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Geography - Physical > Natural Hazarads > Flashcards

Natural Hazarads Flashcards

1
Q

Where is our case study for HIC - earthquakes

A

Christchurch, New Zealand
Oceania, south west Pacific Ocean

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2
Q

What plate margin was Christchurch earthquake on

A

Conservative

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3
Q

What magnitude was the Christchurch earthquake

A

6.3

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4
Q

How many deaths after the Christchurch earthquake

A

181

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5
Q

How much of city centre was damaged after the Christchurch earthquake

A

50%

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6
Q

Where did over half deaths occur in the Christchurch earthquake

A

6 story Canterbury television story when is collapsed and caught fire

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7
Q

How many were injured in the Christchurch earthquake

A

3000

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8
Q

What % of the city was without power in the Christchurch earthquake

A

80%

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9
Q

Secondary effects of the Christchurch earthquake

A

Liquefaction - shaking causes water to rise to surface - causes flooding
It produced 400,000 tonnes of silt
Landslides
Businesses went out of action = less income

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10
Q

Immediate response to the Christchurch earthquake

A

2000 people treated for minor injuries
Christchurch international airport was unaffected by earthquake but closed for precaution
Urban search and rescue was there within a couple hours of event
300 Australian police flown in

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11
Q

Long term responses to the Christchurch earthquake

A

Many buildings didn’t collapse, they were demolished because unsafe
10,000 houses would need to be rebuilt
Provided temporary housing

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12
Q

LIC case study for earthquakes

A

Port au Prince, Haiti

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13
Q

What plate boundary was Haiti earthquake on and how much do the plates move a year

A

Conservative
0,8 cm a year

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14
Q

How far was the Haiti earthquake for the capital

A

25km

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15
Q

When was the Haiti earthquake

A

12th janurary 2010

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16
Q

Magnitude of the Haiti earthquake

A

7.0

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17
Q

How many aftershocks did the Haiti earthquake have

A

52

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18
Q

How many hospitals were badly damaged or collapsed in the Haiti earthquakeand what secondary effect did it lead to

A

8
Would have increased death toll as people can’t check injuries

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19
Q

What secondary effects did the water pipes destroyed have in Haiti

A

November 2010 - outbreaks of cholera

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20
Q

How many killed in the Haiti earthquake

A

220,000

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21
Q

Primary effects of Haiti earthquake

A

200,000 homes destroyed
8 hospitals damaged
Damaged to water pipes
Damage to ports and main roads
220,00. People killed

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22
Q

How many homes were destroyed in the Haiti earthquake and what secondary effect did thus lead to

A

200,000
1.3 million Haitians displaced (homeless)

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23
Q

Damage to roads and ports caused what secondary effects of the Haiti earthquake

A

Critical aid supplies for immediate help and long term reconstruction were prevented from arriving or being distributed effectively

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24
Q

Immediate response to the Haiti earthquake

A

The Dominican Red Cross sent medical supplies
Dominican emergency Team assisted more than 2,000 injured people

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25
Q

What long term responses was there to the Haiti earthquake

A

The Eu gave $330 million and the world bank waived the countries debt repayment for 5 years
One year after the earthquake 1 million people remained displaced

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26
Q

What is the tropical storm case study

A

Typhoon Haiyan in tacloban Philippines

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27
Q

When was Typhoon Haiyan

A

8th November 2013

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28
Q

How fast were winds during Typhoon Haiyan

A

170 mph

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29
Q

What catogary storm was Typhoon Haiyan

A

5

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30
Q

How high were waves during Typhoon Haiyan

A

15M

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31
Q

How many people were killed during Typhoon Haiyan

A

63000 people killed - most drowned by storm surges

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32
Q

What % of tacloban city was destroyed during Typhoon Haiyan

A

90%

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33
Q

How many people were displaced during Typhoon Haiyan + how many homes damaged

A

600,000 and 1 million homes damaged

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34
Q

What secondary effect does people drowning in storm surges lead to with Typhoon Haiyan

A

Flooding caused landslides + blocked roads

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35
Q

What secondary effect does homelessness have from Typhoon Haiyan

A

Shortage of water, food and shelter leading to outbreaks of disease

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36
Q

What secondary effects did 90% of tacloban city being destroyed lead to (Typhoon Haiyan)

