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INTP371 > Natural Disasters and Climate Change > Flashcards

Natural Disasters and Climate Change Flashcards

1
Q

Why is Climate Change an important HS issue?

A
  • important to consider what the implications are for the fabric society
  • increasing number of displaced people
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2
Q

In 2016 alone, how many people were displaced by disasters such as floods, storms, and earthquakes?

A

19.2 million

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3
Q

What percentage of the UN budget is allocated to disaster response?

A

20%

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4
Q

The UN spends how much of every $100US on preventing future displacement of people due to disasters?

A

40 cents

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5
Q

What is the mean temperature increase expected for New Zealand by 2090? Give one potential flow on effect.

A

2.1 degrees Celsius. overheating of buildings causing heat stroke

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6
Q

By 2090 what percentage of the current snow depth is the snow expected to be in Central Otago?

A

46-74%

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7
Q

By how much has the sea temperature increased in the last 100 years?

A

0.6 degrees C

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8
Q

By what % did Tuvalu’s fish catch decreased between 2001-6?

A

50%

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9
Q

How many masl is Tuvalu?

A

5masl

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10
Q

how much is the sea level predicted to rise by over the next 100 years?

A

88 cm

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11
Q

How much could climate change adaption cost in Kenya per year by 2030?

A

1-2 billion

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12
Q

How many Africans could be exposed to coastal flooding from rising sea levels by 2080?

A

70 million

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13
Q

Give 3 reasons why climate change could cause conflict.

A
  • drives scarcity
  • heightens competition
  • force multiplier
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14
Q

What is the IPCC’s verdict on climate change as a cause of conflict?

A

believe that there is not enough evidence of causality to support the theories

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15
Q

Give three counter arguments that undermine Climate change as a cause of conflict.

A
  • causation is too far removed
  • securitisation of climate change simply serves a political purpose by building public will for action or justifying inaction
  • Undermines political accountability for more proximate causes
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16
Q

Ioane Tetiota

A
  • From Kiribati which is affected by rising sea levels
  • tried to claim refugee status in NZ
  • key issue was definition of refugee
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17
Q

How does the 1951 refugee convention define a refugee?

A

A refugee is someone “owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of teh protection of the country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or owning to such fear is unwilling to return.”

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18
Q

3 key issues regarding climate change refugees

A
  • setting precedence for others
  • what to do when origin country still exists
  • actual motivations
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19
Q

de Chatel argument

A
  • focuses on Syria
  • argues that it was not the drought that caused the 2011 uprising but rather that government’s failure to respond to the ensuing Humanitarian crisis
  • Climate change argument simply plays into al Assad’s hands
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20
Q

In Syria between March 2011 and July 2013 how many people were killed and displaced?

A

100,000 dead

4.25 million displaced

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21
Q

What could have avoided the 2006-10 droughts in Syria according to de Chatel?

A
  • better water policy and management
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22
Q

give the 2 key factors that caused desertification in Syria?

A
  • Agricultural modernisation

- poor governance

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23
Q

In how many areas did droughts increase in Syria between 1993 and 2013?

A

One

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24
Q

Between 1985 and 2010 what happened to the amount of irrigated land in Syria?

A
  • It doubled
  • 60% of water to do this came from unsustainable supplies
  • 80% of this land was irrigated using flooding methods
  • diesel pumps were used to draw the water from the ground
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25
Q

Name 3 countries other than Syria that experienced drought during 2007/8, but did not experience crisis

A
  • Lebanon
  • Jordan
  • Israel
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26
Q

What was the long time average wheat harvest in Syria?

A

4.7 million tons

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27
Q

What did the Syrian Wheat harvest yield in 2007/8?

A

2.1 million tons

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28
Q

What did the Syrian Wheat harvest yield in 2009/10?

A

3.2 million tons

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29
Q

What percentage of those who were severely affected by the Syria drought survived on bread and sugared tea?

A

80%

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30
Q

During 2008/9 what did the Syrian Government do to fuel subsidies? How did this affect pricing

A
  • subsidies canceled as part of trade liberalization to join WTO
  • fuel increased from $0.14/L to $0.53/L overnight
  • fuel was vital for watering crops
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31
Q

Did IOs want to contribute to the Syrian drought appeal?

