Native Americans Flashcards
1
Q
Which animal is essential to the Indians way of life?
A
Buffalo
2
Q
What did they use buffalo for?
A
Resources
3
Q
Indians belived in a great spirit what was it called?
A
Wakan Tanka
4
Q
Name one of the main Indian tribes.
A
The Sioux
5
Q
Who was in charge of a tribe?
A
Chief
6
Q
Name a famous tribal leader.
A
Crazy horse
7
Q
What was the purpose of a brotherhood?
A
To train and protect eachother
8
Q
What shape was important to Indians?
A
Circle
9
Q
What did horses allow the Indians to do?
A
Travel and hunt
10
Q
Why was land important to Indians?
A
They belived it was sacred
11
Q
What activities of settlers did Indians find disrespectful?
A
Mining
12
Q
What was counting coup?
A
Touching your enemy instead of killing them
13
Q
When was the Indian Removal Act?
A
1830
14
Q
What did the Indian Removal Act do?
A
Removed 46,000 Indians to the west of the Mississippi River
15
Q
When was US victory in the Mexican-American War?
A
1848
16
Q
How did victory in the war affect the plains?
A
Sandwiched them in the middle of the USA
17
Q
What was the Permanent Indian Frontier?
A
Separated Whites and Indians
18
Q
When was the Permanent Indian Frontier established?
A
1834
19
Q
The Indians Appropriations Act of 1851 did what?
A
Gave Indians money to help them settle into new land
20
Q
What employment did the US government hope the Indians would take up?
A
Farming
21
Q
What was Manifest Destiny?
A
Gods fate allowed the Indians believe it was okay for them to own land
22
Q
What was a tipi?
A
A nomandic lifestyle home
23
Q
What is a travois?
A
A way of carrying tipis around when travelling
24
Q
Indians practised polygamy, what does this mean?
A
Having more than one wife
25
Where did the Plain Indians find spirits?
In all living things
26
Why was high land (like mountains) important to the Plain Indians?
They believed it was closer to the spirit world
27
Give an example of land that was very sacred to the Plain Indians
The Black Hills of Dakota
28
Why were tipis round?
Tipis had a circle base and the circle was a very important shape to the Indians as they believed everything worked in circles.
29
How did the Plains Indians contact the spirits?
Through vision
30
How did boys gain their adult names?
They went to the sweat lodge, pray and fast for days
31
Why were dances important to the Plain Indians?
They believed they could reach the spirit world through dancing
32
What was the sun dance?
The sun dance was the most important ceremony of the year and was led by the medicine man. They tortured themselves and hoped to get guidance about they question they had asked.
33
Give an example of another name for a medicine man
Shaman - could interpet the visions of the younger men. Could contact the spirits of living things
34
What was the Indians attitude to land?
They believed they were part of the land. Such land owned could not be owned by individuals
35
What did Indians believe in dying in battle?
They did not believe that dying in battle was heroic. They believed it was more important to return back home alive.
36
What did the Indians take home as evidence to prove their success in battle?
Scalps
37
What would happen to a warrior if they lost their scalp?
They would be sent to the 'afterlife' and have to fight there
38
What sorts of weapons were used?
- Bows & arrows
- Spears
- War clubs
- Knifes
- Shields of buffalo hide
- Tomahawke (axe)
- Muskets
39
Give 3 examples for the importance of buffalos
- Provided resources
- Provided plenty of food
- Considered a gift from the great spirit
40
What sorts of resources was the buffalo used for?
- weapons
- sinews
- clothing
- shoes
- wool
- tipis
41
Who were the 3 m's (people to emigrate west)
- Mountain men (first group to cross the plains)
- mormons
- miners
42
What was 'The great emigration'?
900 pioneers made the dangerous journey west
43
Who was Joseph Smith?
Joseph Smith was the founder of the mormon religion. He found the gold plates with the testements on. He was believed to be visited by one of Gods angels (Moroni).
44
What were the 3 states the Mormons visited before reaching Salt lake city?
- Kirtland (economic crash)
- Nauvoo (polygony)
- Missouri (huge threat)
45
When was the California Gold Rush?
1848/9
46
What were the positives of the Gold Rush in 1848/9?
- Saloons (more money for the buisness and owners)
| - Miners has somewhere to live
47
What were the negatives of the Gold Rush in 1848/9?
- Diseases (typhoid, cholera, dysentery and scurvy)
- Tough laws
- Violence was common
- Claim jumping was a very common crime
48
When was the Front Laramie Treaty?
17th September 1851
49
What was the Kansas - Nebraska Act?
2 new terretories behind the Permanent Indian Frontier was created by 1854
50
What was lowlessness?
A time of chaos because people we ignoring the law because there was no one there to enforce it
51
What was claim jumping?
Taking someone else's claim to plot their own land or mine
52
When was the Oregon trail set up?
1836
53
What was the Plain Indians nomandic lifestyle?
Most Plain Indians followed the buffalo migrations through the summer and the autumn. This meant that they had a nomadic (travelling) lifestyle in these months
54
What were the pull factors for moving west?
- Freedom and independence
- Fertile land
- Space
- Oregon trail
- Gold
55
What were the push factors for moving west?
- Collapse of wheat prices
- Overpopulation
- Persecution
- Unemployment
56
Who was the Donner party led by?
Jacob and George Donner
57
Who was included in the Donner party migration?
The Donner party left Missouri for California in May 1846 with 60 wagons and 300 people. The wagon train was well equipped by had more women, elderly people and children then usual.
58
What disaster took place during the Donner Party migration?
At Fort Bridger, a smaller group of about 80 people tried to take a short cut. Four wagons broke, 300 cattle died and one man killed another. They arrived late in Sierra Nevada and were trapped by heavy snow.
59
Who became leader of the Mormons when Joseph Smith died in 1845?
Brigham Young
60
What were the main problems of farming the plains?
- Climate (very hot, dry summers and very cold winters)
- Grasshopper (plagues and other insect pests)
- Weather (thunderstorms and violent winds)
- Lack of trees (very little timber for fencing or building )
- Thick sod (the soil was a tangled mass of grass roots)
- Prairie fires (dry grass burned easily)
- Lack of water (very little surface water and very low rainfall)
61
When did The Fort Laramie Treaty take place?
1851
62
What did the government give the Indians (Fort Laramie)?
Money, $50,000 yearly
63
What did the Indians have to agree to? (Fort Laramie)
- White settlers were allowed to cross the Indian territory
- Railroad surveyors and military posts in Plains territory.
- Not allowed to fight other tribes otherwise money would be taken away
64
What was 2 consequences of Fort Laramie?
- Opened up the West
| - Increased Indian reliance upon US government
65
What would Fort Laramie lead to for the Indians?
first step reservations
66
Where did Brigham Young decide to take the Mormons?
Salt Lake City
67
Why did Brigham Young decide to take the Mormons to Salt Lake City?
It was in Mexico, free from persecution, land no-one else wanted and he researched the route
68
How did Young plan and organise the journey for the Mormons?
- groups of 100 with a leader
- specific roles
- wagons into circles
- pioneer band
- enough food
- winter quarters
- faith
69
How many Mormons were travelling?
15,000
| split into groups of 100
70
Who owned the Salt Lake land?
the church