A

Looting and violence broke out in tacloban

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37
Q

Why is the Philippines so vulnerable to tropical storms

A
  • light weight buying material
  • funnel shaped bays
  • costal location
  • high storm surges
  • storm path was not as predicted
  • low lying land
  • high population density
  • lack of communication and warning
  • lack of aid
  • high wind speeds
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38
Q

What immediate response was there for Typhoon Haiyan

A

Search and rescue took place
Field hospitals set up to help the injured

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39
Q

What long term response was there to the Typhoon Haiyan

A

Rebuilding homes, bridges + airport facilities
Thousands of homes built away from areas at risk of flooding + on stilts

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40
Q

What prediction is there for tropical storms
And what was it like for Typhoon Haiyan

A

Predict where typhoons will go
People were not prepared as the prediction was wrong

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41
Q

Negative of using prediction for a typhoon

A

Chance of prediction Being wrong

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42
Q

Positives of using prediction for typhoons

A

Gave time to evacuate

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43
Q

What does Monitoring of typhoons include
+ what was it like in Philippines for Typhoon Haiyan

A

Using satellites and scientific equipment to track storms
Philippines is an LIC and so have a lack of scientific equipment

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44
Q

Positives of monitoring for Typhoons

A

Makes scientific predictions

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45
Q

Negatives of monitoring for typhoons

A

Hard to predict accurately as lots of factors effect the path

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46
Q

What protection is there for typhoons
And what was it like for Typhoon Haiyan

A

Securing buildings eg boarding up windows, building on stilts
In Philippines = lic so lack of money for good building material

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47
Q

Positives of protection for typhoons

A

Reduces cost of damage

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48
Q

Negatives of protection for typhoons

A

Costly

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49
Q

What is planning for typhoons
And what was it like for Typhoon Haiyan

A

Training emergency services + educating people on what to do - planning evacuation
In Philippines - as LIC lack of emergency services

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50
Q

Positives of panning for typhoons

A

People are more prepare d

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51
Q

Negatives of planning for typhoons

A

Prediction may not be accurate so plan won’t be accurate

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52
Q

What is a natural hazard

A

A natural event or process which causes loss of life and/or damage to property which creates disruption to human activities

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53
Q

What is a geological hazard + examples

A

Tectonic plate movement
Eg. Earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic activity

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54
Q

What is a biological hazard + examples

A

Disease epidemics and Insect/animal plagues
Eg. COVID 19, Ebola

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55
Q

What is a meteorological hazard + example

A

Atmosphere
Eg. Tropical storm, drought, wildfires, extreme temps

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56
Q

What is a geomorphological hazard + examples

A

Water on the land
Eg. Avalanches and flood

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57
Q

What is hazard risk

A

the chance or probability of being affected by a hazard

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58
Q

What are increase hazard risk factors

A

Location
Climate change
Urbanisation

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59
Q

Why is there an increase hazard risk - vulnerability

A

People who live in low lying areas like Bangladesh are more at risk from flooding
People who live in LICs are less able to adequately prepare from natural hazards (eg. Earthquakes)

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60
Q

Why is that an increase in hazard risk - less capacity to cope

A

HICs tend to be better prepared for natural hazards because they can monitor, predict amd evacuate areas at risk - LICs have less capacity to cope

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61
Q

Why is there an increase in hazard risk - the nature of the natural hazard

A

The higher a tropical storm is on the saffir-Simpson scale or am earthquake is on the Richter scale - the worse it will be
If an earthquake at a destructive plate boundary causes a tsunami, more people will be impacted
If an earthquake causes a landslide, more people will be impacted

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62
Q

4 layers of the earth

A

Crust - lithosphere
Mantle
- upper mantle (asthenosphere)
- lower mantle ( mesosphere)
Outer core
Inner core

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63
Q

What is the tropic storm scale

A

Saffir-Simpson

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64
Q

What is the lithosphere

A

(Crust)
Lays above the mantle and is the earths hard outer shell, the surface on which we live
In relation to other layers the crust is much thinner - only 4-7 miles thick

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65
Q

What is the mantle

A

Layer above the outer core
1800 miles thick
80% of earths total volume
Molten rock

