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Natrural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

Extreme natural events that pose a threat to life and risk damaging property. The impacts can be minimised according to the management. They have always occurred on earth, however humans can influence frequency

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2
Q

How are different natural hazards classified?

A

Tectonic hazards e.g. Earthquakes
Atmospheric hazards, such as hurricanes
Geomorphological hazards e.g. Flooding
Biological hazards such as forest fires

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3
Q

Where do natural hazards occur?

A

All across the world, although some areas are more vulnerable to others.

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4
Q

What factors effect hazard in risk?

A 
Deforestation 
Pressure on marginal land
Population growth
Global warming
Urbanisation
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5
Q

How do LIC and HIC countries face different consequences of natural hazards?

A

HIC low death rate high economical costs

LIC low economical costs and high death rates

Longer lasting effects in LIC countries

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6
Q

What is the earths structure?

A

Made up of a core mantle and crust

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7
Q

Name the two types of crust?

A

Continental and oceanic crust

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8
Q

What makes up the tectonic plates?

A

Lithosphere with is broken up into tectonic plates

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9
Q

What is the area called where two plates meet?

A

Plate margin

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10
Q

How do tectonic plate move via convection?

A

The cores temperature is 6,000 degrees which heats up magma. The hot magma is less dense and rises. As it cools it sinks. Build up of lateral pressure carrying plates with them

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11
Q

How do tectonic plates move via ridge push and slab pull?

A

At constructive:
Ocean ridges form high above ocean floor. Beneath mantle melts, magma rises as the plates move apart and cools down to form new plate material. It becomes denser and slides down which cause plates to move away

At destructive:
Denser plate sinks back into mantle under gravity, which pulls rest of plate along with it.

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12
Q

Where are earthquakes found?

A

Constructive and destructive margins
Land and sea
Large band which circles Pacific open is the ‘ ring of fire’

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13
Q

Where are earthquakes found?

A

All 3 types of plate margins

Land and sea

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14
Q

Name two main types of natural hazard

A

Geological (land and tectonic)

Meteorological (weather and climate)

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15
Q

What is a destructive margin?

A

Two plates moving towards each other

When oceanic meets continental the denser oceans is plate is forced down into mantle and destroyed. Creates volcanoes and ocean trenches

Two continental meets the plates collide, the ground is folded and forced upwards to create mountain ranges

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16
Q

What is a constructive margin?

A

Constructive margins are when two plates are moving away from each other. Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap and cool creating new crust

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17
Q

What is a conservative margin?

A

Two plates are moving sideways past each other or are moving in the same direction at different speeds

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18
Q

How are earthquakes formed at destructive plate margins?

A

Tension builds up when one plate gets stuck as it’s moving down past the other into the mantle

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19
Q

How are earthquakes formed at constructive margins?

A

Tension build up along cracks within the plates as they move away from each other

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20
Q

How are earthquakes formed at conservative margins?

A

Tension builds up when plates that are grinding past each other get stuck

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21
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

The point on the earths surface straight above focus

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22
Q

What are the general primary effects of an earthquake?

A

Building and bridges collapse
People are injured and killed
Roads, railways and airports are damaged
Electricity cables gas and water are damaged cutting offf supplies

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23
Q

What are the general secondary effects of an earthquake?

A

Can trigger landslides and tsunamis
Leaking gas can be ignited starting fire
People are left homeless
Shortage of clean water
Blocked and destroyed roads so emergency vehicles trapped
Weaker economy due to price of reconstruction and repair

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24
Q

What are general immediate responses of an earthquake?

