federal government

Question 105

What was NARF?

Answer 105

Native American Rights Fund founded in 1970 to defend the rights of Native Americans and to preserve tribal culture + a way of life In early cases they were concerned with hunting + fishing cases however this soon expanded to land claims Fought for voting rights + the freedom of worship + burial rights to preserve traditional culture

Question 106

What was the 1974 Oneida vs Oneida and Madison Countries New York?

Answer 106

Case brought before the SC to establish the right of the Oneida tribe to sue for the return of their lands through the SC

Question 107

What was won at the 1974 Oneida vs Oneida and Madison Countries New York?

Answer 107

Court decided in their favour, opening the flood gate for land claims from other tribes, especially in the East

Question 108

When was the Oneida vs Oneida and Madison Countries New York?

Answer 108

1974

Question 109

When was Fisher vs Montana?

Answer 109

1976

Question 110

What was one at Fisher vs Montana?

Answer 110

Secured the right of tribal courts to decide on all cases relating to the adoption of Indian Children Beginning of a number of actions to secure the stability of Indian families + giving them the right to decide on all matters relating to adoption + foster care

Question 111

When was United States vs the Sioux Nation?

Answer 111

1980

Question 112

What was won at the United States vs the Sioux Nations?

Answer 112

SC ruled that the Sioux Indians were entitled to compensation totalling $17.5 million and an additional 5% interest per year since 1877 for loss of black hills Sioux refused to accept money preferring instead the return of their land

Question 113

When was Seminole Tribe vs Butterworth?

Answer 113

1982

Question 114

What was won at Seminole Tribe vs Butterworth?

Answer 114

SC ruled that the tribe had the right to establish gambling enterprises on their reservation lands even if gambling enterprises were banned by state laws

Question 115

When was Charrier vs Bell?

Answer 115

1986

Question 116

What was Charrier vs Bell?

Answer 116

NARF lawyers secured the agreement of the court that remains dug from the ground in Louisiana belonged to the NA community Over 30 states passed laws protecting Indian burial grounds + remains requiring them to be treated with respect