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66
Q

What is the outer core

A

Very hot - so metal is always molten with temps reaching 3700°c
1370 miles thick

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67
Q

What is the inner core

A

Centre of earth
Solid iron and nickel
780 miles thick

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68
Q

What is the continental crust

A

Land on top of it
Light (less dense)
Thick
Eg. North American plate

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69
Q

What is the oceanic crust

A

Ocean/sea on top of it
Heavy and dense
Thinner
Eg. Pacific plate

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70
Q

What are the two plate tectonic theory

A

Convection
Ridge push/slab pull

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71
Q

What is convection theory

A

The crust moves because of convection currents in the mantle
The core is the hottest so heats the molten rock up
Heat rises so it pushes molten rock up
The crust is coolest part so it cools and goes down
This causes the plates to move which consequently moves the crust

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72
Q

What is ridge pull

A

When plates move apart (constructive)
The magma rises from the mantle
It creates a new hot and dense rock
It pushes the old rock out the way
This creates a ridge in the crust
Eg. Mid Atlantic ridge

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73
Q

What is slab pill

A

Gravity pulls the old rock into the mantle because the rock has become colder and denser
This occurs at subduction zones in destructive boundaries

74
Q

What is the global distribution of volcanoes

A

Located on plate boundaries
Eg.Eurasian and pacific plate + pacific ring of fire
(Constructive and destructive plate boundary)

75
Q

Global distribution of earthquakes

A

Nazcaa plate and South American plate (all plate boundary’s)
Eg. Mid Atlantic ridge/ring of fire
Anomalies- earthquakes in the centre of the pacific plate amd volcanoes (Hawaii)

76
Q

Physical process at the constructive margin

A

The plate move apart due to convection currents (in the mantle) there is a current between the hot core and cooler crust that pushes the plates apart.
Also ridge push, when the plates move apart, magma rises from the mantle and creates a new dense rock
This creates a ridge in the crust such as the mid Atlantic ridge (where Eurasia and North American plates move apart)
Convection currents amd ridge push causes pressure + friction to buildup - which is released as volcanoes and earthquakes

77
Q

Hazards found at construction plate margin

A

Earthquakes
Volcanoes

78
Q

What hazards are found at destructive margin.

A

Earthquakes
Tsunamis
Volcanoes

79
Q

Physical process at the destructive margin

A

At a destructive plate margin the plates move towards each other due to convection currents and slab pull
The dense oceanic plate will subduct under the continental plate. Pressure + friction build up over time, when they release it creates earthquakes, volcanoes and fold mountains.
For example, the Nazca plate amd South American plate

80
Q

What hazards are found at the conservative margin

A

Earthquakes

81
Q

What physical processes take place at the conservative margin

A

When the plates are moving in the same direction / past each other
The can lock, thus builds up pressure amd friction, when it releases it causes earthquakes
An examples of this is North American and pacific plate

82
Q

What are primary effects (of tectonic hazards)

A

Effects occur immediately as a result of the earthquake itself
Eg. Building collapse + death

83
Q

What are secondary effects ( of tectonic hazards)

A

Effects occur hours or days after initial hazard
Eg. Disease due to lack of medical facilities

84
Q

Why would people want to continue to live near volcanoes

A
  • volcanic soil
    (Extremely nutritional + perfect soil for growing crops - such as I’m Hawaii)
  • granite is formed through volcanic eruptions
    (Very durable building material + valuable)
  • geothermal heat
    (Used to generate electricity ,cheap, environmentally friendly, common in Canada where temps can change drastically between summer and winter)
  • lava
    (Contains minerals that can be mined once lava cools, eg. Gold, silver, diamonds, copper- so mining towns develop around volcanoes)
  • tourism
    ( creates jobs for locals eg. In hotels + restaurants or tour guides, eg. Volcanoes and hot springs attract tourists)
  • geothermal spas near volcanoes
    ( water is cooled down + pumped into lagoons - attracts tourists)
85
Q

