Natural Disasters Exam 2

Question 1

We can grouped Catastrophic, Merapian, Pelean and Plinian volcanic eruptions together because they have _______ in common.

Answer 1

High-silica rhyolite and andesite eruption and pyroclastic flows

Question 2

Volcanic geysers in Yellowstone National Park and geysers observed on the surface of Saturn’s moon, Enceladus, consists of ________.

Answer 2

Boiling water or fumaroles

Question 3

The spider-shaped dark debris on the Martian surface appear to have been erupted by phreatic eruption, which consist of __________.

Answer 3

Boiling water and entrained debris

Question 4

________ caused by sublimating subsurface carbon dioxide near the south pole of Mars.

Answer 4

Araneiform terrain

Question 5

Hawaiian-style volcanic eruptions consist of _________.

Answer 5

low-silica basalt lava erupting from a central crater.

Question 6

Icelandic-style volcanic eruptions consist of _______.

Answer 6

low-silica basalt lava erupting from a fissure

Question 7

Can Hawaiian-style eruptions occur in Iceland?

Answer 7

YES

Question 8

Can Icelandic-style eruptions happen in Hawaii?

Answer 8

YES

Question 9

A continually-erupting eruption cloud is a ________ eruption.

Answer 9

Vesuvian

Question 10

Volcanic eruptions that emplace ignimbrites and welded tuff when the rock above a magma chamber collapses into the magma chamber are called _________ eruptions.

Answer 10

Catastrophic

Question 11

Collapse of a lava dome
slower moving
somewhat hot

Answer 11

Merapian

Question 12

hottest eruptions are driven by outgassing magma
fastest eruptions are “cooler” and driven by superheated steam

Answer 12

Pelean

Question 13

a collapsing eruption cloud full of hot, pyroclastic material

Answer 13

Plinian

Question 14

The largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history have a Volcanic Explosivity Index of _____.

Answer 14

7

Question 15

What are believed to have had a VEI 8?

Answer 15

caldera-forming supervolcanic eruptions (eruptions of Yellowstone)

Question 16

0 being a very gentle eruption to 8 a caldera-forming supervolcanic eruption

Answer 16

VEI scale

Question 17

On the 0 to 8 VEI scale, most volcanic eruptions over the past 10,000 years have rated a ____.

Answer 17

VEI 2

Question 18

Which is the coarser-grained (larger-grained type of ignimbrite according to your instructor - volcanic breccia or welded tuff?

Answer 18

volcanic breccia

Question 19

Which natural disaster has killed more people over a 500-year period of time - earthquakes or volcanoes?

Answer 19

Earthquake

Question 20

Over a 500-year period of time, __________ volcanic eruptions or eruptions accounts or account for about half the human deaths caused by all volcanic eruptions during that period of time.

Answer 20

four

Question 21

Which of the following types of lava would be the least viscous with the least explosive potential if all types of lava were commonly erupting on Earth today?

Answer 21

Komalite

Question 22

Lower silica is lower volatile and less viscous with less of a chance for explosive eruption than mafic basalt is today.

Answer 22

Komatiite

Question 23

Ignimbrite form from _______ eruptions.

Answer 23

Rhyolite and andesite

Question 24

_______ are the primary volcanic hazard that has killed the most people over a 500 year period of time.

Answer 24

pyroclastic flows

Question 25

In 2018, a landslide on the flanks (sides) of Anak, Krataau (a growing stratovolcano in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra) generated this volcanic hazard that took several hundred lives:

Answer 25

A tsunami or displacement waves

Question 26

This notable eruption contributed to the decline of a classical civilization that was a contemporary of the Ancient Greeks and the Ancient Egyptians

Answer 26

Thera (1628 BC)

Question 27

Low-density pyroclastic flow during this notable eruption was observed to move out over the surface of an ocean bay.

Answer 27

Mount Vesuvius (79 AD)

Question 28

So much dust was injected into the upper atmosphere by this notable eruption that it may have resulted in a thousand years of global cooling and so much damage to the living conditions worldwide that it nearly made human beings go extinct

Answer 28

Toba (74,000 years ago).

Question 29

Rhyolitic pumice from this notable eruption was observed floating on the surface of the ocean for months after the eruption

Answer 29

Krakatau

Question 30

This notable prehistorical eruption was probably the equivalent on the VEI scale of the Tambora, Indonesia, (VEI 7) volcanic eruption of 1812 (the largest eruption in record history)

Answer 30

Mazama (7,000 years ago)

Question 31

The summit caldera where the stratovolcano of Mount Mazama used to stand

Answer 31

Crater Lake, Oregon

Question 32

Which of Yellowstone's three prehistoric catastrophic VEI 8 eruptions was the largest?

Answer 32

The one 2.2 million years ago.

Question 33

The lowest-volume Yellowstone eruption was?