A 
Rescue people who are trapped
Recover dead bodies
Put out fires
Temporary shelters
Temporary supplies and aid
Foreign governments make money for charity
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25
What are some general long term responses to an earthquake?
Rehouse people who lost home Repair building Reconnect broken cables
26
What are general primary effects to a volcano?
Building and roads destroyed by lava and pyroclastic flows People and animals injured and killed Crops are damaged Suffocation by volcanic gases
27
What are general secondary effects of a volcano?
Mudflows and landslides cause lot destruction and death Flooding can be cause by hot rock ash and gas melting ice Transport networks are blocked People left homeless Tourism disrupted
28
What are some general immediate responses to a volcano?
``` Evacuate people Provide aid Treat people Rescue Raise money ```
29
What are some general long term responses of a volcano?
Repair and rebuild if possible Reconnect power lines and cables Improve monitoring and evacuation plans Boost the economy
30
Nepal case study LIC CAUSES
It was approx 80km to the northwest of Kathmandu and was very shallow (15km) Occurred due to collision between the Indian plate and the overriding Eurasia plate to the north Indian plate converging with Eurasian at a rate of 45mm/year 25th April 2015
31
Nepal case study LIC BACKGROUND
Nepal is one of poorest countries in world Nepal located in Asia. The Gorkha district is located slightly north of Barpak and 80km north west of Kathmandu . Population of 28million Nepal Nepal had HDI of 0.540-mostly from tourism GDP of $701 per capita 25th April 2015
32
Nepal case study LIC PRIMARY EFFECTS
8,841 dead and 16,800 injured 1 million left homeless 26 hospitals destroyed 50% of all schools destroyed 352 aftershocks, including second earthquake measuring 7.3 magnitude 315,000 cut of by road and 75,000 unreachable by air
33
Nepal case study LIC SECONDARY EFFECTS
Triggered avalanche on Mount Everest 19 died Rice was ruined by rubble
34
Nepal case study LIC IMMEDIATE RESPONSES
Carried out post disaster needs assessment. It reported 23 area required help US$274 million aid committed UK's DEC raised $126 million by sept15 Temporary shelters set up, Red Cross provided tents for 225,000 people
35
Nepal case study LIC LONG TERM RESPONSES
UK gave £83million Dunbar square heritage site opened in June 2015 and Mount Everest in August 2015 with extended permits UK offered 100 search and rescue responders
36
Nepal case study LIC WHY SO BAD?
Nepal is LIC meaning it had no money to repair damages therefore people left suffering Tourism generated there money and the earthquake disrupted this, therefore no income
37
Christchurch Case study HIC CAUSES
New Zealand located on the ring of fire Conservative plate boundary 5km focus depth 2km west of town Lyttelton
38
Christchurch case study HIC BACKGROUND
Population 390,300 6.3 on Richter scale February 22,2011 12:51pm
39
Christchurch case study HIC PRIMARY EFFECTS
``` 182 killed 80% of City no electricity City's main airport closed Main hospital evacuated Water supplies and sewage disposal pipes burst Roads and bridges damaged Liquefaction of ground Historic buildings destroyed ```
40
Christchurch case study HIC SECONDARY EFFECTS
Total damage of $30billion 600 km or roads required remediation Both main campuses evacuated and suspended Softened up buildings so everyone fears for future earthquakes
41
Christchurch case study HIC IMMEDIATE RESPONSES
Government helpline set up for those effected Firefighter using helicopters and giant cranes rescued survivors off roofs and high buildings Chemical toilets provided for 30,000 30million tons of ice broke off New Zealand biggest glacier Rescue teams
42
Christchurch case study HIC LONG TERM RESPONSES
15,00 students from Canterbury university formed volunteer student army Clean up continues for years 57 temporary buildings built by canterbury university By August 80% of roads and 50% of footpaths repaired Insurance companies paid $898 million in building claims
43
Why do people still live in areas at risk from Tectonic hazards?
Always lived there- would mean moving away from family Employed in the area - would have to find a new job Severe earthquakes won't happen again Soil around earthquakes are fertile- attracts farmers Volcanoes are tourist attractions so offers money and employment
44
How can monitoring reduce effects of tectonic hazards?
Network of seismometers and lasers measure play movement and can be used as early warning systems Scientists can measure early signs for example tiny earthquakes, escaping gas, changes in wildlife
45
How can prediction reduce effects of tectonic hazards?
Scientists can prepare the areas by monitoring and predicting worst effected areas Predict when volcano is going to erupt So people have time to evacuate
46
How can protection reduce effects of tectonic hazards?