Why would people want to live near earthquake prone areas

A
  • don’t happen very often so not seen as a great threat
  • better building design can withstand earthquakes (people feel less at risk)
  • effective monitoring of volcanoes + tsunamis - enable people to receive warning to evacuate
  • fault lines associated with earthquake can allow water supplies to reach surface (important in dry desserts)
  • some may not be aware of risks of living close to plate margins
  • plate margins are often near favourable areas for settlement such as a costal location
  • people living in poverty may focus more on other issues on a daily basis such as money, food
  • fatalism (gods will)
86
Q

Why are risks of hazards greater in LICs that HICs

A

-Better healthcare in HICs so reduces death toll as Injured can get help
- LICs rely on primary industry if crops are damaged, there is no food and no money.
- preparation and prediction in HIC is usually better than LICs (volcanoes)
- housing is usually poorer quality in LICs
- HICs they have stock piles of food + water
-less deaths in HICs because the people are well prepared. They have constant drills + practices so they know what to do when an emergency occurs
- response in HICs really help reduce effects of natural hazards. Short term response such as rescue teams have regular training so they know what to do. They will have the transport to get places that need help. And they have sufficient equipment

87
Q

What is monitoring

A

Using scientific equipment not detect warning signs

88
Q

What is prediction

A

Using historical evidence + monitoring

89
Q

What is protection

A

Designing building that will withstand tectonic hazards

90
Q

What is planning

A

Identifying + avoiding places most at risk

91
Q

How can you monitor volcanoes

A

Magma rising in volcanoes gives warning signs
Seismoneters can detect plate movements
Gas (sulpher) can be measured escaping at the created
GPS also shows bulges in the side of volcanoes

92
Q

How can you monitor earthquakes

A

They don’t give of much warning and scientists do not have a reliable way to monitor them

93
Q

How can you predict volcanoes

A

In 2010 increase in volcanoes activity beneath eylafflallekoul ice cap allowed scientists to make accurate predictions about eruption that took place in March + April

94
Q

How can you predict earthquakes

A

Impossible to make accurate predictions, lack of clear warning signs, scientist can study historical records of earthquakes at plate margins to identify locations with greater risk.
(Istanbul in turkey was predicted to erupt by they couldn’t predict where or when)

95
Q

How can you protect against volcanoes

A

Very little that can be down to protect accept diverting lava away from properties using embankments

96
Q

How can you protect against earthquakes

A

Building can be retrofitted - buildings made to be stronger eg. Resis ground shaking or built new with reinforced concreate columns strengthened by a steel frame
Regular earthquakes drills help people keep prepared and alert

97
Q

How can you plan for a volcanoe

A

Hazard maps - help coordinate evacuation plans

98
Q

How can you plan for earthquakes

A

Mapping to identify areas near faults
(Not that useful as what or where is unknown)

99
Q

What is global atmospheric circulation

A

The movement of air around that earth to try and balance the temperature

100
Q

What are the three cells in atmospheric circulation called

A

Polar
Ferrel
Hadley

101
Q

What happens at the equator ( atmospheric circulation)+ what environments form there

A

The sun warms the earth causing heat and the air above it to rise
Air rising = low pressure brining clouds and rain
(Causes tropic rainforests)

102
Q

What type of pressure and weather does air rising cause

A

Low pressure brining clouds and rain

103
Q

What type of pressure does air sinking cause + what weather

A

High pressure - cloudless skies + low rainfall

104
Q

What happens to the risen air after the equator ( atmospheric circulation)

A

As if rises and cools it moves 30° north and 30° south of equator (tropics) - Hadley cell

105
Q

What happens at 30° north and south + what environment forms here - atmospheric circulation

A

The cool air sinks creating high pressure
The cool air reaches the surface + moves as surface winds rather back to equator or poles
Causes deserts

106
Q

What is the winds towards the equator called

A

Trade winds

107
Q

What are the winds towards poles called

A

Westerlies

108
Q

What happens at 60° north and spun the + what environment forms here - atmospheric circulation

A

Warmer surface winds meet and colder air from poles. This is less dense so it rises
Temperate deciduous forest form here

109
Q

What happens at the poles - atmospheric circulation

A

Cool air sinks
Creating high pressure
High pressure air is drawn back towards equator as surface winds

