Native Policy 1890-1914 India Flashcards
(36 cards)
1
Q
positive
Social reforms in Asia
A
- Calcutta University was the largest in the world by 1900
- Increase in public health and life expectancy, mainly due to improved water supplies - limited cholera and other water-based disease epidemics
- introduction of quinine treatment against malaria
- British brought one language (English) - helps with communication and creates a sense of nationhood
- Curzon ppreserved ancient monuments such as the Taj Mahal
2
Q
positive
Political reforms in Asia
A
Indian Councils Act 1992
- increased number of Indians on Provincial Legislative Councils
- 16 Indians on Imperial Legislative Council
- 39 elected members (all councils)
Partition of Bengal 1905
- Curzon decided should be split into two separate provinces
- East Bengal: maj muslim - meant that muslims had increased representation
- West Bengal: maj Hindu
Morley Minto Reforms / Indian Councils Act 1909
- 135 elected members of all councils (up from 39)
- 60 Indian representatives (27 elected) on Imperial Legislative Council
- minority seats reserved for Muslims to allow minority muslims to have a voice
- Morley appointed 2 Indians to London based groups of advisory and Minto 1 to his circle of advisors
Reunification of Bengal 1911
- Lord Hardinge re-unified Bengal: angered Muslims, satisfied Hindus
3
Q
positive
Economic Reforms Asia
A
- Curzon: set up a new commerce and Industry Department which sponsored research and oversaw the establishment of agricultural banks
- irrigation programme, increase amount of farmable land 8x
4
Q
negative
social policies in Asia
A
- Curzon instituted inquyiry into the state of Indian higher education but failed to include any Indians on inquiry committee
Univiersities Act 1904 - curzon saw educated class as a threat
- limited growth in education and increased gov. oversight
other - racial division - racisst assaults and verbal abuse on lower-class Indians by white population was common
- retaliation: 1897 British Plague comissioner killed
- British rulee helped emphasise divisions within India
5
Q
negative
political policies in Asia
A
- only 3% of ICS indian - entrance difficult as exam was in London and extremley difficult
- 1904: Curzon established Criminal Investigation Department with the aim of providing secret police reports on Indian politcal activities
Partition of Bengal - accentuated tensions between west bengal and Muslim east bengal
- caused terror attacks:
- 1908 two european killed by bomb on the street intended for local judge
- 1909 India Office official shot on the street
Morely Minto Reforms limited - most officials still appointed
- councils were just advisory - did not have an actual say
- Indian members to be elected indirectly by restricted rich and priveleged electorate
capital from calcutta to Delhi - please muslims and angered Hindus
- disconnected from base of INC
- reuinification also deterred support from Muslims as partition had led them to originally believe the British were listening to them
6
Q
negative
economic policies in Asia
A
- famine struck 1899-1900
- this is becuase gov had concentrated on growing cash crops
- Britain divded trade concessions in China between European powers which angered natives: Boxer rebellion 1898
7
Q
negative
military policies in Asia
A
- Britain delcared war on India’s behlaf 1914
- Invasion of Tibet 1903: primitivley armed Tibetans faced up against machine guns and artillery. Led to a massacre
8
Q
positive
economic policies in Egypt
A
- by 1892, exports of cotton and sugar had trebbled
- investment in infrastructure, particularly railways
- Cromer boosted economy by improving communications and invested in irrigation schemes
- construction of Aswan Dam for Nile which enabled a further 400,000 acres of desert to be irrigated with the water from the reservoir, enabling year-round cultivation
- rapid expansion of tourism: became largest industry in Egypt
9
Q
positive
social policies in Egypt
A
- Cromer’s investment in irrigation schemes improved sanitiation and health services
- university founded in Cairo
10
Q
positive
political policies in Egypt
A
- partially elected parliament
- Cromer cutback on beaurocracy
- Cromer appointed Saad Zaghluls Pasha, nationalist as minister for education 1906
- Gorst, brought in more egyptians to government
- 1913: legislative assembly replaced advisory council of laws and general assembly, consisting of 66 elected members and 17 appointed nominees
10
Q
positive
political policies in Sudan
A
- the conquest of Sudan resulted in the downfall of Khartoum was reported to have secured the ‘downfall of the worst tyranny in the world’ which had destroyed Sudanese territory and a population decline of 50% due to famine, disease, persecution and war
11
Q
positive
economic policies in Sudan
A
- Telegraph and railway lines extended to link key areas in Northern Sudan
- Port Sudan opened in 1906: country’s principal outlet to the sea
- 1911: joint gov/private initiative set up Gezira scheme to improve high quality cotton as well as to improve irrigation systems
12
Q
positive
social policies in Sudan
A
- 1899-1902: Kitchener set up ‘Gordon College’ to train young Sudanese for government
13
Q
positive
economic policies in West Africa
A
- 1908: West African gin trade worth £1.2 million (90% went to Nigeria)
14
Q
positive
political policies in West Africa
A
- Lugard’s system of indirect rule gave some power to local emirs and traditional laws not considered barbaric were maintained
15
Q
positive
social policies in West Africa
A
- Jan 1897: Goldie launched humanitarian war against Bida + Ilorin over slave-raiding
16
Q
negative
economic policies in Egypt
A
- Half of Egypt’s revenue went to European bond holders
- British failed to provide jobs for unemployed (didn’t promote cloth making industry)
17
Q
negative
politcal policies in Egypt
A
- 1913 new Legislative assembly was elected by rich landowners rather than ordinary people