A

no

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32
Q

What percentage of Syrian govt. employees only have prep school qualifications?

A

40-60%

low salaries also increase the benefits to be gained by engaging in corruption

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33
Q

Adano et al

A

found that in two districts in Kenya ‘more conflicts and killings take place in seasons of relative abundance’ than in seasons of scarcity

34
Q

Gleditsch

A

argues that the overwhelming evidence suggests there is no link between climate variability and conflict at the state level but there is a more plausible argument for conflict at the intergroup level. However, we must be cautious of the self-fulfilling prophecy

35
Q

Falk

A

argues that an inverse relationship exists between time to adapt to change and the likelihood of conflict

36
Q

Jon Barnett

A
  • argues that concern with climate change and link to international conflict is misplaced
  • the impacts of climate change on security will be less direct and will take more multifarious routes
37
Q

According to Barnett what tends to be the case in countries where well-being is linked to external forces?

A

-they tend to be relatively more unstable and prone to violent conflict

38
Q

According to Barnett conflicts where environmental change appears to be a contributing factor tend to be…

A

within states

39
Q

What advantage do wealthy industrialized nations have with regards to climate change, according to Barnett?

A

institutions that provide stability and resilience to environmental change. Developing nations typically do no have these

40
Q

Impact of Climate change on migration according to Barnett

A
  • most migration internal rather than external

- people rarely migrate for environmental reasons alone

41
Q

Key issue with huge migration

A

can lead to conflict in the area they have migrated to

42
Q

What does Barnett argue it is vital to do to militaries in the face of climate change as a human security threat?

A
  • adapt them
  • they are major emitters and are a source of the problem rather than the solution
  • use them as peacekeepers
43
Q

According to Barnett what was the original aim of enviro security?

A

To expose the inadequacy of military practices but environmental change problems have now been militarized

44
Q

Give 6 reasons why disease can be considered a human security threat:

A
  • Globalization can cause it to spread easily and fast
  • can have economic implications
  • creates fear and panic
  • could be weaponised i.e. biological weapons
  • HS= safety from chronic security threat-> UNDP report
  • Risk of disease exacerbated by warfare and resultant conditions
45
Q

Christian Enemark

A

argues that disease poses a significant HS threat and that placing too much emphasis on individual states interests could detract from international openness and cooperation necessary to resist pandemic influenza most effectively in the long term

46
Q

What cost has an Australian study estimated a mild pandemic would have?

A
  1. 4 million deaths

- $330 billion dollar cost to the global economy in terms of lost economic output

47
Q

Why does Enemark argue there is a case for framing disease as a security issue?

A
  • potential societal consequences

- perceptions of this threat to human health

48
Q

Susan Peterson

A

argues that i “public-health advocates might generate unwanted effects by appealing to the ‘high politics’ of security because this implies that ‘human health is less important than, and can be justified only in terms of its impact on security”

49
Q

Elbe

A

argued that linking HIV/Aids to security ‘could accrue vital economic, social and political benefits for millions of affected people by raising awareness of the pandemic’s debilitating global consequences and by bolstering resources for international AIDs initiatives.”

50
Q

Key technical issue regarding securitising disease

A
  • disease is an issue of human health and employs the tools of medicine and public health to form the most useful response
  • these tools are not necessarily compatible with the measures and institutions of security
51
Q

Are Human rights fixed in cases of Pandemic?

A

No international law allows for flexibility in these cases

52
Q

Key argument as to why disease should not be securitised

A

-risks fueling such exclusionary and dehumanizing responses and could serve as an implicit legitimization of any harsh or unjust ‘emergency’ policies that states may adopt in relation to persons living with the virus

53
Q

Name the 3 countries the 2013-16 Ebola outbreak mainly affected

A

Guinea
Liberia
Sierra Leone
-this was the biggest Ebola outbreak in history
-originated on the border of these three countries and in an urban environment where travel was easy

54
Q

How long did it take to confirm the first case of Ebola?

A

From December 2013 to March 2014

55
Q

How many individuals were infected and died as a result of the Ebola outbreak?