110
Q

What are tropical storms

A

The most violent storms on the planet that cause destruction

111
Q

What are the 3 names of tropical storms and the oceans they from in

A

Hurricanes - Atlantic
Typhoons - pacific
Cyclones - Indian

112
Q

Why do tropical storms not exist at the equator

A

The coriolis effect does not exist at the equator
The winds rotate anti clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere

113
Q

What conditions are required for the formation of tropical storms

A

26.5/27°c water - to warm the air above it
Low air pressure - so it can rise
60ft deep water - so there is enough energy for the storm
Coriolis effect - so the clouds rotate
Trade winds - so it moves west
Low wind shear - all winds In atmosphere is traveling at a constant speed

114
Q

What are the characteristics of a tropical sto,r

A

Up to 1000km form the eye
Eye - claim - where air is desending
Eye wall - fastes winds (strongest) heaviest rainfall + lighting
Dense cloud cover - rotating
Cloud top height can be 9 miles high

115
Q

Weather associated with tropical storms

A

Heavy rain
Strong winds
Dense cloud cover - spiral
Storm surges - big waves coming onto land
Clam conditions in the eye of storm
Thunder and lighting

116
Q

Are hurricanes becoming more frequent and intense as a result of climate change

A

Not becoming more frequent however there is some evidence to suggest they are becoming more Intense
This is likely to be a result of warmer seas temperatures giving storms more energy
With warmer sea temperatures, the distribution of tropical storms could change at they may be able to form outside the tropics

117
Q

How much of tacloban was destroyed by typhoon Hyman

A

90%

118
Q

How do tropical storms form

A
  • Air above warm tropical water (at least 27°) is heated by the sea and rises quickly
  • as the air rises, trade winds + coriolis effect cause it to start spinning or rotating
  • air about the storm flows outward allowing more air bellow to rise
  • the warm air condenses for make clouds. These clouds rotate and chase precipitation.
  • trade winds outside of the hurricane keep it spinning and cause it to travel west towards land
119
Q

Extreme weather events in the UK - 2010-11

A

Snowfall- UK - November to January - lowest ever UK mean temp recorded at -1
£1.5 billion in property damage

120
Q

Extreme weather events in the UK - 2012

A

Flooding -uk - April - 9 deaths + 1 bill in property damage

121
Q

Extreme weather events in the UK - 2013

A

Heatwave - June to august, temps over 30° lead to heavy thunderstorms

Storm st Jude - Oct , torrential rain, winds to 100 mph, 600,000 homes left without power

Flooding, dec to feb , heavy rainfall, damage along coast

122
Q

Extreme weather events in the UK - 2015

A

Flooding , dec to jan, heavy rainfall for, storms Desmond Eva and frank

123
Q

Extreme weather events in the UK - 2020

A

Flooding , feb, extensive flooding

124
Q

Extreme weather events in the UK - 2022

A

July , heatwave, 40.3°

Dec, low temps

125
Q

Extreme weather events in the UK - 2023

A

Feb, storms Otto, gusts over 60kt, thousands of homes experienced power cuts

126
Q

What has already happened in uk - precipitation

A

No change in annual uk total but more winter rain has fallen in heavy events since 1980s

127
Q

Predicted change in uk precipitation

A

Precipitation will become more seasonal
However the annual uk total will stay the same

128
Q

Actually change of UKs river flow

A

The frequency and magnitude of winter river flooding has increased since 1980s

129
Q

Predicted change of river flow in uk

A

Certain uk rivers will flood more in future winters

130
Q

Actuall change in evaporation in ik

A

Not sure if it has increased or not but we know temps have rises by 1°c

131
Q

Predicted change of evaporation in uk

A

Evaporation will increase due to higher air temps, causing more droughts

132
Q

Where did the beast from the east effect on tuesday

A

East
Amber warning in London

133
Q

Where did the beast from the east effect on Wednesday

A

East and east Scotland
Amber warning in Edinburgh

134
Q

Where did the beast from the east effect on Thursday

A

Southwest + Scotland
Amber warning in Cardiff and Edinburgh

135
Q

Causes of the beast from the east

A

The jet stream dipped down below the Uk in feb
So a polar vortex of cold air from Siberia blew across Europe
Storm Emma also coming up from Europe and made the beast worst as the two storms meg

136
Q

Environmental impacts of beast from the east

A

Snow drifts in excess of 7M in places
Farmers busy with lambing season lost their stock

