🌋 Natural Hazards

Question 1

Natural hazard

Answer 1

A natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death

Question 2

Tectonic hazards

Answer 2

Earths crust + plate boundaries
Earthquake
Tsunami
Volcanic eruption

Question 3

Atmospheric hazards

Answer 3

Air
Tropical storms
Tornado
Global warming
Fog
Frost
Wind
Rain
Hail
Snow
Thunder and lightening
Freezing rain

Question 4

Geomorphological hazards

Answer 4

On land
Erosion
El Niño
Coastal/river flooding
Mass movement
Salinisation
Sea ice and ice burgs
Forest and bush fires
Glacier surge/advance

Question 5

Biological hazards

Answer 5

Living things
Animal and plant invasions eg. Locust swarms
Server disease epidemic in humans/plants
Forest and bush fires

Question 6

Why are some hazards difficult to categorise?

Answer 6

Fall into more than one category

Question 7

Tectonic hazards around the world ..

Answer 7

are:
unevenly distributed
found at plate boundaries

Question 8

4 layers of the earth

Answer 8

Crust
Mantle
Inner core
Outer core

Question 9

Crust

Answer 9

Outer layer
Up to 75km thick
Solid
Continental and oceanic
Split into plates

Question 10

Mantle

Answer 10

Middle layer
Up to 2800km thick
Upper part = lithosphere and is rigid
Lower part is largest layer = asthenosphere and semi molten rock half liquid half solid and it moves

Question 11

Inner core

Answer 11

Innermost part
Composed of iron and nickel
Solid
5000oC
Hottest part of the earth
Pressure

Question 12

Outer core

Answer 12

Central part of the earth
Outer part of core has liquid properties
Liquid at 3000oC

Question 13

Oceanic crust

Answer 13

Basalt
6-10km relatively thin
Underneath oceans
>200 million years old (relatively new)
Very dense
Renewable
Destroyable

Question 14

Continental crust

Answer 14

Various eg. Granite
70km very thick
On the land
1500 million years old
Less dense
Non renewable
Cannot be destroyed

Question 15

Plate boundary / margin

Answer 15

Places where 2 plates meet

Question 16

What cause the tectonic plates to move

Answer 16

Convection currents

Question 17

Describe convection current (5)

Answer 17

Heat source radioactive decay in earths core
Heated rock in mantle rises as it is less dense
Semi molten rock spreads our carrying the plate above with it
Direction of plate move,ent = direction of convection current (constructively, destructively…etc)
Cools down and sinks to be reheated as it had lost its heat energy

Question 18

4 plate boundary types

Answer 18

Collision (—><—)
Destructive (—><—)
Constructive (<——>)
Conservative (<===>)

Question 19

Constructive

Answer 19

Moving away from
Gap for magma to rise, and cools down to form solid rock
Volcanos form but don’t erupt with force as it can escape easily
Earth quakes
Mid Atlantic ridge

Question 20

Destructive

Answer 20

Dense oceanic plate subducts below less densest continental plate
As plate sinks it is destroyed due to pressure and it melts closer to the mantle
Stores magma in subduction zone
Erupts into a volcano as magma is forced o rise to the surface
Ocean trench

Question 21

Conservative

Answer 21

Two plates slide past each other along a fault line
Sna address fault
Friction causes Often stuck which builds pressure and erupts into an earthquake
No volcanoes
Same or different direction but differ g speeds

Question 22

Collision

Answer 22

32 plates of similar density move together
Cause material between them to fold and buckle and rise up for in fold mountains
Himalayas
No volcanoes

Question 23

Earthquakes are caused by …

Answer 23

Caused by earth movements at plate margins

Question 24

Earthquakes at

Answer 24

All plate margins

Question 25

Focus

Answer 25

Point where the waves started in the crust

Question 26

Epicentre

Answer 26

Point directly above the focus on the earths surface

Question 27

Seismic waves

Answer 27

The shockwaves are seismic waves generated by an earthquake that pass through the earths crust

Question 28

Richter scale measured

Answer 28

Amount of energy released (magnitude) using a seismometer

Question 29

Richter scale measured

Answer 29

Amount of energy released (magnitude) using a seismometer

Question 30

Richter scale is from

Answer 30

1-10 each levels 10 times stronger

Question 31

Mercalli scale measures

Answer 31

Effects of an earthquake Damage done Subjective

Question 32

Mercalli scale from

Answer 32

1-12

Question 33

Frequency

Answer 33

How often an earthquake occurs

Question 34

Risks of living in a hazardous area

Answer 34

Death Property damage Loss of job Loss of belongings Injuries Unemployment

Question 35

Rewards of living in a hazardous area

Answer 35

Volcano: Minerals form soil Geothermal energy Fertile soils Tourism Coast: Flat land Time to evacuate due to successful procedure Good climate Good transport links All: Family Jobs Resources Livelihoods

Question 36

Why do people live in hazardous areas?

Answer 36

Lack of knowledge Lack of funds to move Language barrier Confidence in defences Can’t predict it

Question 37

Predict

Answer 37

Making an educated guess about a future event Allows time to prepare an protect Eg, animal senses, tilt meters, foreshock metres

Question 38

Protect

Answer 38

Safe and secure Earthquake houses springy foundations, good exits, sliding foundations, steel frames, rubber shock absorbers

Question 39

Prepare

Answer 39

Plan in place, earthquake = emergency plan Drop, cover hold on Building codes Emergency kits Construct shelters Turn off gas immediately Earthquake practices

Question 40

What is atmospheric circulation?

Answer 40

The general movements of air around the Earth due to pressure and temperature

Question 41

Adaptation

Answer 41

Is responding to climate change by coming up with ways to live and cope with the effects of

Question 42

What is Carbon Capture and Storage?

Answer 42

The process of capturing carbon dioxide that would normally be emitted into the atmosphere and storing it underground in reservoirs