Buildings can be designed to withstand earthquakes- reinforced concrete or special building structures that absorb energy Strengthening buildings Automatic shut off switches to prevent fires and leaking Rolling weights on roofs, lattice work, shock absorbers, numbering on roofs to identify Dig trenches, artificial barrier
47
How can planning reduce the effects of tectonic hazards?
Emergency services can train and prepare Educated to learns hat to do in the event Practise emergency evacuation routes Stockpile emergency supplies E.g. 'Drop cover and hold on'
48
What are winds?
Large scale movements of air caused by differences in air pressure
49
Where do winds move?
From areas of high pressure to the area of low pressure
50
What temperature must the sea be for a tropical storm to develop?
27 degrees Celsius or higher
51
How are storms made more powerful?
Warm moist air rises and condensation occurs which release huge amounts of energy
52
Why do tropical storms move west?
Easterly winds near the equator
53
Why do storms spin?
The earths rotation deflects the paths Of the winds
54
When do tropical storms lose energy?
Move over land or cooler water
55
Where do most tropical storm occur and why?
5 degrees to 30 degrees north and south of equator any further it isn't warm enough
56
Usually how long do storms last?
7-14 days
57
What is the centre of the storm called?
eye 50 km wide caused by descending air.
58
What are the conditions like in the eye?
Low pressure, light winds, no clouds, no rain and a high temperature
59
What surround the eye?
Eye wall
60
What are the conditions like in the eye wall?
Spiralling rising air, very strong wind- 160km per hour , storm clouds and torrential rains as well as low temperature
61
What are the conditions like near the edges of the storm?
Wind speed falls Clouds are small and sparse Rain less intense Temperature increases
62
How might climate change effect tropical storms?
Global temperature expected to rise meaning more area above 27 degrees so more places experience tropical storms High temperature mean stronger storms leading to more damage
63
Name general primary effects of a tropical storm
``` Building destroyed Rivers and coastal areas flooded Drowning roads and railways destroyed Electricity cables damaged Sewage overflows ```
64
Name some general secondary effects of a tropical storm
``` Left homeless Shortage of clean water Roads are blocked Businesses damaged causing unemployment Livestock killed so shortage of food ```
65
Name some general immediate responses of tropical storms
``` Evacuate people Rescue people Temporary shelters Temporary supplies Disaster response tools Prevent spread of disease ```
66
Name some general long term responses to a tropical storm
``` Repairing damage Improve flood defences More wading systems Promote economic recovery Provide aid Improve building regulation ```
67
Typhoon Haiyan case study KEY INFORMATION
8 November 2013 4.40am Category 5 typhoon struck Philippines Most powerful typhoon to hit Philippines Recorded wind speed of 314km per hour lowest barometric pressure of 895mbar
68
Typhoon Haiyan case study PRIMARY EFFECTS
Winds up to 315km per hour battered home, widespread collapse of buildings Airport badly damaged, no one can get out of country 4.1 million made homeless 1.1 million houses destroyed 1.1 million tonnes of crops destroyed 6,190 died Damage worth US$12 billion
69
Typhoon Haiyan case study SECONDARY EFFECTS
oil barge that ran around Estancia in Holli caused 800,000 litre oil leak and most of this ran ashore contaminating 10 hectares of mangroves and water Looting was popular, 8 died in rice loot stampede By 2014, rice price risen by 11.9% Infection and disease spread
70
Typhoon Haiyan case study RESPONSES
President televised warning which gave time for evacuation 800,000 evacuated which decrease death toll Shelters in stadium in Tacloban but it flooded and they all died Emergency supplies arrived 3 days later Within 2 weeks 1 million food packs had arrived and 250,000 litres of water distributed Mangroves replanted US$88.871 million given X factor single profits went towards US$1.5 billion foreign aid pledges
71
How are tropical storms monitored?
Satellites- global precipitation satellite launched which measure precipitation every three hours 2007 Aircraft- flies at 10,000 feet to collect air pressure, first flew into hurricane in 1943. Release dropsondes which send measurements every second via radio
72
How can planning reduce the risks of tropical storms?
``` Preparing disaster supply kits Having fuel in vehicles Official evacuation shelters Storing loose objects Planning with family what to do ```
73
How can you protect against a tropical storm?
Install hurricane straps between roof and walls Install storm shutters on windows Install emergency generator Tie down wind borne objects such as garden furniture Reinforce garage doors Remove trees close to buildings

Geography (3 decks)

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