137
Q

Economic impacts of beast from the east

A

Local businesses lost trade
Flights + train services were delayed or cancelled

138
Q

Social impacts of beast from the east

A
  • hundreds became stranded across us as roads became impassable
  • supermarkets ran out of food as many ‘panic brought’ supplies
  • NHS cancelled non urgent operations
  • some villages cut off
  • UK issued a gas deficit warning
  • thousands of schools closed for more than one day
  • 10 died (a 60 yr old man died by falling into a frozen lake trying to save a dog )
139
Q

Short term responses to beast from the east

A
  • met office issued a red weather warning to prevent unnecessary travel
  • Red Cross issued blankets to people stranded at Glasgow airport
  • snow plough, gritters and tractors were used to try and clear roads
  • armed forces deployed to rescue stranded drivers + transport NHS workers
  • churches opened their doors for the homeless
140
Q

Long term responses for beast from the east

A
  • gov reviewing emergency plans to be better prepared for the future
  • repairing roads and filling in potholes
141
Q

What is the ice age

A

An extended period of time when it is cold

142
Q

What is quaternary (period of time)

A

The last 2.6 million years of geological time

143
Q

What is the glacial period

A

A cold period of time lasting between 80,000 and 100,000 years

144
Q

What is the interglacial period

A

A warm period of time lasting between between 10,000 and 15000 years

145
Q

What have CO2 emmisons and temp been like over the last 100s of thousands of years ago

A

Direct correlation
Fluctuated
Recent increase in co2 and temps
The temp has risen 5°c above the past 1000 years average

146
Q

Examples of evidence for climate change

A

Tree rings
Written records
Ice cores
Seasonal changes
Painting and photographs
Rising sea levels
Increased CO2 levels
Glacial retreat

147
Q

Evidence for climate change - tree rings

A

warm + wet = faster growning tees = bigger tree rings.
Each year trees develop a new ring
Thicker the ring the better the growing conditions
If tree rings are larger now than in past - it suggests climate has changed

148
Q

Evidence for climate change - ice cores

A

Ice core analysis allows scientists to measure the amount of co2 trapped in the ice. We know there is a direct correlation between co2 levels and temperature. Recent co2 levels are the highest for 400,000 years.
Also suggests humans cause climate change

149
Q

Evidence for climate change - paintings and photographs

A

Comparing old and new photographs.
Eg. Images of frost fairs exist showing frozen river Thames in Tudor Times. Suggests it was much colder. Means uk climate has changed

150
Q

Evidence for climate change - glacial retreat

A

Glaciers are retreating backwards (as temps are increasing )
This can be proved though comparing old and new photos

151
Q

Evidence for climate change - rising sea levels

A

Average global sea levels have risen between 10-20 cm in the past 100 years
Risen because temps increase - ice melts ,ocean water warms it and expand in volume (thermal expansion )

152
Q

What are the 4 theory’s for natural causes of climate change

A

Eruption theory
Asteroid collision theory
Sunspot theory
Orbital theory

153
Q

How does the eruption theory effect climate change

A

Volcanic eruptions produce ash and sulphur dioxide gas
If this rises high enough - spread around the earth in the stratosphere by high level winds
- this will stop some sunlight reaching earths surface - instead sunlight reflects if ash and gas back into space - cools planet

154
Q

Place example of the eruption theory

A

1991 - mt pinatubo (Philippines)
Released 17 mill tonnes of sulphur dioxide
Enough to reduce global sunlight by around 10% - called planet by 0.5°c for a year

155
Q

How does the asteroid Collision theory effect the climate

A

Around every 500,000 years an asteroid measuring 1km strikes earth
As it impacts it throws you million tonnes of ash and dust into earths atmosphere
This blocks out sun - making earth cooler

156
Q

How does sunspot theory effect the climate

A

Suns output is not constant - cycles can reduce or increase the amount of collar energy
Supports are solar flares which emit lots more heat. More sunspots= warmer climate

157
Q

examples of the sunspot theory

A

Cooler period eg. Ice age
Warmer period eg. Medieval
Possibly due to sunspots

158
Q

How does the orbital theory effect the climate

A

The earths orbit fluctuates between being circular and elliptical. In an elliptical orbit the earth moves closer and further away from the sun. This alters the earths climate between glacial and interglacial periods