- partially elected gov. but all Egyptian gov ministers had support of British advisory who, if they ignored, the Egyptian minister would be dismissed
- Egyptian law slowed down by capitulations which gave foreigners right to be tride at home and any new law had to be approved by respective gov.s
18
Q
negative
social policies in Egypt
A
- Egyptians rarely offered more than a few years of elementary schooling
- 1906 Denshawai incident - clash led to British arresting 52 villagers sentenced 4 to death, 1 life sentence of penal servitude and 26 hard labour + flogging, provoked further backlash to British rule
- 1906 Mass press censorship
- 1909: Eldon Gorst tries to impose tighter censorship of press + penal measures to quell nationalism
19
Q
negative
economic policies in Sudan
A
- establishment of British tax
20
Q
negative
military policies in Sudan
A
- Battle of Omduran: 11,000 killed, 16,000 wounded
- Looting in Khartoum following the battle
20
Q
negative
political policies in Sudan
A
- many feuds and uprisings, refused to pay tax/renounce customs, death penalty used on Sudanese frequently fuelled anti-British sentiment
- Sudanese often brutally treated, Madhist uprisings 1900, 1902-3, 1904, 1908 each followed by a violent wave of British reprisals, often public hangings without trial
21
Q
negative
economic policies in West Africa
A
- 1898: Colonel Cardew (gov of Sierra Leone) introduced new severe tax on dwellings
- net w resistance, responded militarily, ‘scorched earth’ approach, set fire to villages, farms and crops, secured surrender in 1898 but hundreds killed, 97 of chief’s warriors hanged
22
Q
postitive
political policies in East Africa
A
lunatic line furthered reversal of Arab-East African slave trade as many slaves were porters carrying goods to coast. Railway made this practice pointless
22
**positive**
economic policies in East Africa
- construction of 660 mile Lunatic Line in 1896 breathed life into East African economy
- 'created' capital Nairobi
- British built 1200 bridges and invested £5 million
- improved comms and suplied both inland and coastal regions of East Africa with goods and materials
- Colonial Loans and Colonial Stocks Acts of 899 and 1900 facilitated numerous infrastructure projects such as rail links to Africa's interior from the ports such as Mombasa
- railway had annual profit of £60,000
- railway constructed in 1901 meant Kenyan goods could be exported and British goods could be imported to use Kenya as a market
- 12,000 Indian workers were used in construction of the railway giving them employment
- 1913: gov, invests £2.8 million in East Africa for development puposes
- modern agricultural methods implemented and helped make economy more self sufficient
- coffee and maize growing and ranching were flourishing in Kenya as a result of British intervention
- gov created a scheme to get British ex-officers to invest in Kenyan farms
23
**positive**
social policies in East Africa
- steps were being taken towards a multi-racial coutnry where whites were not benefitted as much
24
**postitive**
economic policies in South Africa
- Treaty of Vereeniging May 1902 gave Boers £3 million to revitalise economy after war
- 'Milner's kindergarten' relocated Boers displaced during war and stimulated further economic growth particularly in the gold mines
25
**postitive**
Political policies in South Africa
- laid foundation for Boers to dominate gov in future
- all Afrikaaner prisoners who signed an oath of loyalty to the British crown were freed from the concentration camps
26
**postitive**
social policies in South Africa
- Rhodes in his time as prime minister gave out 'Rhodes scholarships' for Oxford to young people (however limited as mostly granted to those from white, english-speaking countries)
27
**negative**
military policies in East Africa
- 1890 Lugard conquered 'bunyoro' people, used machine guns to brutalise native tribes into signing treaties
28
**negative**
social policies in East Africa
- in Kenya, British saw white man as 'master race'
- thought Black population had ingrained laziness and so believed they should be kept out of Western economy
- Lord Cranworth, 1914 would beat black population if he suspected them of lying or not complying w British rule
29
**negative**
economic policies in East Africa
- Hut tax of 20p per hut
- tax on multiple wives
- 2,500 workers died in construction of Lunatic Line and many eaten by wilderness
- Lunatic Line and rich white settlers took away over 60,000 acres of fertile farmland from native kikuyu people, ensuring impoverishment - granted 'squatters rights' in return for 6 months labour
30
**negative**
Political policies in East Africa
- the Nandi revolt in Kenya 1905 prompted a military sortie resulting in over 1,000 deaths
- British declared zanzibar a protectorate and established Hamad Bin Thuwaini, following his death Britain replaced successor w pro-British Sultan
31
**negative**
Political policies in South Africa
- during 2nd Boer War, 1899, British created concentration camps to hold Boer civilians - 28,000 civilians died, incl. 24,000 children
- Rhodes would put natives to execution without trial, burnt down villages killing all in his way
- 1895, forced natives into an unbeneficial conflict - the immediate response was for Boer gov to begin spending money on armament, setting up conditions for war
- Bloemfontein conference in May June 1899, Milner demanded that the Transvaal grant voting rights to uitlanders - led to 2nd Boer War
32
**negative**
Military policies in South Africa
- during 2nd Boer war, kitchener used barbed wires, burned livestock and farms
- during 2nd Boer War, 1899, British created concentration camps to hold Boer civilians
33
**negative**
Economic policies in South Africa
- brought 64,000 indentured Chinese labourers to SA after 2nd Boer war to work on gold mines (added another layer of racial tension)