Answer 33

1.3 million years ago

Question 34

This Icelandic eruption built a new island that has been declared a United Nations World Heritage site so that scientists may study how plants and animals colonize a new habitat emerging from the sea

Answer 34

Surtsey, Iceland

Question 35

What type of lava commonly erupts on Earth today?

Answer 35

Mafic Basalt

Question 36

Indonesian word?

Answer 36

Lahar

Question 37

A repeat of what is called the Electron ______ would be volcanogenic mudflow that could endanger people in the city of Tacoma, Washington, even though they live 36 miles from Mount Rainer, an active stratovolcano.

Answer 37

Lahar

Question 38

Icelandic word what is also known as a "glacial burst"

Answer 38

jokuhlaup

Question 39

When did the two distinct types of Pelean-style pyroclastic flows named for the Mount Pelee eruption of 1902 happen?

Answer 39

They happened several weeks apart during the eruption

Question 40

a 'slow' and hot nuee ardente came down a valley to the sea but spread along the coast into st. pierre

Answer 40

May 8 Pelean-style pyroclastic flow

Question 41

it jumped two ridges and completed the destruction of the city. it was described as explosive

Answer 41

may 20 pelean-style pyroclastic flow

Question 42

The fissure on the northwestern side of Mount Katmai, Alaska, is called Nova Rupta, which means "new eruption" in which language

Answer 42

Latin

Question 43

The most lethal volcanic hazard during the eruption of both Mount Kelud, Indonesia, in 1919 and at Ruiz, Colombia, in 1985 was a _____-

Answer 43

Lahar

Question 44

volcanogenic mudflow

Answer 44

lahar

Question 45

volcanic gas emission or volcanic smog is abbreviated how?

Answer 45

VOG

Question 46

which type of primary volcanic hazard was deposited in the Valley of 10,000 smokes during the 1912 eruption of Mount Katmai?

Answer 46

Pyroclastic ignimbrites

Question 47

Mount Katmai, Alaska, Mount Kelud, Indonesia, Mount Saint Helens, Washington State are volcanoes that all share this same geologic cause

Answer 47

a convergent play boundary with at least one subducting oceanic plate

Question 48

Mount Katmia, Alaska; Mount Kelud, Indonesia, Mount Saint Helens, Washington State are all this same type of volcano

Answer 48

Stratovolcanoes

Question 49

andesitic in composition, consists of alternating layers of lava rock and pyroclastic debris and is as much as 10,000 ft. in height

Answer 49

stratovolcanoes

Question 50

if these two types of pyroclastic flow hadn't already been named for the Mount Pelee eruption of 1902, they would have been named after what?

Answer 50

Mount Saint Helens eruption of 1980

Question 51

When did the two distinct types of Pelean-style pyroclastic flow happen during the 1980 eruption of Mount Saint Helens?

Answer 51

They happened together at the stary of the eruption

Question 52

The mafic basalt eruptions of Kilauea from 1983 to 2018 were what type of eruption?

Answer 52

Icelandic-style eruption

Question 53

The mafic basalt eruptions of Kilauea in 2021 and 2022 were what type of eruption?

Answer 53

Hawaiian style eruption

Question 54

what secondary volcanic hazard caused the casualties at Lake Nyos in 1986?

Answer 54

a gas emission

Question 55

the eruption of mount Pinatubo in 1991 caused the permanent closing of a(n) ________ military base.

Answer 55

United Sates

Question 56

asteroids are composed largely of

Answer 56

heavy refractory elements

Question 57

comets are composed largely of

Answer 57

light-weight volatile elements

Question 58

Bodies in an elliptical orbit around the sun and more or less in the Plane of Ecliptic (the plane in which the planets orbit the sun) are likely to have originated in ______.

Answer 58

The Main Asteroid Belt

Question 59

Bodies in a parabolic orbit around the sun and which may or may not be in a high-inclination orbit to the Plane of the Ecliptic are likely to have originated in _______-

Answer 59

The Kuiper Cometary Belt or Oort Cometary Cloud

Question 60

Bodies in a hyperbolic orbit and a high-inclination orbit to the Plane of the Ecliptic are likely to have originated in ______

Answer 60

Interstellar Space

Question 61

Short-period comets like Hailey's Comet probably came from

Answer 61

The Kuiper Cometary Belt

Question 62

Long-period comets probably came from

Answer 62

The Oort Cometary Cloud

Question 63

_____ is what caused the (so far) largest impact with Earth in recorded history

Answer 63

The Tunguska Comet

Question 64

What object is currently estimated to have the greatest chance of hitting the Earth is the asteroid

Answer 64

1950 DA

Question 65

_______ is a Near Earth Object that was recently the target of an engineering experiment that actually changed the course of the object through space.

Answer 65

Dimorphous

Question 66

Where is the chances and severity of asteroid or comet impacts shown?

Answer 66

The Torino Scale.