159
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

When humans produce more greenhouse gases which trap and absorb soak energy, making global warming occur

160
Q

What are the 3 greenhouse gases

A

Co2
Methane
Nitrous oxide

161
Q

What does anthropogenic mean

A

Human activity

162
Q

What human activity increase greenhouse gases

A

Agriculture
Industry (cement)
Deforestation
Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)

163
Q

What are the social impacts of climate change

A

Heat related injuries (death)
Warmer climate increase smog leads to health problems like asma
Changes n weather. Eg drought — water supplies diminish, crops are harder to grow (malnutrition)
Water quality impacts (cholera)
Sever weather — mental impacts and injuries

164
Q

Economic impacts of climate change

A

Less crops = less money

165
Q

Environmental impacts of climate change

A

Ice sheets melt so sea levels rise — flooding — damaging environment ( habitats)

166
Q

Impacts of climate change in the Maldives

A

Climate change severely threatens the existence of the Maldives as sea levels are rising and could submerge the whole country - destroying habitats
(As Maldives are less than 1m above sea levels)

167
Q

Impacts of climate change in Egypt

A

Extreme weather such as cyclone and heatwave inc in ferocity near Egypt.
Threatens lines and destroys infrastructure
(Economic issues) + damages habitats

168
Q

Impacts of climate change in USA

A

Insufficient action on climate change could cost the US economy $14.5 trillion in the nest 50 years
+ growing public health Threat

169
Q

Impacts of climate change in the Sahel region

A

Overuse of water and land resource reduce in Availability so agricultural production falters due to climate change
- so food prices increase and food security declines

170
Q

Impacts of climate change in the arctic

A

Snow and ice are melting at an increasing rate and impacting Lola cal ecosystems and global climate — > rising sea levels

171
Q

Impacts of climate change in Australia

A

Experiencing high temps, more extreme drought, fire seasons, floods and more extreme weather due to climate change
Cause death and economic problems

172
Q

3 examples of mitigation of climate Change

A

Alternative energy
Carbon capture
Planting trees
International agreements

173
Q

How does mitigation reduce climate change? — alternative energy

A

Burning fossil fuels contributes to CO2 emission created by human activity. To reduce carbon emission we should sue alternative energy sources such as:
- hydroelectricity
- nuclear power
- solar, wind , tides
These done emit large amounts of co2 and most are renewable so will last into the future

174
Q

How does mitigation reduce climate change? — carbon capture

A

Coal is the most polluting fossil fuel so carbon capture and storage uses technology to capture CO2 produced from the use of fossil fuels used fro industrial process. It is possible to capture up to 90% of the co2

175
Q

How does mitigation reduce climate change? — planting trees

A

When you chop down trees it relaxes co2 as trees act as carbon sink. Planting trees means that forest can absorb co2 at a faster rate and can do so effectively for up to 50 year s

176
Q

How does mitigation reduce climate change? —international agreements

A

Climate change is a global issue and requires global solutions, co2 emissions spread across the world and effect everyone, it is world leader coming together to create solutions / the best way to deal with climate change

177
Q

Examples of adaptation to climate change

A

Agriculture/ farming
Managing water supply in the Himalayas
Managing rising sea levels in the Maldives

178
Q

Adaptation to climate change — agriculture/farming

A

In areas at risk of increased drought they are learning to play drought resistant crops eg. Olives, planting trees to create shade and harvest rain water

179
Q

Adaptation to climate change — managing water supply in the Himalayas

A

Millions of people in Asia depend on rivers fed by snow and glacial melt got domestic and agricultural water supply. In Himalayas they have an artificial glacial project that will supply water to villages in ladakh, india. Water is collected in winter and frozen then when it melts in spring it will supply water

180
Q

Adaptation to climate change — managing rising sea levels in the Maldives

A

They are building houses that are raised of the ground on stilts
- constructing of sea walls - a 3m sea wall is being built around the capital (male) with sandbags used else where
- restorations of costal mangrove forests - their tangled roots traps sediment and offer Protection from storm waves

Geography - Physical (3 decks)

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