A
  • 27,000 infected
  • 11,000 died
  • WHO believes these figures underestimate the scale of the outbreak
56
Q

Key issue with diagnosing Ebola

A

It is difficult to distinguish it from other endemic diseases as they have very similar symptoms and there was a cholera outbreak at the same time

57
Q

What % of infected individuals died in the Ebola outbreak?

A

50-70%

58
Q

What slowed the response to the Ebola outbreak?

A

-The WHO feared declaring a health emergency due to its experiences and the criticisms it received following the 2003 SARS outbreak in China

59
Q

How many doctors to people were there in Liberia prior to the Ebola crisis?

A

51 doctors to 4.2 million people

60
Q

Who led the Ebola response and what did this involve?

A

WHO: focused on treatment, tracing, isolation, safe burials, awareness

61
Q

What significant impact did Ebola have on West African culture?

A

Forced the end of traditional funeral practices
WHO initially responded by using big black body bags but this created fear and panic as looked like rubbish bags so forced them to change to use white bags

62
Q

What made the response to the Ebola outbreak extremely difficult?

A

fear as it resulted in aversion behaviors and stigma

63
Q

UNMEER and UNSC res. 2177

A
  • sept 2014
  • Ebola= “threat to international peace and security’= securitisation of the issue leading to change in response, now involved the military and a hard security approach
64
Q

How many military personel did the US send to Liberia to aid in helping with the Ebola outbreak?

A

3000

65
Q

How many military personel did the UK send to Sierra Leone to aid during the Ebola crisis?

A

750

66
Q

Issue regarding the governments and the Ebola Crisis

A
  • typically post-conflict societies where there was fear that Ebola was being spread by the government
  • this was fueled by the coercive national responses
  • The only experience these people had of govt was bad
67
Q

Key fears people in affected countries had regarding Ebola

A
  • health system and ETCs
  • fear for doctors and of doctors
  • giving birth in Clinics
68
Q

Key ways in which issues of fear were overcome during the Ebola Crisis

A
  • de securitised the response
  • involved the local leadership
  • incorporated easing the fear as part of their response
  • safe but dignified burials
  • fences, not walls at treatment centers to allow people to see and understand what is happening
69
Q

What % of Ebola victims were women?

A

53% sometimes up to 75%

70
Q

Key issues for women during the Ebola Crisis

A
  • not primary income earners but informal economy= markets= shut down
  • What happened if widowed
  • Increased birth mortality rate as not going to clinics because of fear
71
Q

Key issue for Rural population regarding Ebola

A

-less likely to understand or get the message on what to do etc

72
Q

effect of Ebola on GDP

A

dropped by $18 per person

-this was significant as before it was only $600 per person per year

73
Q

Following the Ebola outbreak what % of respondents said they had less faith in the Government?

A

77%

74
Q

SARS

A
  • Outbreak in China 2003
  • Denial there was a huge issue
  • 800 deaths
  • $40 million lost economic output because of people’s perceptions and responses
  • Example of self-interest
75
Q

Enemark on SARS in China

A

“China’s initial response to SARs demonstrated how the withholding of information only compounds the damage from a fast-spreading infectious disease, hinders the task of containing an outbreak, and heightens the risk posed to other countries.”

76
Q

H5N1

A
  • Outbreak in Indonesia 2007
  • refused to share its samples of H5N1 bird flu with the WHO
  • wanted a guarantee of access to affordable vaccines
  • Sharing in the benefits-> monopolization by big western countries
  • poor countries vs global health
77
Q

Kamradt-Scott

A
  • WHO response to Ebola perceived as inept, dysfunctional and shambolic
  • argues that it is not as clear cut as to say they failed
  • WHO never a first response agency just aiming to improve global health
  • Governments in the area must take some responsibility
78
Q

What did Kamradt-Scott say the key issue was with WHO during the Ebola outbreak?

A
  • tried to minimize the issue from the beginning e.g. secretaraiat not raising how serious their concerns were until late June 2014, despite mobilizing more resources earlier
  • numerous structural constraints on them which slowed the response
79
Q

When did the WHO secretariat deploy technical experts to Guinea?

A

7 May 2014

-113 deployed

80
Q

Key thing changed by the WHO as a result of the Ebola crisis

A

established a $100 million contingency fund as didn’t have this for Ebola

INTP371 (5 decks)

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